101
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Suryawanshi H, Sarangdhar MA, Vij M, Roshan R, Singh VP, Ganguli M, Pillai B. A Simple Alternative to Stereotactic Injection for Brain Specific Knockdown of miRNA. J Vis Exp 2015:e53307. [PMID: 26779762 DOI: 10.3791/53307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression. In the brain, vital processes like neurodevelopment and neuronal functions depend on the correct expression of microRNAs. Perturbation of microRNAs in the brain can be used to model neurodegenerative diseases by modulating neuronal cell death. Currently, stereotactic injection is used to deliver miRNA knockdown agents to specific location in the brain. Here, we discuss strategies to design antagomirs against miRNA with locked nucleotide modifications (LNA). Subsequently describe a method for brain specific delivery of antagomirs, uniformly across different regions of the brain. This method is simple and widely applicable since it overcomes the surgery, associated injury and limitation of local delivery in stereotactic injections. We prepared a complex of neurotropic, cell-penetrating peptide Rabies Virus Glycoprotein (RVG) with antagomir against miRNA-29 and injected through tail vein, to specifically deliver in the brain. The antagomir design incorporated features that allow specific targeting of the miRNA and formation of non-covalent complexes with the peptide. The knock-down of the miRNA in neuronal cells, resulted in apoptotic cell death and associated behavioural defects. Thus, the method can be used for acute models of neuro-degeneration through the perturbation of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayuresh Anant Sarangdhar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Manika Vij
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Reema Roshan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Pal Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Munia Ganguli
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Beena Pillai
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India;
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102
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Zakhvataev VE. Possible scenarios of the influence of low-dose ionizing radiation on neural functioning. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:723-35. [PMID: 26526727 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Possible scenarios of the influence of ionizing radiation on neural functioning and the CNS are suggested. We argue that the radiation-induced bystander mechanisms associated with Ca(2+) flows, reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, and cytokines might lead to modulation of certain neuronal signaling pathways. The considered scenarios of conjugation of the bystander signaling and the neuronal signaling might result in modulation of certain synaptic receptors, neurogenesis, neurotransmission, channel conductance, synaptic signaling, different forms of neural plasticity, memory formation and storage, and learning. On this basis, corresponding new possible strategies for treating neurodegenerative deceases and mental disorders are proposed. The mechanisms considered might also be associated with neuronal survival and relevant to the treatment for brain injuries. At the same time, these mechanisms might be associated with detrimental effects and might facilitate the development of some neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E Zakhvataev
- Neuroinformatics Department, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Biological Action of Low-Intensity Factors, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
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103
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Hu Y, Deng H, Xu S, Zhang J. MicroRNAs Regulate Mitochondrial Function in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24895-917. [PMID: 26492239 PMCID: PMC4632781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury involves multiple independently fatal terminal pathways in the mitochondria. These pathways include the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation caused by changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and calcium overload, resulting in apoptosis via cytochrome c (Cyt c) release. In addition, numerous microRNAs are associated with the overall process. In this review, we first briefly summarize the mitochondrial changes in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and then describe the possible molecular mechanism of miRNA-regulated mitochondrial function, which likely includes oxidative stress and energy metabolism, as well as apoptosis. On the basis of the preceding analysis, we conclude that studies of microRNAs that regulate mitochondrial function will expedite the development of treatments for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 An Shan Xi Road, Nan Kai District, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Hao Deng
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 314 An Shan Xi Road, Nan Kai District, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 314 An Shan Xi Road, Nan Kai District, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Junping Zhang
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 314 An Shan Xi Road, Nan Kai District, Tianjin 300193, China.
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104
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Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) transcription factor is a key player in the cellular antioxidant response and it also controls various other functions in a cell-type specific manner. Due to these key functions, a tight control of NRF2 expression and activity is essential. This regulation is exerted at multiple levels, including transcriptional regulation and proteasomal degradation. Recent studies revealed important roles of miRNAs (miRs) in the control of NRF2 activity through direct targeting of the NRF2 mRNA and of mRNAs encoding proteins that control the level and activity of NRF2. In addition, NRF2 itself has been identified as a regulator of miRs, which exert some of the functions of NRF2 in metabolic regulation and also novel functions in the regulation of cell adhesion. Here, we summarize the roles and mechanisms of action of miRs in the regulation of NRF2 activity and as downstream effectors of this transcription factor.
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105
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Szafranski K, Abraham KJ, Mekhail K. Non-coding RNA in neural function, disease, and aging. Front Genet 2015; 6:87. [PMID: 25806046 PMCID: PMC4353379 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Declining brain and neurobiological function is arguably one of the most common features of human aging. The study of conserved aging processes as well as the characterization of various neurodegenerative diseases using different genetic models such as yeast, fly, mouse, and human systems is uncovering links to non-coding RNAs. These links implicate a variety of RNA-regulatory processes, including microRNA function, paraspeckle formation, RNA–DNA hybrid regulation, nucleolar RNAs and toxic RNA clearance, amongst others. Here we highlight these connections and reveal over-arching themes or questions related to recently appreciated roles of non-coding RNA in neural function and dysfunction across lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Szafranski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karan J Abraham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karim Mekhail
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Canada Research Chairs Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
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106
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Kuwanon V inhibits proliferation, promotes cell survival and increases neurogenesis of neural stem cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118188. [PMID: 25706719 PMCID: PMC4338147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to proliferate and differentiate into neurons and glia. Regulation of NSC fate by small molecules is important for the generation of a certain type of cell. The identification of small molecules that can induce new neurons from NSCs could facilitate regenerative medicine and drug development for neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we screened natural compounds to identify molecules that are effective on NSC cell fate determination. We found that Kuwanon V (KWV), which was isolated from the mulberry tree (Morus bombycis) root, increased neurogenesis in rat NSCs. In addition, during NSC differentiation, KWV increased cell survival and inhibited cell proliferation as shown by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine pulse experiments, Ki67 immunostaining and neurosphere forming assays. Interestingly, KWV enhanced neuronal differentiation and decreased NSC proliferation even in the presence of mitogens such as epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2. KWV treatment of NSCs reduced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, increased mRNA expression levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, down-regulated Notch/Hairy expression levels and up-regulated microRNA miR-9, miR-29a and miR-181a. Taken together, our data suggest that KWV modulates NSC fate to induce neurogenesis, and it may be considered as a new drug candidate that can regenerate or protect neurons in neurodegenerative diseases.
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107
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Abstract
Mechanisms that lead to the death of hair cells are reviewed. Exposure to noise, the use of ototoxic drugs that damage the cochlea and old age are accompanied by hair cell death. Outer hair cells are often more susceptible than inner hair cells, partly because of an intrinsically greater susceptibility; high frequency cells are also more vulnerable. A common factor in hair cell loss following age-related changes and exposure to ototoxic drugs or high noise levels is the generation of reactive oxygen species, which can trigger intrinsic apoptosis (the mitochondrial pathway). However, hair cell death is sometimes produced via an extracellular signal pathway triggering extrinsic apoptosis. Necrosis and necroptosis also play a role and, in various situations in which cochlear damage occurs, a balance exists between these possible routes of cell death, with no one mechanism being exclusively activated. Finally, the numerous studies on these mechanisms of hair cell death have led to the identification of many potential therapeutic agents, some of which have been used to attempt to treat people exposed to damaging events, although clinical trials are not yet conclusive. Continued work in this area is likely to lead to clinical treatments that could be used to prevent or ameliorate hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Furness
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK,
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108
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Papadopoulou AS, Serneels L, Achsel T, Mandemakers W, Callaerts-Vegh Z, Dooley J, Lau P, Ayoubi T, Radaelli E, Spinazzi M, Neumann M, Hébert SS, Silahtaroglu A, Liston A, D'Hooge R, Glatzel M, De Strooper B. Deficiency of the miR-29a/b-1 cluster leads to ataxic features and cerebellar alterations in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 73:275-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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109
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Zou H, Ding Y, Shi W, Xu X, Gong A, Zhang Z, Liu J. MicroRNA-29c/PTEN pathway is involved in mice brain development and modulates neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 35:313-322. [PMID: 25352418 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) are important mediators of brain development and neurite growth. However, the affected signaling mechanisms are not clearly clarified. In the present study, we confirm that miR-29c is expressed during mice brain development and increases neurite outgrowth via decreasing PTEN expression. We first screen the picked-out miR-29c up-regulated in PC12 cells induced by nerve growth factor (NGF). In silico analysis of possible miR-29c targets, VEGFA, MAPK3, PDGFB, and PTEN mRNA are proposed as relatively likely putative binding sites for miR-29c. Subsequently, we detect that miR-29c is involved in brain development and has a negative relationship with the expression of PTEN. Then, using luciferase reporter assay,we demonstrate that miR-29c could directly target to the 3'-UTR of PTEN mRNA and result in down-expression of PTEN. By infecting PC12 cells with lentiviral pLKO-miR-29c or control, we also find that increasing levels of miR-29c markedly increase Akt phosphorylation level, and thus, promote neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. Together, our results identify that miR-29c is required for mice brain development and modulates neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells via targeting PTEN and has a promising therapeutic target for neural disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, No. 185 Juqian street, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, China
| | - Ya Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, No. 185 Juqian street, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, No. 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, No. 185 Juqian street, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, China
| | - Aihua Gong
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, No. 185 Juqian street, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213003, China. .,Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, School of Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, No. 185 of Juqian Street, Changzhou, 213000, China.
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