101
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Sharma VP, Eddy R, Entenberg D, Kai M, Gertler FB, Condeelis J. Tks5 and SHIP2 regulate invadopodium maturation, but not initiation, in breast carcinoma cells. Curr Biol 2013; 23:2079-89. [PMID: 24206842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tks5 regulates invadopodium formation, but the precise timing during invadopodium lifetime (initiation, stabilization, maturation) when Tks5 plays a role is not known. RESULTS We report new findings based on high-resolution spatiotemporal live-cell imaging of invadopodium precursor assembly. Cortactin, N-WASP, cofilin, and actin arrive together to form the invadopodium precursor, followed by Tks5 recruitment. Tks5 is not required for precursor initiation but is needed for precursor stabilization, which requires the interaction of the phox homology (PX) domain of Tks5 with PI(3,4)P2. During precursor formation, PI(3,4)P2 is uniformly distributed but subsequently starts accumulating at the precursor core 3-4 min after core initiation, and conversely, PI(3,4,5)P3 gets enriched in a ring around the precursor core. SHIP2, a 5'-inositol phosphatase, localizes at the invadopodium core and regulates PI(3,4)P2 levels locally at the invadopodium. The timing of SHIP2 arrival at the invadopodium precursor coincides with the onset of PI(3,4)P2 accumulation. Consistent with its late arrival, we found that SHIP2 inhibition does not affect precursor formation but does cause decreases in mature invadopodia and matrix degradation, whereas SHIP2 overexpression increases matrix degradation. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings lead us to propose a new sequential model that provides novel insights into molecular mechanisms underlying invadopodium precursor initiation, stabilization, and maturation into a functional invadopodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved P Sharma
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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102
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Wawrzyniak JA, Bianchi-Smiraglia A, Bshara W, Mannava S, Ackroyd J, Bagati A, Omilian AR, Im M, Fedtsova N, Miecznikowski JC, Moparthy KC, Zucker SN, Zhu Q, Kozlova NI, Berman AE, Hoek KS, Gudkov AV, Shewach DS, Morrison CD, Nikiforov MA. A purine nucleotide biosynthesis enzyme guanosine monophosphate reductase is a suppressor of melanoma invasion. Cell Rep 2013; 5:493-507. [PMID: 24139804 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive types of human cancers, and the mechanisms underlying melanoma invasive phenotype are not completely understood. Here, we report that expression of guanosine monophosphate reductase (GMPR), an enzyme involved in de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides, was downregulated in the invasive stages of human melanoma. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments revealed that GMPR downregulates the amounts of several GTP-bound (active) Rho-GTPases and suppresses the ability of melanoma cells to form invadopodia, degrade extracellular matrix, invade in vitro, and grow as tumor xenografts in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that GMPR partially depletes intracellular GTP pools. Pharmacological inhibition of de novo GTP biosynthesis suppressed whereas addition of exogenous guanosine increased invasion of melanoma cells as well as cells from other cancer types. Our data identify GMPR as a melanoma invasion suppressor and establish a link between guanosine metabolism and Rho-GTPase-dependent melanoma cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Wawrzyniak
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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103
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Abstract
Remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) is a fundamental cell property that allows cells to alter their microenvironment and move through tissues. Invadopodia and podosomes are subcellular actin-rich structures that are specialized for matrix degradation and are formed by cancer and normal cells, respectively. Although initial studies focused on defining the core machinery of these two structures, recent studies have identified inputs from both growth factor and adhesion signaling as crucial for invasive activity. This Commentary will outline the current knowledge on the upstream signaling inputs to invadopodia and podosomes and their role in governing distinct stages of these invasive structures. We discuss invadopodia and podosomes as adhesion structures and highlight new data showing that invadopodia-associated adhesion rings promote the maturation of already-formed invadopodia. We present a model in which growth factor stimulation leads to phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity and formation of invadopodia, whereas adhesion signaling promotes exocytosis of proteinases at invadopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hoshino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-6840, USA
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104
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Xing Y, Qi J, Deng S, Wang C, Zhang L, Chen J. Small interfering RNA targeting ILK inhibits metastasis in human tongue cancer cells through repression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2058-2072. [PMID: 23707970 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase. Accumulating evidences suggest that ILK are involved in cell-matrix interactions, cell proliferation, invasion, migration, angiogenesis and Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. EMT has been postulated as a prerequisite for metastasis. The reports have demonstrated that EMT was implicated in metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinomas. Therefore, here we further postulate that ILK might participate in EMT of tongue cancer. We showed that ILK siRNA inhibited EMT with low N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, Slug and Twist as well as high E-cadherin expression in vivo and in vitro. We found that knockdown of ILK inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion as well as changed cell morphology. We also demonstrated that ILK siRNA inhibited phosphorylation of downstream signaling targets Akt and GSK3β as well as reduced expression of MMP2 and MMP9. Furthermore, we found that the tongue tumor with high metastasis capability showed higher ILK, Vimentin, Snail, Slug and Twist as well as lower E-cadherin expression in clinical specimens. Finally, ILK siRNA led to the suppression for tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo. Our findings suggest that ILK could be a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for tongue cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xing
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Biomedical Information, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Qi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Shixiong Deng
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Biomedical Information, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luyu Zhang
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junxia Chen
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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105
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Beaty BT, Sharma VP, Bravo-Cordero JJ, Simpson MA, Eddy RJ, Koleske AJ, Condeelis J. β1 integrin regulates Arg to promote invadopodial maturation and matrix degradation. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1661-75, S1-11. [PMID: 23552693 PMCID: PMC3667720 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-12-0908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
β1 integrin is a major regulator of invadopodium maturation. Studies reveal that β1 integrin–mediated adhesion is a key upstream switch that induces Arg-dependent cortactin phosphorylation, actin polymerization, and MMP recruitment to invadopodia for extracellular matrix degradation. β1 integrin has been shown to promote metastasis in a number of tumor models, including breast, ovarian, pancreatic, and skin cancer; however, the mechanism by which it does so is poorly understood. Invasive membrane protrusions called invadopodia are believed to facilitate extracellular matrix degradation and intravasation during metastasis. Previous work showed that β1 integrin localizes to invadopodia, but its role in regulating invadopodial function has not been well characterized. We find that β1 integrin is required for the formation of mature, degradation-competent invadopodia in both two- and three-dimensional matrices but is dispensable for invadopodium precursor formation in metastatic human breast cancer cells. β1 integrin is activated during invadopodium precursor maturation, and forced β1 integrin activation enhances the rate of invadopodial matrix proteolysis. Furthermore, β1 integrin interacts with the tyrosine kinase Arg and stimulates Arg-dependent phosphorylation of cortactin on tyrosine 421. Silencing β1 integrin with small interfering RNA completely abrogates Arg-dependent cortactin phosphorylation and cofilin-dependent barbed-end formation at invadopodia, leading to a significant decrease in the number and stability of mature invadopodia. These results describe a fundamental role for β1 integrin in controlling actin polymerization–dependent invadopodial maturation and matrix degradation in metastatic tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Beaty
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, New York, NY 10461, USA.
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106
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Physical break-down of the classical view on cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Eur J Cell Biol 2013; 92:89-104. [PMID: 23391781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight classical hallmarks of cancer have been proposed and are well-defined by using biochemical or molecular genetic methods, but are not yet precisely defined by cellular biophysical processes. To define the malignant transformation of neoplasms and finally reveal the functional pathway, which enables cancer cells to promote cancer progression, these classical hallmarks of cancer require the inclusion of specific biomechanical properties of cancer cells and their microenvironment such as the extracellular matrix and embedded cells such as fibroblasts, macrophages or endothelial cells. Nonetheless a main novel ninth hallmark of cancer is still elusive in classical tumor biological reviews, which is the aspect of physics in cancer disease by the natural selection of an aggressive (highly invasive) subtype of cancer cells. The physical aspects can be analyzed by using state-of-the-art biophysical methods. Thus, this review will present current cancer research in a different light and will focus on novel physical methods to investigate the aggressiveness of cancer cells from a biophysicist's point of view. This may lead to novel insights into cancer disease and will overcome classical views on cancer. In addition, this review will discuss how physics of cancer can help to reveal whether cancer cells will invade connective tissue and metastasize. In particular, this review will point out how physics can improve, break-down or support classical approaches to examine tumor growth even across primary tumor boundaries, the invasion of single or collective cancer cells, transendothelial migration of cancer cells and metastasis in targeted organs. Finally, this review will show how physical measurements can be integrated into classical tumor biological analysis approaches. The insights into physical interactions between cancer cells, the primary tumor and the microenvironment may help to solve some "old" questions in cancer disease progression and may finally lead to novel approaches for development and improvement of cancer diagnostics and therapies.
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107
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Yu X, Zech T, McDonald L, Gonzalez EG, Li A, Macpherson I, Schwarz JP, Spence H, Futó K, Timpson P, Nixon C, Ma Y, Anton IM, Visegrády B, Insall RH, Oien K, Blyth K, Norman JC, Machesky LM. N-WASP coordinates the delivery and F-actin-mediated capture of MT1-MMP at invasive pseudopods. J Cell Biol 2012; 199:527-44. [PMID: 23091069 PMCID: PMC3483131 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201203025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasizing tumor cells use matrix metalloproteases, such as the transmembrane collagenase MT1-MMP, together with actin-based protrusions, to break through extracellular matrix barriers and migrate in dense matrix. Here we show that the actin nucleation-promoting protein N-WASP (Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) is up-regulated in breast cancer, and has a pivotal role in mediating the assembly of elongated pseudopodia that are instrumental in matrix degradation. Although a role for N-WASP in invadopodia was known, we now show how N-WASP regulates invasive protrusion in 3D matrices. In actively invading cells, N-WASP promoted trafficking of MT1-MMP into invasive pseudopodia, primarily from late endosomes, from which it was delivered to the plasma membrane. Upon MT1-MMP's arrival at the plasma membrane in pseudopodia, N-WASP stabilized MT1-MMP via direct tethering of its cytoplasmic tail to F-actin. Thus, N-WASP is crucial for extension of invasive pseudopods into which MT1-MMP traffics and for providing the correct cytoskeletal framework to couple matrix remodeling with protrusive invasion.
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MESH Headings
- Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Actins/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Female
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 14/metabolism
- Mice
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Transport
- Pseudopodia/metabolism
- Pseudopodia/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal/antagonists & inhibitors
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal/genetics
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzi Yu
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Tobias Zech
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Laura McDonald
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Esther Garcia Gonzalez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC) Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ang Li
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Iain Macpherson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Juliane P. Schwarz
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Heather Spence
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Kinga Futó
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Colin Nixon
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Yafeng Ma
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Ines M. Anton
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC) Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Balázs Visegrády
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Robert H. Insall
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Karin Oien
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Jim C. Norman
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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