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Solinas C, Gombos A, Latifyan S, Piccart-Gebhart M, Kok M, Buisseret L. Targeting immune checkpoints in breast cancer: an update of early results. ESMO Open 2017; 2:e000255. [PMID: 29177095 PMCID: PMC5687552 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2017-000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune tumour microenvironment has been shown to play a crucial role in the development and progression of cancer. Expression of gene signatures, reflecting immune activation, and the presence of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were associated with favourable outcomes in HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancer. Recently, immunotherapy with immune checkpoint blockade induced long-lasting responses and improved survival in hard-to-treat malignancies (ie, melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer) and are changing treatment paradigms in a variety of neoplastic diseases. Immune checkpoint blockade has been evaluated in breast cancer, particularly in the triple-negative subtype, with promising results observed in monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy in the metastatic and neoadjuvant settings. However, identification of patients who are most likely to benefit from immune checkpoint blockade remains challenging, with many patients not responding to treatments and a significant financial cost. The combination of immune checkpoint blockade with conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapies or with other immunotherapies is a promising strategy to potentiate its efficacy in breast cancer although further research is required to effectively identify who will respond to these immunotherapies. In this review we report the most recent results that emerged from trials testing immune checkpoint blockade and potential predictive biomarkers and emphasise the new strategies that are under clinical development in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Solinas
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrea Gombos
- Department of Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofiya Latifyan
- Department of Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Piccart-Gebhart
- Department of Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marleen Kok
- Department of Medical Oncology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence Buisseret
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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102
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Zhu P, Hu C, Hui K, Jiang X. The role and significance of VEGFR2 + regulatory T cells in tumor immunity. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:4315-4319. [PMID: 28919780 PMCID: PMC5590762 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s142085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor development is closely related to angiogenesis, and VEGFR2 plays an important role in tumor angiogenesis. It is broadly expressed in the blood vessels, especially in the microvessels of tumor tissues. Furthermore, VEGFR2 is detected on the surface of the cell membrane in various immune cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs, which are one of the key negative regulatory factors in tumor immune microenvironments, show high-level expression of VEGFR2 which participates in the regulation of immunosuppressive function. VEGFR2+ Tregs play a potent suppressive role in the formation of immunosuppressive microenvironments. A large number of reports have proven the synergistic effects between targeted therapy for VEGFR2 and immunotherapy. The depression of VEGFR2 activity on T cells can significantly reduce the infiltration of Tregs into the tumor tissue. Targeted therapy for VEGFR2+ Tregs also provides a new choice for the clinical treatment of malignant solid tumors. In this paper, the role and significance of VEGFR2+ Tregs in tumor immunity in recent years are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panrong Zhu
- Tumor Laboratory, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenxi Hu
- Tumor Laboratory, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaiyuan Hui
- Tumor Laboratory, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodong Jiang
- Tumor Laboratory, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
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103
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Limitations and opportunities for immune checkpoint inhibitors in pediatric malignancies. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 58:22-33. [PMID: 28622628 PMCID: PMC5524462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have shown great promise in a wide spectrum of adult solid and hematological malignancies, achieving objective tumor responses and prolonging survival. However, there is limited clinical success amongst pediatric patients. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of ICI and present an up-to-date overview of recent and ongoing clinical trials of ICI in pediatric malignancies. In addition, we will discuss immunologic and clinical difficulties in this young population, as well as future prospects for combination of ICI with other immune-based and conventional treatments.
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104
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Mulcrone PL, Campbell JP, Clément-Demange L, Anbinder AL, Merkel AR, Brekken RA, Sterling JA, Elefteriou F. Skeletal Colonization by Breast Cancer Cells Is Stimulated by an Osteoblast and β2AR-Dependent Neo-Angiogenic Switch. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:1442-1454. [PMID: 28300321 PMCID: PMC5489363 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The skeleton is a common site for breast cancer metastasis. Although significant progress has been made to manage osteolytic bone lesions, the mechanisms driving the early steps of the bone metastatic process are still not sufficiently understood to design efficacious strategies needed to inhibit this process and offer preventative therapeutic options. Progression and recurrence of breast cancer, as well as reduced survival of patients with breast cancer, are associated with chronic stress, a condition known to stimulate sympathetic nerve outflow. In this study, we show that stimulation of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) by isoproterenol, used as a pharmacological surrogate of sympathetic nerve activation, led to increased blood vessel density and Vegf-a expression in bone. It also raised levels of secreted Vegf-a in osteoblast cultures, and accordingly, the conditioned media from isoproterenol-treated osteoblast cultures promoted new vessel formation in two ex vivo models of angiogenesis. Blocking the interaction between Vegf-a and its receptor, Vegfr2, blunted the increase in vessel density induced by isoproterenol. Genetic loss of the β2AR globally, or specifically in type 1 collagen-expressing osteoblasts, diminished the increase in Vegf-positive osteoblast number and bone vessel density induced by isoproterenol, and reduced the higher incidence of bone metastatic lesions induced by isoproterenol after intracardiac injection of an osteotropic variant of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Inhibition of the interaction between Vegf-a and Vegfr2 with the blocking antibody mcr84 also prevented the increase in bone vascular density and bone metastasis triggered by isoproterenol. Together, these results indicate that stimulation of the β2AR in osteoblasts triggers a Vegf-dependent neo-angiogenic switch that promotes bone vascular density and the colonization of the bone microenvironment by metastatic breast cancer cells. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Mulcrone
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Ana Lia Anbinder
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos School of Dentistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Alyssa R Merkel
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Department of Surgery and Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Julie A Sterling
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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105
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Rodriguez-Vida A, Hutson TE, Bellmunt J, Strijbos MH. New treatment options for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. ESMO Open 2017; 2:e000185. [PMID: 28761748 PMCID: PMC5519813 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2017-000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, the treatment of advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was revolutionised with the advent of antiangiogenic drugs and tyrosine-kinase inhibitors. Several agents targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway (sunitinib, bevacizumab, pazopanib, axitinib) or the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway (temsirolimus, everolimus) were since then progressively approved for first-line or later-line use in the treatment of patients with advanced RCC and became the new standard of care. As a result, the survival of patients with advanced RCC has significantly improved from a median overall survival of approximately 12 months in the cytokines era to more than 26 months with first-line VEGF inhibitors. During the two last years, the treatment of advanced RCC has witnessed a second revolution with the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors, especially agents targeting the programmed cell death-1 receptor, as well as with the advent of new generation tyrosine-kinase receptor inhibitors. This article will review the new therapeutic options available for the treatment of advanced RCC, as well as the future potential molecular targets that are currently being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejo Rodriguez-Vida
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas E Hutson
- Medical Oncology Department, Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michiel H Strijbos
- Medical Oncology Department, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Klina, Antwerp, Belgium
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106
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Hu C, Jiang X. The effect of anti-angiogenic drugs on regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:134-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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107
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Gardner A, Ruffell B. Dendritic Cells and Cancer Immunity. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:855-865. [PMID: 27793569 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central regulators of the adaptive immune response, and as such are necessary for T-cell-mediated cancer immunity. In particular, antitumoral responses depend on a specialized subset of conventional DCs that transport tumor antigens to draining lymph nodes and cross-present antigen to activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes. DC maturation is necessary to provide costimulatory signals to T cells, but while DC maturation occurs within tumors, it is often insufficient to induce potent immunity, particularly in light of suppressive mechanisms within tumors. Bypassing suppressive pathways or directly activating DCs can unleash a T-cell response, and although clinical efficacy has proven elusive, therapeutic targeting of DCs continues to hold translational potential in combinatorial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alycia Gardner
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA; Cancer Biology PhD Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Brian Ruffell
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA; Breast Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
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108
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Kanda S, Goto K, Shiraishi H, Kubo E, Tanaka A, Utsumi H, Sunami K, Kitazono S, Mizugaki H, Horinouchi H, Fujiwara Y, Nokihara H, Yamamoto N, Hozumi H, Tamura T. Safety and efficacy of nivolumab and standard chemotherapy drug combination in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a four arms phase Ib study. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:2242-2250. [PMID: 27765756 PMCID: PMC5178141 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this phase Ib study, four combination therapies of nivolumab 10 mg/kg and standard chemotherapy (cisplatin/gemcitabine, cisplatin/pemetrexed, carboplatin/paclitaxel/bevacizumab, or docetaxel) showed acceptable toxicity profiles in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Furthermore, these combination therapies presented encouraging antitumor activities. Background The human IgG4 monoclonal antibody nivolumab targets programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and promotes antitumor response by blocking the interaction of PD-1 with its ligands. This single-center phase Ib study investigated the tolerability, safety, and pharmacokinetics of nivolumab combined with standard chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients and methods Patients who had stage IIIB without indication for definitive radiotherapy, stage IV, or recurrent NSCLC were eligible. Regimens were nivolumab 10 mg/kg + gemcitabine/cisplatin (arm A), pemetrexed/cisplatin (arm B), paclitaxel/carboplatin/bevacizumab (arm C), or docetaxel (arm D). Regimens A, B, and D were repeated every 3 weeks for up to four cycles and regimen C was repeated for up to six cycles; nivolumab alone (arm A), with pemetrexed (arm B), bevacizumab (arm C), or docetaxel (arm D) was continued every 3 weeks as maintenance therapy until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was evaluated during the first treatment cycle. Results As of March 2014, six patients were enrolled in each arm. The combination of nivolumab 10 mg/kg and chemotherapy was well tolerated. DLT was observed in only one patient in arm A (alanine aminotransferase increased). Select adverse events (those with a potential immunologic cause) of any grade were observed in six, four, six, and five patients in arms A, B, C, and D, respectively. Three, three, six, and one patient achieved partial response while median progression-free survival was 6.28, 9.63 months, not reached, and 3.15 months in arms A, B, C, and D, respectively. Conclusions Combination of nivolumab 10 mg/kg and chemotherapy showed an acceptable toxicity profile and encouraging antitumor activity in patients with advanced NSCLC. Clinical trials number Japanese Pharmaceutical Information Center Clinical Trials Information (JapicCTI)-132071.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kanda
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - K Goto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - H Shiraishi
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - E Kubo
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - A Tanaka
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - H Utsumi
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - K Sunami
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - S Kitazono
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - H Mizugaki
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - H Horinouchi
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - Y Fujiwara
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - H Nokihara
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - N Yamamoto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - H Hozumi
- ONO Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Tamura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
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109
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Naidoo J, Li BT, Schindler K, Page DB. What does the future hold for immunotherapy in cancer? ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:177. [PMID: 27275490 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.04.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarushka Naidoo
- 1 Upper Aerodigestive Division, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA ; 2 Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA ; 3 Department of Dermatology, Division of General Dermatology and Dermatooncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; 4 Providence Portland Medical Center, Earl A. Chiles Research Institute, Portland, OR 97213, USA
| | - Bob T Li
- 1 Upper Aerodigestive Division, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA ; 2 Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA ; 3 Department of Dermatology, Division of General Dermatology and Dermatooncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; 4 Providence Portland Medical Center, Earl A. Chiles Research Institute, Portland, OR 97213, USA
| | - Katja Schindler
- 1 Upper Aerodigestive Division, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA ; 2 Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA ; 3 Department of Dermatology, Division of General Dermatology and Dermatooncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; 4 Providence Portland Medical Center, Earl A. Chiles Research Institute, Portland, OR 97213, USA
| | - David B Page
- 1 Upper Aerodigestive Division, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA ; 2 Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA ; 3 Department of Dermatology, Division of General Dermatology and Dermatooncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; 4 Providence Portland Medical Center, Earl A. Chiles Research Institute, Portland, OR 97213, USA
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110
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Ye W. The Complexity of Translating Anti-angiogenesis Therapy from Basic Science to the Clinic. Dev Cell 2016; 37:114-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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111
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Role of the tumor stroma in resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 25:26-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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112
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McDermott DF, Sosman JA, Sznol M, Massard C, Gordon MS, Hamid O, Powderly JD, Infante JR, Fassò M, Wang YV, Zou W, Hegde PS, Fine GD, Powles T. Atezolizumab, an Anti-Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Antibody, in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Long-Term Safety, Clinical Activity, and Immune Correlates From a Phase Ia Study. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:833-42. [PMID: 26755520 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.63.7421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective was to determine the safety and clinical activity of atezolizumab (MPDL3280A), a humanized programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody, in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Exploratory biomarkers were analyzed and associated with outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seventy patients with metastatic RCC, including clear cell (ccRCC; n = 63) and non-clear cell (ncc; n = 7) histologies, received atezolizumab intravenously every 3 weeks. PD-L1 expression was scored at four diagnostic levels (0/1/2/3) that were based on PD-L1 staining on tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (IC) with the SP142 assay. Primary end points were safety and toxicity; secondary end points assessed clinical activity per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 and immune-related response criteria. Plasma and tissue were analyzed for potential biomarkers of atezolizumab response. RESULTS Grade 3 treatment-related and immune-mediated adverse events occurred in 17% and 4% of patients, respectively, and there were no grade 4 or 5 events. Sixty-three patients with ccRCC were evaluable for overall survival (median, 28.9 months; 95% CI, 20.0 months to not reached) and progression-free survival (median, 5.6 months; 95% CI, 3.9 to 8.2 months), and 62 patients were evaluable for objective response rate (ORR; 15%; 95% CI, 7% to 26%). ORR was evaluated on the basis of PD-L1 IC expression (IC1/2/3: n = 33; 18%; 95% CI, 7% to 35%; and IC0: n = 22; 9%; 95% CI, 1% to 29%). The ORR for patients with Fuhrman grade 4 and/or sarcomatoid histology was 22% (n = 18; 95% CI, 6% to 48%). Decreases in circulating plasma markers and acute-phase proteins and an increased baseline effector T-cell-to-regulatory T-cell gene expression ratio correlated with response to atezolizumab. CONCLUSION Atezolizumab demonstrated a manageable safety profile and promising antitumor activity in patients with metastatic RCC. Correlative studies identified potential predictive and pharmacodynamic biomarkers. These results have guided ongoing studies and combinations with atezolizumab in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F McDermott
- David F. McDermott, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Jeffrey A. Sosman, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Jeffrey R. Infante, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Mario Sznol, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Christophe Massard, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France; Michael S. Gordon, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Omid Hamid, Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica; Marcella Fassò, Yan V. Wang, Wei Zou, Priti S. Hedge, and Gregg D. Fine, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; John D. Powderly, Carolina BioOncology Institute, Huntersville, NC; and Thomas Powles, Barts Cancer Institute Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine and the Royal Free National Health Service Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Jeffrey A Sosman
- David F. McDermott, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Jeffrey A. Sosman, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Jeffrey R. Infante, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Mario Sznol, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Christophe Massard, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France; Michael S. Gordon, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Omid Hamid, Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica; Marcella Fassò, Yan V. Wang, Wei Zou, Priti S. Hedge, and Gregg D. Fine, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; John D. Powderly, Carolina BioOncology Institute, Huntersville, NC; and Thomas Powles, Barts Cancer Institute Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine and the Royal Free National Health Service Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Sznol
- David F. McDermott, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Jeffrey A. Sosman, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Jeffrey R. Infante, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Mario Sznol, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Christophe Massard, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France; Michael S. Gordon, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Omid Hamid, Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica; Marcella Fassò, Yan V. Wang, Wei Zou, Priti S. Hedge, and Gregg D. Fine, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; John D. Powderly, Carolina BioOncology Institute, Huntersville, NC; and Thomas Powles, Barts Cancer Institute Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine and the Royal Free National Health Service Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Massard
- David F. McDermott, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Jeffrey A. Sosman, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Jeffrey R. Infante, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Mario Sznol, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Christophe Massard, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France; Michael S. Gordon, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Omid Hamid, Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica; Marcella Fassò, Yan V. Wang, Wei Zou, Priti S. Hedge, and Gregg D. Fine, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; John D. Powderly, Carolina BioOncology Institute, Huntersville, NC; and Thomas Powles, Barts Cancer Institute Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine and the Royal Free National Health Service Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Gordon
- David F. McDermott, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Jeffrey A. Sosman, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Jeffrey R. Infante, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Mario Sznol, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Christophe Massard, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France; Michael S. Gordon, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Omid Hamid, Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica; Marcella Fassò, Yan V. Wang, Wei Zou, Priti S. Hedge, and Gregg D. Fine, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; John D. Powderly, Carolina BioOncology Institute, Huntersville, NC; and Thomas Powles, Barts Cancer Institute Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine and the Royal Free National Health Service Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Omid Hamid
- David F. McDermott, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Jeffrey A. Sosman, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Jeffrey R. Infante, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Mario Sznol, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Christophe Massard, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France; Michael S. Gordon, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Omid Hamid, Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica; Marcella Fassò, Yan V. Wang, Wei Zou, Priti S. Hedge, and Gregg D. Fine, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; John D. Powderly, Carolina BioOncology Institute, Huntersville, NC; and Thomas Powles, Barts Cancer Institute Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine and the Royal Free National Health Service Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John D Powderly
- David F. McDermott, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Jeffrey A. Sosman, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Jeffrey R. Infante, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Mario Sznol, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Christophe Massard, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France; Michael S. Gordon, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Omid Hamid, Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica; Marcella Fassò, Yan V. Wang, Wei Zou, Priti S. Hedge, and Gregg D. Fine, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; John D. Powderly, Carolina BioOncology Institute, Huntersville, NC; and Thomas Powles, Barts Cancer Institute Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine and the Royal Free National Health Service Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey R Infante
- David F. McDermott, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Jeffrey A. Sosman, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Jeffrey R. Infante, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Mario Sznol, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Christophe Massard, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France; Michael S. Gordon, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Omid Hamid, Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica; Marcella Fassò, Yan V. Wang, Wei Zou, Priti S. Hedge, and Gregg D. Fine, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; John D. Powderly, Carolina BioOncology Institute, Huntersville, NC; and Thomas Powles, Barts Cancer Institute Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine and the Royal Free National Health Service Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcella Fassò
- David F. McDermott, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Jeffrey A. Sosman, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Jeffrey R. Infante, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Mario Sznol, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Christophe Massard, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France; Michael S. Gordon, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Omid Hamid, Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica; Marcella Fassò, Yan V. Wang, Wei Zou, Priti S. Hedge, and Gregg D. Fine, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; John D. Powderly, Carolina BioOncology Institute, Huntersville, NC; and Thomas Powles, Barts Cancer Institute Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine and the Royal Free National Health Service Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yan V Wang
- David F. McDermott, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Jeffrey A. Sosman, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Jeffrey R. Infante, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Mario Sznol, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Christophe Massard, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France; Michael S. Gordon, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Omid Hamid, Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica; Marcella Fassò, Yan V. Wang, Wei Zou, Priti S. Hedge, and Gregg D. Fine, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; John D. Powderly, Carolina BioOncology Institute, Huntersville, NC; and Thomas Powles, Barts Cancer Institute Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine and the Royal Free National Health Service Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Zou
- David F. McDermott, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Jeffrey A. Sosman, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Jeffrey R. Infante, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Mario Sznol, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Christophe Massard, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France; Michael S. Gordon, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Omid Hamid, Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica; Marcella Fassò, Yan V. Wang, Wei Zou, Priti S. Hedge, and Gregg D. Fine, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; John D. Powderly, Carolina BioOncology Institute, Huntersville, NC; and Thomas Powles, Barts Cancer Institute Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine and the Royal Free National Health Service Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Priti S Hegde
- David F. McDermott, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Jeffrey A. Sosman, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Jeffrey R. Infante, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Mario Sznol, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Christophe Massard, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France; Michael S. Gordon, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Omid Hamid, Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica; Marcella Fassò, Yan V. Wang, Wei Zou, Priti S. Hedge, and Gregg D. Fine, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; John D. Powderly, Carolina BioOncology Institute, Huntersville, NC; and Thomas Powles, Barts Cancer Institute Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine and the Royal Free National Health Service Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gregg D Fine
- David F. McDermott, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Jeffrey A. Sosman, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Jeffrey R. Infante, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Mario Sznol, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Christophe Massard, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France; Michael S. Gordon, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Omid Hamid, Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica; Marcella Fassò, Yan V. Wang, Wei Zou, Priti S. Hedge, and Gregg D. Fine, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; John D. Powderly, Carolina BioOncology Institute, Huntersville, NC; and Thomas Powles, Barts Cancer Institute Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine and the Royal Free National Health Service Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Powles
- David F. McDermott, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Jeffrey A. Sosman, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Jeffrey R. Infante, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN; Mario Sznol, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Christophe Massard, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France; Michael S. Gordon, Pinnacle Oncology Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Omid Hamid, Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica; Marcella Fassò, Yan V. Wang, Wei Zou, Priti S. Hedge, and Gregg D. Fine, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; John D. Powderly, Carolina BioOncology Institute, Huntersville, NC; and Thomas Powles, Barts Cancer Institute Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine and the Royal Free National Health Service Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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113
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Xu MM, Pu Y, Zhang Y, Fu YX. The Role of Adaptive Immunity in the Efficacy of Targeted Cancer Therapies. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:141-153. [PMID: 26778079 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the efficacy of tumor-targeted therapies relies on the host immune response, including targeted small-molecule and antibody approaches that were not previously thought to have an immune component. Here, we review the current understanding of how targeted therapies on tumor cells could have a major impact on the immune response, and how this relates to the therapeutic efficacy of these approaches. In this context, we evaluate different strategies that combine targeted therapies with immunotherapy approaches, and discuss past and ongoing clinical trials. We highlight gaps in knowledge, and argue that significant progress for combined therapies will require a better understanding of the complex interactions between immune cells, the tumor, and the tumor microenvironment (TME) in different cancer settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Michelle Xu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yang Pu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
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114
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Tsun A, Miao XN, Wang CM, Yu DC. Oncolytic Immunotherapy for Treatment of Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 909:241-83. [PMID: 27240460 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7555-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy entails the treatment of disease by modulation of the immune system. As detailed in the previous chapters, the different modes of achieving immune modulation are many, including the use of small/large molecules, cellular therapy, and radiation. Oncolytic viruses that can specifically attack, replicate within, and destroy tumors represent one of the most promising classes of agents for cancer immunotherapy (recently termed as oncolytic immunotherapy). The notion of oncolytic immunotherapy is considered as the way in which virus-induced tumor cell death (known as immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD)) allows the immune system to recognize tumor cells and provide long-lasting antitumor immunity. Both immune responses toward the virus and ICD together contribute toward successful antitumor efficacy. What is now becoming increasingly clear is that monotherapies, through any of the modalities detailed in this book, are neither sufficient in eradicating tumors nor in providing long-lasting antitumor immune responses and that combination therapies may deliver enhanced efficacy. After the rise of the genetic engineering era, it has been possible to engineer viruses to harbor combination-like characteristics to enhance their potency in cancer immunotherapy. This chapter provides a historical background on oncolytic virotherapy and its future application in cancer immunotherapy, especially as a combination therapy with other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsun
- Innovent Biologics, Inc., 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, China
| | - X N Miao
- Innovent Biologics, Inc., 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, China
| | - C M Wang
- Innovent Biologics, Inc., 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, China
| | - D C Yu
- Innovent Biologics, Inc., 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, China.
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115
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Naidoo J, Page DB, Li BT, Connell LC, Schindler K, Lacouture ME, Postow MA, Wolchok JD. Toxicities of the anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint antibodies. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:2375-91. [PMID: 26371282 PMCID: PMC6267867 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1002] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint antibodies that augment the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 pathway have demonstrated antitumor activity across multiple malignancies, and gained recent regulatory approval as single-agent therapy for the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma and nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Knowledge of toxicities associated with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, as well as effective management algorithms for these toxicities, is pivotal in order to optimize clinical efficacy and safety. In this article, we review selected published and presented clinical studies investigating single-agent anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy and trials of combination approaches with other standard anticancer therapies, in multiple tumor types. We summarize the key adverse events reported in these studies and their management algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Naidoo
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore
| | - D B Page
- Providence Portland Medical Center and Earl A. Chiles Research Institute, Portland
| | - B T Li
- Department of Medicine and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - L C Connell
- Department of Medicine and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - K Schindler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M E Lacouture
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - M A Postow
- Department of Medicine and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - J D Wolchok
- Department of Medicine and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
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116
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Weinstock M, McDermott D. Targeting PD-1/PD-L1 in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Ther Adv Urol 2015; 7:365-77. [PMID: 26622321 PMCID: PMC4647139 DOI: 10.1177/1756287215597647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulatory therapies have been a cornerstone of treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) since the 1990s. However, the use of traditional immunotherapeutic approaches for RCC, such as high-dose interleukin-2 and interferon-α, has been limited by significant systemic toxicities and the need to deliver these therapies at centers of expertise. Furthermore, in spite of the success of these immunostimulatory therapies for some patients with RCC, it is clear that most patients fail to respond to cytokine therapy. More effective immune therapy for RCC has therefore been necessary. The interaction between programmed death-1 (PD-1, present on T cells), and one of its ligands (PD-L1, present on antigen-presenting cells and tumor cells) constitutes an immune checkpoint through which tumors can induce T-cell tolerance and avoid immune destruction. Monoclonal antibodies that disrupt the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction serve as inhibitors of this immune checkpoint, and have demonstrated favorable activity in RCC as monotherapy and in combination with other active agents. This review summarizes the current landscape of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for RCC, and highlights challenges for the future development of this promising approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Weinstock
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David McDermott
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 375 Longwood Avenue, Mailstop: MASCO 428, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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117
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The immunobiology of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1387-406. [PMID: 26611648 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex and heterogeneous milieu in which multiple interactions occur between tumor and host cells. Immunosuppressive cells which are present in this microenvironment, such as regulatory T (Treg) cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), play an important role in tumor progression, via down-regulation of antitumor responses. MDSCs represent a heterogeneous group of cells originated from the myeloid lineage that are in the immature state. These cells markedly accumulate under pathologic conditions, such as cancer, infection, and inflammation, and use various mechanisms to inhibit both adaptive and innate immune responses. These immunosuppressive mechanisms include deprivation of T cells from essential amino acids, induction of oxidative stress, interference with viability and trafficking of T cells, induction of immunosuppressive cells, and finally polarizing immunity toward a tumor-promoting type 2 phenotype. In addition to suppression of antitumor immune responses, MDSCs can also enhance the tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Previous studies have shown that increased frequency of MDSCs is related to the tumor progression. Moreover, various drugs that directly target these cells or reverse their suppressive activity can improve antitumor immune responses as well as increase the efficacy of immunotherapeutic intervention. In this review, we will first discuss on the immunobiology of MDSCs in an attempt to find the role of these cells in tumor progression and then discuss about therapeutic approaches to target these cells.
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118
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Sanderson LE, Chien AT, Astin JW, Crosier KE, Crosier PS, Hall CJ. An inducible transgene reports activation of macrophages in live zebrafish larvae. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:63-69. [PMID: 26123890 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are the most functionally heterogenous cells of the hematopoietic system. Given many diseases are underpinned by inappropriate macrophage activation, macrophages have emerged as a therapeutic target to treat disease. A thorough understanding of what controls macrophage activation will likely reveal new pathways that can be manipulated for therapeutic benefit. Live imaging fluorescent macrophages within transgenic zebrafish larvae has provided a valuable window to investigate macrophage behavior in vivo. Here we describe the first transgenic zebrafish line that reports macrophage activation, as evidenced by induced expression of an immunoresponsive gene 1(irg1):EGFP transgene. When combined with existing reporter lines that constitutively mark macrophages, we reveal this unique transgenic line can be used to live image macrophage activation in response to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide and xenografted human cancer cells. We anticipate the Tg(irg1:EGFP) line will provide a valuable tool to explore macrophage activation and plasticity in the context of different disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E Sanderson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - An-Tzu Chien
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan W Astin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn E Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Philip S Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J Hall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
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119
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van Beijnum JR, Nowak-Sliwinska P, Huijbers EJM, Thijssen VL, Griffioen AW. The great escape; the hallmarks of resistance to antiangiogenic therapy. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:441-61. [PMID: 25769965 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of antiangiogenic therapy in cancer treatment has led to the approval of different agents, most of them targeting the well known vascular endothelial growth factor pathway. Despite promising results in preclinical studies, the efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy in the clinical setting remains limited. Recently, awareness has emerged on resistance to antiangiogenic therapies. It has become apparent that the intricate complex interplay between tumors and stromal cells, including endothelial cells and associated mural cells, allows for escape mechanisms to arise that counteract the effects of these targeted therapeutics. Here, we review and discuss known and novel mechanisms that contribute to resistance against antiangiogenic therapy and provide an outlook to possible improvements in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy R van Beijnum
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.R.v.B., E.J.M.H., V.L.T., A.W.G.); and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.N.-S.)
| | - Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.R.v.B., E.J.M.H., V.L.T., A.W.G.); and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.N.-S.)
| | - Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.R.v.B., E.J.M.H., V.L.T., A.W.G.); and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.N.-S.)
| | - Victor L Thijssen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.R.v.B., E.J.M.H., V.L.T., A.W.G.); and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.N.-S.)
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.R.v.B., E.J.M.H., V.L.T., A.W.G.); and Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.N.-S.)
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120
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Yuan D, Xia M, Meng G, Xu C, Song Y, Wei J. Anti-angiogenic efficacy of 5'-triphosphate siRNA combining VEGF silencing and RIG-I activation in NSCLCs. Oncotarget 2015; 6:29664-74. [PMID: 26336994 PMCID: PMC4745754 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Short interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting angiogenic factors and further inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, is one of the potent antitumor candidates for lung cancer treatment. However, this strategy must be combined with other therapeutics like chemotherapy. In this study, we designed a 5'-triphosphate siRNA targeting VEGF (ppp-VEGF), and showed that ppp-VEGF exerted three distinct antitumor effects: i) inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by silencing VEGF, ii) induction of innate immune responses by activating RIG-I signaling pathway, and thus activate antitumor immunity, iii) induction of apoptosis. In a subcutaneous model of murine lung cancer, ppp-VEGF displayed a potent antitumor effect. Our results provide a multifunctional antitumor molecule that may overcome the shortages of traditional antiangiogenic agents.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DEAD Box Protein 58
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interferon Type I/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/therapy
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Polyphosphates/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNAi Therapeutics/methods
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Burden/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Mao Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiwu Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing University Hightech Institute at Suzhou, Suzhou, China
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121
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Jiang M, Qin C, Han M. Primary breast cancer induces pulmonary vascular hyperpermeability and promotes metastasis via the VEGF-PKC pathway. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1087-95. [PMID: 26152457 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The lung is one of the most frequent target organs for breast cancer metastasis. When breast cancer cells from a primary tumor do not colonize the lung, which we named the premetastatic phase, the microenvironment of the lung has already been influenced by the primary tumor. However, little is known about the exact premetastatic alteration and regulatory mechanisms of the lung. Here, we used 4T1 cells (a mouse breast cancer cell line which can specifically metastasize to the lung) to build a mouse breast cancer model. We found that primary breast tumor induced increased pulmonary vascular permeability in the premetastatic phase, which facilitated the leakage of rhodamine-dextran and the extravasation of intravenous therapy injected cancer cells. Furthermore, tight junctions (TJs) were disrupted, and the expression of zonula occludens-1(ZO-1), one of the most important components of tight junctions, was decreased in the premetastatic lung. In addition, elevated serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was involved in the destabilization of tight junctions and the VEGF antagonist bevacizumab reversed the primary tumor-induced vascular hyperpermeability. Moreover, activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway disrupted the integrity of TJs and accordingly, the disruption could be alleviated by blocking VEGF. Taken together, these data demonstrate that primary breast cancer may induce tight junction disruptions in the premetastatic lung via the VEGF-PKC pathway and promote pulmonary vascular hyperpermeability before metastasis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Jiang
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Chengyong Qin
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Mingyong Han
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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122
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Yang YJ, Choi JS, Choi JW. Antiangiogenic Therapy Impedes Infiltration by CD4+ and CD8+ Cells Into an Early Colon Tumor. J Cancer Prev 2015; 20:129-35. [PMID: 26151046 PMCID: PMC4492357 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2015.20.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the majority of angiogenesis studies have focused on the late stages of cancer, the emergence of neovascularization in colon tumorigenesis has been observed an earlier stage than expected. Recent reports implied that early angiogenesis might be a defense mechanism to stimulate the natural clearance of microadenomas during colon tumorigenesis. However, little is known about how early angiogenesis affects the natural clearance of tumors. METHODS Spontaneous colon tumors were developed in adenomatous polyposis coli conditional knockout mice with Cre recombinase adenovirus administration. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antagonist, DC101, was administrated to determine the effect of early angiogenesis and then infiltration of immune cells into tumor and concentration of cytokines were evaluated. RESULTS The continuous administration of the VEGF receptor 2 antagonist DC101 in the mouse models impeded the infiltration by CD4+ and CD8+ cells into the tumor region. Furthermore, the administration of the VEGF antagonist decreased the amounts of anti-tumoral cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10. CONCLUSIONS We revealed that newly formed vessels during tumorigenesis can be channels for particular anti-tumoral immune cells. Our results may confer insight for the clinical development of an efficient antiangiogenic therapeutic manual and a timely chemoprevention to suppress tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jung Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Choi
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea ; Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Korea
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123
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Choi JW, Kim P, Kim JK, Kim YR, Fukumura D, Yun SH. Longitudinal Tracing of Spontaneous Regression and Anti-angiogenic Response of Individual Microadenomas during Colon Tumorigenesis. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:724-32. [PMID: 25897337 PMCID: PMC4402496 DOI: 10.7150/thno.10734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential for the progression of cancer, but its involvement in the initial phase of colon tumorigenesis is not well understood. Using intravital endomicroscopy, we visualized the natural history of early pre-tumorous lesions and adenomas in the colon of conditional Apc-knockout and Apc/Kras double mutant mouse models. Early lesions emerged about 4 weeks after the onset of somatic mutations, accompanying vascular dilation when the size of lesions reached about 200 μm, but most lesions regressed spontaneously and cleared within 10 weeks after their emergence. Anti-angiogenic treatments with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) antagonists reduced the size of the early lesions and the number of polyps. We found surprisingly that anti-angiogenic treatments delayed the natural clearance of transient lesions by up to several weeks in both genetic models. The results represent the previously unexpected role of early angiogenesis on the spontaneous regression of early-stage colon tumors.
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Fujii H, Shin-Ya M, Takeda S, Hashimoto Y, Mukai SA, Sawada SI, Adachi T, Akiyoshi K, Miki T, Mazda O. Cycloamylose-nanogel drug delivery system-mediated intratumor silencing of the vascular endothelial growth factor regulates neovascularization in tumor microenvironment. Cancer Sci 2015; 105:1616-25. [PMID: 25283373 PMCID: PMC4317968 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAi enables potent and specific gene silencing, potentially offering useful means for treatment of cancers. However, safe and efficient drug delivery systems (DDS) that are appropriate for intra-tumor delivery of siRNA or shRNA have rarely been established, hindering clinical application of RNAi technology to cancer therapy. We have devised hydrogel polymer nanoparticles, or nanogel, and shown its validity as a novel DDS for various molecules. Here we examined the potential of self-assembled nanogel of cholesterol-bearing cycloamylose with spermine group (CH-CA-Spe) to deliver vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-specific short interfering RNA (siVEGF) into tumor cells. The siVEGF/nanogel complex was engulfed by renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells through the endocytotic pathway, resulting in efficient knockdown of VEGF. Intra-tumor injections of the complex significantly suppressed neovascularization and growth of RCC in mice. The treatment also inhibited induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, while it decreased interleukin-17A production. Therefore, the CH-CA-Spe nanogel may be a feasible DDS for intra-tumor delivery of therapeutic siRNA. The results also suggest that local suppression of VEGF may have a positive impact on systemic immune responses against malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Fujii
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Weinstock M, McDermott DF. Emerging role for novel immunotherapy agents in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: from bench to bedside. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2015:e291-e297. [PMID: 25993188 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2015.35.e291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Therapies that augment the antitumor immune response have been an established treatment modality for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) since the 1980s. An improved understanding of the factors that limit the immune response to cancer have led to the development of novel therapeutic agents. Most notably, monoclonal antibodies that block the programmed death (PD)-1 immune checkpoint pathway have demonstrated encouraging antitumor activity against mRCC in phase I and II clinical trials. However, as monotherapy these agents are unlikely to offer substantial clinical benefit for the majority of patients with mRCC. Combination approaches and improvements in patient selection will be essential to enhance their efficacy and ensure the rational application of immunotherapy. This review summarizes the clinical and preclinical data that support the use of novel immunotherapies for mRCC and looks forward to future directions for this promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Weinstock
- From the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David F McDermott
- From the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Youngblood V, Wang S, Song W, Walter D, Hwang Y, Chen J, Brantley-Sieders DM. Elevated Slit2 Activity Impairs VEGF-Induced Angiogenesis and Tumor Neovascularization in EphA2-Deficient Endothelium. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:524-37. [PMID: 25504371 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Angiogenic remodeling during embryonic development and in adult tissue homeostasis is orchestrated by cooperative signaling between several distinct molecular pathways, which are often exploited by tumors. Indeed, tumors upregulate proangiogenic molecules while simultaneously suppressing angiostatic pathways to recruit blood vessels for growth, survival, and metastatic spread. Understanding how cancers exploit proangiogenic and antiangiogenic signals is a key step in developing new, molecularly targeted antiangiogenic therapies. While EphA2, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), is required for VEGF-induced angiogenesis, the mechanism through which these pathways intersect remains unclear. Slit2 expression is elevated in EphA2-deficient endothelium, and here it is reported that inhibiting Slit activity rescues VEGF-induced angiogenesis in cell culture and in vivo, as well as VEGF-dependent tumor angiogenesis, in EphA2-deficient endothelial cells and animals. Moreover, blocking Slit activity or Slit2 expression in EphA2-deficient endothelial cells restores VEGF-induced activation of Src and Rac, both of which are required for VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. These data suggest that EphA2 suppression of Slit2 expression and Slit angiostatic activity enables VEGF-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, providing a plausible mechanism for impaired endothelial responses to VEGF in the absence of EphA2 function. IMPLICATIONS Modulation of angiostatic factor Slit2 by EphA2 receptor regulates endothelial responses to VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and tumor neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Youngblood
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Wenqiang Song
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Debra Walter
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yoonha Hwang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dana M Brantley-Sieders
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
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127
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Jeon H, Vigdorovich V, Garrett-Thomson SC, Janakiram M, Ramagopal UA, Abadi YM, Lee JS, Scandiuzzi L, Ohaegbulam KC, Chinai JM, Zhao R, Yao Y, Mao Y, Sparano JA, Almo SC, Zang X. Structure and cancer immunotherapy of the B7 family member B7x. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1089-98. [PMID: 25437562 PMCID: PMC4250833 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
B7x (B7-H4 or B7S1) is a member of the B7 family that can inhibit T cell function. B7x protein is absent in most normal human tissues and immune cells, but it is overexpressed in human cancers and often correlates with negative clinical outcome. The expression pattern and function of B7x suggest that it may be a potent immunosuppressive pathway in human cancers. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the human B7x immunoglobulin variable (IgV) domain at 1.59 Å resolution and mapped the epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies. We developed an in vivo system to screen therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against B7x and found that the clone 1H3 significantly inhibited growth of B7x-expressing tumors in vivo via multiple mechanisms. Furthermore, the surviving mice given 1H3 treatment were resistant to tumor rechallenge. Our data suggest that targeting B7x on tumors is a promising cancer immunotherapy and humanized 1H3 may be efficacious for immunotherapy of human cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Immunotherapy
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Surface Plasmon Resonance
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- V-Set Domain-Containing T-Cell Activation Inhibitor 1/chemistry
- V-Set Domain-Containing T-Cell Activation Inhibitor 1/immunology
- V-Set Domain-Containing T-Cell Activation Inhibitor 1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjun Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Vladimir Vigdorovich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sarah C Garrett-Thomson
- Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Murali Janakiram
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Udupi A Ramagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yael M Abadi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jun Sik Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Lisa Scandiuzzi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kim C Ohaegbulam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jordan M Chinai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ruihua Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Joseph A Sparano
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Steven C Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Xingxing Zang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
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Vascular channels formed by subpopulations of PECAM1+ melanoma cells. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5200. [PMID: 25335460 PMCID: PMC4261234 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the vasculature remains a promising approach for treating solid tumors; however, the mechanisms of tumor neovascularization are diverse and complex. Here we uncover a new subpopulation of melanoma cells that express the vascular cell adhesion molecule PECAM1, but not VEGFR-2, and participate in a PECAM1-dependent form of vasculogenic mimicry (VM). Clonally-derived PECAM1+ tumor cells coalesce to form PECAM1-dependent networks in vitro and they generate well-perfused, VEGF-independent channels in mice. The neural crest specifier AP-2α is diminished in PECAM1+ melanoma cells and is a transcriptional repressor of PECAM1. Reintroduction of AP-2α into PECAM1+ tumor cells represses PECAM1 and abolishes tube-forming ability whereas AP-2α knockdown in PECAM1− tumor cells up-regulates PECAM1 expression and promotes tube formation. Thus, VM-competent subpopulations, rather than all cells within a tumor, may instigate VM, supplant host-derived endothelium, and form PECAM1-dependent conduits that are not diminished by neutralizing VEGF.
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129
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Immune effects of bevacizumab: killing two birds with one stone. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2014; 8:15-21. [PMID: 25326055 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-014-0160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis or new vessel formation is essential for tumour growth and progression. Therefore, targeting angiogenesis has been an attractive strategy in the treatment ofcancer. Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal IgG1 antibody thattargets vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) - a key molecular player inangiogenesis. Bevacizumumab has shown clinical efficacy in phase III clinical trials inseveral advanced solid malignancies. The clinical efficacy of bevacizumumab isprimarily due to its antiangiogenic effects; however, there are direct antitumor effectsand immunomodulatory effects. Enhancing the immune system to restore itsantitumour activity has been utilized successfully in clinical setting. In this article we willdiscuss the possible immunomodulatory effects of the most clinically usedantiangiogenic agent; bevacizumumab.
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Samaranayake HD, Pikkarainen JT, Wirth T, Stedt H, Lesch HP, Dragneva G, Vuorio T, Määttä AM, Airenne K, Ylä-Herttuala S. Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 improves therapeutic efficacy of suicide gene therapy in an angiogenesis-independent manner. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:942-54. [PMID: 25072110 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Malignant gliomas (MGs) are highly vascularized, aggressive brain cancers carrying a dismal prognosis. Because of their high vascularity, anti-angiogenic therapy is a potential treatment option. Indeed, the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody bevacizumab has demonstrated promising results in clinical trials. Similarly, adenovirus-medicated Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase and ganciclovir (AdHSV-tk/GCV) suicide gene therapy has established itself in clinical trials as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for MGs. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of combining adenovirus-mediated soluble VEGF receptor-1 anti-angiogenic gene therapy with AdHSV-tk/GCV suicide gene therapy to treat experimental MGs. Our results reveal that, apart from inhibiting angiogenesis, other anti-tumor mechanisms, such as reduction of infiltration by tumor-associated macrophages/microglia, may contribute to the improved therapeutic benefit of combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haritha D Samaranayake
- 1 Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland , FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Exogenous administration of protease-resistant, non-matrix-binding IGFBP-2 inhibits tumour growth in a murine model of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2855-64. [PMID: 24853186 PMCID: PMC4056053 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) signal via the type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R) and IGF-II also activates the insulin receptor isoform A (IR-A). Signalling via both receptors promotes tumour growth, survival and metastasis. In some instances IGF-II action via the IR-A also promotes resistance to anti-IGF-1R inhibitors. This study assessed the efficacy of two novel modified IGF-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) proteins that were designed to sequester both IGFs. The two modified IGFBP-2 proteins were either protease resistant alone or also lacked the ability to bind extracellular matrix (ECM). METHODS The modified IGFBP-2 proteins were tested in vitro for their abilities to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and in vivo to inhibit MCF-7 breast tumour xenograft growth. RESULTS Both mutants retained low nanomolar affinity for IGF-I and IGF-II (0.8-2.1-fold lower than IGFBP-2) and inhibited cancer cell proliferation in vitro. However, the combined protease resistant, non-matrix-binding mutant was more effective in inhibiting MCF-7 tumour xenograft growth and led to inhibition of angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS By removing protease cleavage and matrix-binding sites, modified IGFBP-2 was effective in inhibiting tumour growth and reducing tumour angiogenesis.
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Li J, Cui Y, Wang Q, Guo D, Pan X, Wang X, Bi H, Chen W, Liu Z, Zhao S. The proliferation of malignant melanoma cells could be inhibited by ranibizumab via antagonizing VEGF through VEGFR1. Mol Vis 2014; 20:649-60. [PMID: 24868139 PMCID: PMC4021672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Angiogenesis is an important mediator in tumor progression. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the major cytokines that can influence angiogenesis. However, the potential mechanism of tumor growth inhibition through anti-VEGF agents is still unclear. This study was performed to examine whether ranibizumab could inhibit malignant melanoma growth in vitro and to determine the safety of ranibizumab on human adult retinal pigment epithelium cell line (ARPE-19 cells). METHODS Malignant melanoma cells obtained from a clinic were cultured in vitro. VEGF concentrations secreted by malignant melanoma cells and the ARPE-19 cells were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The two kinds of cells were both treated with VEGF and its antagonist, ranibizumab. The dynamic changes of the two types of cells were monitored by real-time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES) assay. The effect of ranibizumab on both types of cells was verified by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl (MTT) assay. The expression of VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1) RNA in uveal melanoma was further investigated through the PCR technique. RESULTS The levels of VEGF secreted by malignant melanoma cells were much higher than those of ARPE-19 cells, and were markedly decreased in the action of 0.1 mg/ml ranibizumab. However, there was no obvious reduction of VEGF in the presence of ranibizumab for ARPE-19 (p>0.05). Meanwhile, RT-CES showed that the viability of malignant melanoma cells increased greatly in the presence of VEGF. When VEGF was 20 ng/ml, viability of the malignant melanoma cells increased by 40% compared with the negative control. There was no evident effect on proliferation of ARPE-19 (p>0.05). Furthermore, the growth of malignant melanoma cells was obviously inhibited after ranibizumab intervention. When ranibizumab was administered at 0.25 mg/ml, the survival rate of the malignant melanoma cells decreased to 57.5%. Nevertheless, low-dose exposure to ranibizumab had only a slight effect on the growth of ARPE-19, and PCR result demonstrated that VEGFR1 plays a role in this tumor tissue rather than VEGFR2. CONCLUSIONS Ranibizumab can selectively inhibit malignant melanoma cell proliferation by decreasing the expression of VEGF; the possible mechanism of the inhibitory effect may involve VEGFR1 antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Yan Cui
- Eye Institute of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Dadong Guo
- Eye Institute of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Pan
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Xingrong Wang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Zhengfeng Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Shengya Zhao
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples’ Republic of China
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Mechanisms controlling the effects of bevacizumab (avastin) on the inhibition of early but not late formed corneal neovascularization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94205. [PMID: 24714670 PMCID: PMC3979754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the effects and underlying mechanisms of early and late subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab on the inhibition of corneal neovascularization (NV). Methods Corneal NV was induced by closed eye contact lens wear followed by a silk suture tarsorrhaphy in rabbits. Weekly subconjunctival injections of bevacizumab (5.0 mg) for 1 month were started immediately (early treatment group) or 1 month after induction of corneal NV with continuous induction (late treatment group). The severity of corneal NV was evaluated. Immunostaining was used to evaluate the intracorneal diffusion of bevacizumab, and the existence of pericytes and smooth muscle cells around the NV. The expression of AM-3K, an anti-macrophage antibody, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with its receptors (VEGFR1 and VEGFR2), and vascular endothelial apoptosis were also evaluated. Western blot analysis was performed to quantify the expression level of VEGF, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 on corneal epithelium and stroma in different groups. Results Early treatment with bevacizumab inhibited corneal NV more significantly than late treatment. Intracorneal diffusion of bevacizumab was not different among different groups. Immunostaining showed pericytes and smooth muscle cells around newly formed vessels as early as 2 weeks after induction. Immunostaining and Western blot analysis showed that VEGF, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 on corneal stroma increased significantly in no treatment groups and late treatment groups, but not in early treatment group. Bevacizumab significantly inhibited macrophage infiltration in the early but not late treatment group. Sporadic vascular endothelial apoptosis was found at 4 weeks in the late but not early treatment group. Conclusions Early but not late injection of bevacizumab inhibited corneal NV. Late injection of bevacizumab did not alter macrophage infiltration, and can't inhibit the expression of VEGF, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 on corneal vessels. The inhibition of corneal NV in early treatment group does not occur via vascular endothelial apoptosis.
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Crook KR, Liu P. Role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in autoimmune disease. World J Immunol 2014; 4:26-33. [PMID: 25621222 PMCID: PMC4302755 DOI: 10.5411/wji.v4.i1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent an important class of immunoregulatory cells that can be activated to suppress T cell functions. These MDSCs can inhibit T cell functions through cell surface interactions and the release of soluble mediators. MDSCs accumulate in the inflamed tissues and lymphoid organs of patients with autoimmune diseases. Much of our knowledge of MDSC function has come from studies involving cancer models, however many recent studies have helped to characterize MDSC involvement in autoimmune diseases. MDSCs are a heterogeneous group of immature myeloid cells with a number of different functions for the suppression of T cell responses. However, we have yet to fully understand their contributions to the development and regulation of autoimmune diseases. A number of studies have described beneficial functions of MDSCs during autoimmune diseases, and thus there appears to be a potential role for MDSCs in the treatment of these diseases. Nevertheless, many questions remain as to the activation, differentiation, and inhibitory functions of MDSCs. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of MDSC subsets and suppressive functions in tissue-specific autoimmune disorders. We also describe the potential of MDSC-based cell therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and note some of hurdles facing the implementation of this therapy.
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135
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Lee JK, Park SR, Jung BK, Jeon YK, Lee YS, Kim MK, Kim YG, Jang JY, Kim CW. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells suppress angiogenesis by down-regulating VEGF expression in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84256. [PMID: 24391924 PMCID: PMC3877259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles released by a variety of cell types. Exosomes contain genetic materials, such as mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), implying that they may play a pivotal role in cell-to-cell communication. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which potentially differentiate into multiple cell types, can migrate to the tumor sites and have been reported to exert complex effects on tumor progression. To elucidate the role of MSCs within the tumor microenvironment, previous studies have suggested various mechanisms such as immune modulation and secreted factors of MSCs. However, the paracrine effects of MSC-derived exosomes on the tumor microenvironment remain to be explored. The hypothesis of this study was that MSC-derived exosomes might reprogram tumor behavior by transferring their molecular contents. To test this hypothesis, exosomes from MSCs were isolated and characterized. MSC-derived exosomes exhibited different protein and RNA profiles compared with their donor cells and these vesicles could be internalized by breast cancer cells. The results demonstrated that MSC-derived exosomes significantly down-regulated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in tumor cells, which lead to inhibition of angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, miR-16, a miRNA known to target VEGF, was enriched in MSC-derived exosomes and it was partially responsible for the anti-angiogenic effect of MSC-derived exosomes. The collective results suggest that MSC-derived exosomes may serve as a significant mediator of cell-to-cell communication within the tumor microenvironment and suppress angiogenesis by transferring anti-angiogenic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Kuen Lee
- Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sae-Ra Park
- Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bong-Kwang Jung
- Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyung Jeon
- Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeong-Shin Lee
- Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Kim
- Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Goo Kim
- Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Jang
- Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul-Woo Kim
- Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Wang L, Chang J, Varghese D, Dellinger M, Kumar S, Best AM, Ruiz J, Bruick R, Peña-Llopis S, Xu J, Babinski DJ, Frantz DE, Brekken RA, Quinn AM, Simeonov A, Easmon J, Martinez ED. A small molecule modulates Jumonji histone demethylase activity and selectively inhibits cancer growth. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2035. [PMID: 23792809 PMCID: PMC3724450 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological inhibition of general transcriptional regulators has the potential to block growth through targeting multiple tumorigenic signaling pathways simultaneously. Here, using an innovative cell-based screen, we identify a structurally unique small molecule (named JIB-04) which specifically inhibits the activity of the Jumonji family of histone demethylases in vitro, in cancer cells, and in tumors in vivo. Unlike known inhibitors, JIB-04 is not a competitive inhibitor of α-ketoglutarate. In cancer but not in patient-matched normal cells, JIB-04 alters a subset of transcriptional pathways and blocks viability. In mice, JIB-04 reduces tumor burden and prolongs survival. Importantly, we find that patients with breast tumors that overexpress Jumonji demethylases have significantly lower survival. Thus JIB-04, a novel inhibitor of Jumonji demethylases in vitro and in vivo, constitutes a unique potential therapeutic and research tool against cancer, and validates the use of unbiased cellular screens to discover chemical modulators with disease relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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137
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Abstract
Generating an anti-tumor immune response is a multi-step process that is executed by effector T cells that can recognize and kill tumor targets. However, tumors employ multiple strategies to attenuate the effectiveness of T-cell-mediated attack. They achieve this by interfering with nearly every step required for effective immunity, from deregulation of antigen-presenting cells to establishment of a physical barrier at the vasculature that prevents homing of effector tumor-rejecting cells and the suppression of effector lymphocytes through the recruitment and activation of immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tolerogenic monocytes, and T regulatory cells. Here, we review the ways in which tumors exert immune suppression and highlight the new therapies that seek to reverse this phenomenon and promote anti-tumor immunity. Understanding anti-tumor immunity, and how it becomes disabled by tumors, will ultimately lead to improved immune therapies and prolonged survival of patients.
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138
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Capietto AH, Kim S, Sanford DE, Linehan DC, Hikida M, Kumosaki T, Novack DV, Faccio R. Down-regulation of PLCγ2-β-catenin pathway promotes activation and expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2257-71. [PMID: 24127488 PMCID: PMC3804931 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) favor tumor promotion, mainly by suppressing antitumor T cell responses in many cancers. Although the mechanism of T cell inhibition is established, the pathways leading to MDSC accumulation in bone marrow and secondary lymphoid organs of tumor-bearing hosts remain unclear. We demonstrate that down-regulation of PLCγ2 signaling in MDSCs is responsible for their aberrant expansion during tumor progression. PLCγ2(-/-) MDSCs show stronger immune-suppressive activity against CD8(+) T cells than WT MDSCs and potently promote tumor growth when adoptively transferred into WT mice. Mechanistically, PLCγ2(-/-) MDSCs display reduced β-catenin levels, and restoration of β-catenin expression decreases their expansion and tumor growth. Consistent with a negative role for β-catenin in MDSCs, its deletion in the myeloid population leads to MDSC accumulation and supports tumor progression, whereas expression of β-catenin constitutively active reduces MDSC numbers and protects from tumor growth. Further emphasizing the clinical relevance of these findings, MDSCs isolated from pancreatic cancer patients show reduced p-PLCγ2 and β-catenin levels compared with healthy controls, similar to tumor-bearing mice. Thus, for the first time, we demonstrate that down-regulation of PLCγ2-β-catenin pathway occurs in mice and humans and leads to MDSC-mediated tumor expansion, raising concerns about the efficacy of systemic β-catenin blockade as anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude-Hélène Capietto
- Department of Orthopedics, 2 Department of Surgery, 3 Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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139
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Abstract
Generating an anti-tumor immune response is a multi-step process that is executed by effector T cells that can recognize and kill tumor targets. However, tumors employ multiple strategies to attenuate the effectiveness of T-cell-mediated attack. They achieve this by interfering with nearly every step required for effective immunity, from deregulation of antigen-presenting cells to establishment of a physical barrier at the vasculature that prevents homing of effector tumor-rejecting cells and the suppression of effector lymphocytes through the recruitment and activation of immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tolerogenic monocytes, and T regulatory cells. Here, we review the ways in which tumors exert immune suppression and highlight the new therapies that seek to reverse this phenomenon and promote anti-tumor immunity. Understanding anti-tumor immunity, and how it becomes disabled by tumors, will ultimately lead to improved immune therapies and prolonged survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg T Motz
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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140
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Markowitz J, Wesolowski R, Papenfuss T, Brooks TR, Carson WE. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 140:13-21. [PMID: 23828498 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a population of immature myeloid cells defined by their suppressive actions on immune cells such as T cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. MDSCs typically are positive for the markers CD33 and CD11b but express low levels of HLADR in humans. In mice, MDSCs are typically positive for both CD11b and Gr1. These cells exert their suppressive activity on the immune system via the production of reactive oxygen species, arginase, and cytokines. These factors subsequently inhibit the activity of multiple protein targets such as the T cell receptor, STAT1, and indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase. The numbers of MDSCs tend to increase with cancer burden while inhibiting MDSCs improves disease outcome in murine models. MDSCs also inhibit immune cancer therapeutics. In light of the poor prognosis of metastatic breast cancer in women and the correlation of increasing levels of MDSCs with increasing disease burden, the purposes of this review are to (1) discuss why MDSCs may be important in breast cancer, (2) describe model systems used to study MDSCs in vitro and in vivo, (3) discuss mechanisms involved in MDSC induction/function in breast cancer, and (4) present pre-clinical and clinical studies that explore modulation of the MDSC-immune system interaction in breast cancer. MDSCs inhibit the host immune response in breast cancer patients and diminishing MDSC actions may improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Markowitz
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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141
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Luo Y, Vali S, Sun S, Chen X, Liang X, Drozhzhina T, Popugaeva E, Bezprozvanny I. Aβ42-binding peptoids as amyloid aggregation inhibitors and detection ligands. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:952-62. [PMID: 23427915 DOI: 10.1021/cn400011f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and currently affects 5.4 million Americans. A number of anti-Aβ (beta amyloid) therapeutic agents have been developed for AD, but so far all of them failed in clinic. Here we used peptoid chemistry to develop ligands selective for Aβ42. Peptoids are N-substituted glycine oligomers, a class of peptidomimics. We synthesized an on-bead peptoid library consisting of 38,416 unique peptoids. The generated peptoid library was screened and arrays of Aβ42-selective peptoid ligands were identified. One of those peptoid ligands, IAM1 (inhibitor of amyloid), and the dimeric form (IAM1)2 were synthesized and evaluated in a variety of biochemical assays. We discovered that IAM1 selectively binds to Aβ42, while the dimeric derivative (IAM1)2 has a higher affinity for Aβ42. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IAM1 and (IAM1)2 were able to inhibit the aggregation of Aβ42 in a concentration-dependent manner, and that (IAM1)2 protected primary hippocampal neurons from the Aβ-induced toxicity in vitro. These results suggest that IAM1 and (IAM1)2 are specific Aβ42 ligands with antiaggregation and neuroprotective properties. IAM1, (IAM1)2, and their derivatives hold promise as Aβ42 detection agents and as lead compounds for the development of AD therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Luo
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Sheetal Vali
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Suya Sun
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Xia Liang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Tatiana Drozhzhina
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, State Technical University, St. Petersburg 195251,
Russia
| | - Elena Popugaeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, State Technical University, St. Petersburg 195251,
Russia
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, State Technical University, St. Petersburg 195251,
Russia
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142
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Currier MA, Eshun FK, Sholl A, Chernoguz A, Crawford K, Divanovic S, Boon L, Goins WF, Frischer JS, Collins MH, Leddon JL, Baird WH, Haseley A, Streby KA, Wang PY, Hendrickson BW, Brekken RA, Kaur B, Hildeman D, Cripe TP. VEGF blockade enables oncolytic cancer virotherapy in part by modulating intratumoral myeloid cells. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1014-23. [PMID: 23481323 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the host response to oncolytic viruses is important to maximize their antitumor efficacy. Despite robust cytotoxicity and high virus production of an oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) in cultured human sarcoma cells, intratumoral (ITu) virus injection resulted in only mild antitumor effects in some xenograft models, prompting us to characterize the host inflammatory response. Virotherapy induced an acute neutrophilic infiltrate, a relative decrease of ITu macrophages, and a myeloid cell-dependent upregulation of host-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Anti-VEGF antibodies, bevacizumab and r84, the latter of which binds VEGF and selectively inhibits binding to VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) but not VEGFR1, enhanced the antitumor effects of virotherapy, in part due to decreased angiogenesis but not increased virus production. Neither antibody affected neutrophilic infiltration but both partially mitigated virus-induced depletion of macrophages. Enhancement of virotherapy-mediated antitumor effects by anti-VEGF antibodies could largely be recapitulated by systemic depletion of CD11b(+) cells. These data suggest the combined effect of oHSV virotherapy and anti-VEGF antibodies is in part due to modulation of a host inflammatory reaction to virus. Our data provide strong preclinical support for combined oHSV and anti-VEGF antibody therapy and suggest that understanding and counteracting the innate host response may help enable the full antitumor potential of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Currier
- Divison of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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143
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Mukhopadhyay P, Lakshmanan I, Ponnusamy MP, Chakraborty S, Jain M, Pai P, Smith LM, Lele SM, Batra SK. MUC4 overexpression augments cell migration and metastasis through EGFR family proteins in triple negative breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54455. [PMID: 23408941 PMCID: PMC3569463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current studies indicate that triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive breast cancer subtype, is associated with poor prognosis and an early pattern of metastasis. Emerging evidence suggests that MUC4 mucin is associated with metastasis of various cancers, including breast cancer. However, the functional role of MUC4 remains unclear in breast cancers, especially in TNBCs. METHOD In the present study, we investigated the functional and mechanistic roles of MUC4 in potentiating pathogenic signals including EGFR family proteins to promote TNBC aggressiveness using in vitro and in vivo studies. Further, we studied the expression of MUC4 in invasive TNBC tissue and normal breast tissue by immunostaining. RESULTS MUC4 promotes proliferation, anchorage-dependent and-independent growth of TNBC cells, augments TNBC cell migratory and invasive potential in vitro, and enhances tumorigenicity and metastasis in vivo. In addition, our studies demonstrated that MUC4 up-regulates the EGFR family of proteins, and augments downstream Erk1/2, PKC-γ, and FAK mediated oncogenic signaling. Moreover, our studies also showed that knockdown of MUC4 in TNBC cells induced molecular changes suggestive of mesenchymal to epithelial transition. We also demonstrated in this study, for the first time, that knockdown of MUC4 was associated with reduced expression of EGFR and ErbB3 (EGFR family proteins) in TNBC cells, suggesting that MUC4 uses an alternative to ErbB2 mechanism to promote aggressiveness. We further demonstrate that MUC4 is differentially over-expressed in invasive TNBC tissues compared to normal breast tissue. CONCLUSIONS MUC4 mucin expression is associated with TNBC pathobiology, and its knockdown reduced aggressiveness in vitro, and tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo. Overall, our findings suggest that MUC4 mucin promotes invasive activities of TNBC cells by altering the expression of EGFR, ErbB2, and ErbB3 molecules and their downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Imayavaramban Lakshmanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Moorthy P. Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Subhankar Chakraborty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Priya Pai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Lynette M. Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Subodh M. Lele
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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144
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Modulation of immunity by antiangiogenic molecules in cancer. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:492920. [PMID: 23320019 PMCID: PMC3540780 DOI: 10.1155/2012/492920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades a new class of therapeutic drugs have been developed that block tumor angiogenesis. These antiangiogenic molecules, which target VEGF or VEGFR, PDGFR, and c-kit, can act not only on endothelial cells but also on immune cells. Some antiangiogenic molecules inhibit the development of immunosuppressive mechanisms developed by the tumors to escape the immune system (such as regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and immunosuppressive cytokines). These immunomodulatory effects must be characterized in detail to enable a better prescription of these treatments. In this paper we will focus on the impact of anti-angiogenic drugs on immunosuppression and their potential combination with immunotherapeutic strategies. Interestingly, immune parameters or their modulation during treatment could serve as potential biomarkers of response or resistance to anti-angiogenic therapies.
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145
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Terme M, Pernot S, Marcheteau E, Sandoval F, Benhamouda N, Colussi O, Dubreuil O, Carpentier AF, Tartour E, Taieb J. VEGFA-VEGFR pathway blockade inhibits tumor-induced regulatory T-cell proliferation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 2012; 73:539-49. [PMID: 23108136 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multitarget antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have been shown to reduce regulatory T cells (Treg) in tumor-bearing animals and patients with metastatic renal carcinomas. However, a direct role of the VEGF-A/VEGFR pathway inhibition in this phenomenon is a matter of debate and molecular mechanisms leading to Treg modulation in this setting have not been explored to date. Treg proportion, number, and proliferation were analyzed by flow cytometry in peripheral blood of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated with bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting specifically VEGF-A, and in colon cancer-bearing mice (CT26) treated with drugs targeting the VEGF/VEGFR axis. The direct impact of VEGF-A on Treg induction was assessed together with specific blockade of different isoforms of VEGFRs that may be involved. In CT26-bearing mice, anti-VEGF antibody and sunitinib treatments reduced Treg but masitinib, a TKI not targeting VEGFR, did not. Targeting VEGF-A/VEGFR axis seems sufficient to affect Treg percentages, without any changes in their function. Similarly, bevacizumab inhibited Treg accumulation in peripheral blood of patients with mCRCs. In vitro, Treg expressing VEGFR from tumor-bearing mice directly proliferated in response to VEGF-A. Anti-VEGF-A treatment decreased Treg proliferation in mice as well as in patients with mCRCs. VEGFR-2- but not VEGFR-1-specific blockade led to the same results. We identified a novel mechanism of tumor escape by which VEGF-A directly triggers Treg proliferation. This proliferation is inhibited by VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 blockade. Anti-VEGF-A therapies also have immunologic effects that may be used with a therapeutic goal in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Terme
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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146
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Hansen W, Hutzler M, Abel S, Alter C, Stockmann C, Kliche S, Albert J, Sparwasser T, Sakaguchi S, Westendorf AM, Schadendorf D, Buer J, Helfrich I. Neuropilin 1 deficiency on CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells impairs mouse melanoma growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:2001-16. [PMID: 23045606 PMCID: PMC3478934 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin 1 mediates anti-tumor control by promoting regulatory T cell infiltration. Infiltration of Foxp3+ regulatory T (T reg) cells is considered to be a critical step during tumor development and progression. T reg cells supposedly suppress locally an effective anti-tumor immune response within tumor tissues, although the precise mechanism by which T reg cells infiltrate the tumor is still unclear. We provide evidence that Neuropilin 1 (Nrp-1), highly expressed by Foxp3+ T reg cells, regulates the immunological anti-tumor control by guiding T reg cells into the tumor in response to tumor-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We demonstrate for the first time that T cell–specific ablation of Nrp-1 expression results in a significant breakdown in tumor immune escape in various transplantation models and in a spontaneous, endogenously driven melanoma model associated with strongly reduced tumor growth and prolonged tumor-free survival. Strikingly, numbers of tumor-infiltrating Foxp3+ T reg cells were significantly reduced accompanied by enhanced activation of CD8+ T cells within tumors of T cell–specific Nrp-1–deficient mice. This phenotype can be reversed by adoptive transfer of Nrp-1+ T reg cells from wild-type mice. Thus, our data strongly suggest that Nrp-1 acts as a key mediator of Foxp3+ T reg cell infiltration into the tumor site resulting in a dampened anti-tumor immune response and enhanced tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Hansen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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147
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Bayne LJ, Beatty GL, Jhala N, Clark CE, Rhim AD, Stanger BZ, Vonderheide RH. Tumor-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor regulates myeloid inflammation and T cell immunity in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:822-35. [PMID: 22698406 PMCID: PMC3575028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 714] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated inflammation is thought to be a barrier to immune surveillance, particularly in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Gr-1(+) CD11b(+) cells are a key feature of cancer inflammation in PDA, but remain poorly understood. Using a genetically engineered mouse model of PDA, we show that tumor-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is necessary and sufficient to drive the development of Gr-1(+) CD11b(+) cells that suppressed antigen-specific T cells. In vivo, abrogation of tumor-derived GM-CSF inhibited the recruitment of Gr-1(+) CD11b(+) cells to the tumor microenvironment and blocked tumor development-a finding that was dependent on CD8(+) T cells. In humans, PDA tumor cells prominently expressed GM-CSF in vivo. Thus, tumor-derived GM-CSF is an important regulator of inflammation and immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J. Bayne
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Gregory L. Beatty
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nirag Jhala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Carolyn E. Clark
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrew D. Rhim
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ben Z. Stanger
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert H. Vonderheide
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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148
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Kang NH, Hwang KA, Kim SU, Kim YB, Hyun SH, Jeung EB, Choi KC. Potential antitumor therapeutic strategies of human amniotic membrane and amniotic fluid-derived stem cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:517-22. [PMID: 22653384 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As stem cells are capable of self-renewal and can generate differentiated progenies for organ development, they are considered as potential source for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease. Along with this capacity, stem cells have the therapeutic potential for treating human diseases including cancers. According to the origins, stem cells are broadly classified into two types: embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and adult stem cells. In terms of differentiation potential, ESCs are pluripotent and adult stem cells are multipotent. Amnion, which is a membranous sac that contains the fetus and amniotic fluid and functions in protecting the developing embryo during gestation, is another stem cell source. Amnion-derived stem cells are classified as human amniotic membrane-derived epithelial stem cells, human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells and human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells. They are in an intermediate stage between pluripotent ESCs and lineage-restricted adult stem cells, non-tumorigenic, and contribute to low immunogenicity and anti-inflammation. Furthermore, they are easily available and do not cause any controversial issues in their recovery and applications. Not only are amnion-derived stem cells applicable in regenerative medicine, they have anticancer capacity. In non-engineered stem cells transplantation strategies, amnion-derived stem cells effectively target the tumor and suppressed the tumor growth by expressing cytotoxic cytokines. Additionally, they also have a potential as novel delivery vehicles transferring therapeutic genes to the cancer formation sites in gene-directed enzyme/prodrug combination therapy. Owing to their own advantageous properties, amnion-derived stem cells are emerging as a new candidate in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N-H Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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149
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Generation of a new bioluminescent model for visualisation of mammary tumour development in transgenic mice. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:209. [PMID: 22646761 PMCID: PMC3411433 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous transgenic models have been generated to study breast cancer. However, despite many advantages, traditional transgenic models for breast cancer are also burdened with difficulties in early detection and longitudinal observation of transgene-induced tumours, which in most cases are randomly located and occur at various time points. Methods such as palpation followed by mechanical measurement of the tumours are of limited value in transgenic models. There is a crucial need for making these previously generated models suitable for modern methods of tumour visualisation and monitoring, e.g. by bioluminescence-based techniques. This approach was successfully used in the current study. RESULTS A new mouse strain (MMTV-Luc2 mice) expressing Luc2 luciferase primarily in mammary tissue in females, with low-level background expression in internal organs, was generated and bred to homozygosity. After these mice were intercrossed with MMTV-PyVT mice, all double transgenic females developed mammary tumours by the age of 10 weeks, the localisation and progression of which could be effectively monitored using the luminescence-based in vivo imaging. Luminescence-based readout allowed for early visualisation of the locally overgrown mammary tissue and for longitudinal evaluation of local progression of the tumours. When sampled ex vivo at the age of 10 weeks, all tumours derived from MMTV-Luc2PyVT females displayed robust bioluminescent signal. CONCLUSIONS We have created a novel transgenic strain for visualisation and longitudinal monitoring of mammary tumour development in transgenic mice as an addition and/or a new and more advanced alternative to manual methods. Generation of this mouse strain is vital for making many of the existing mammary tumour transgenic models applicable for in vivo imaging techniques.
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150
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Nilvebrant J, Dunlop DC, Sircar A, Wurch T, Falkowska E, Reichert JM, Helguera G, Piccione EC, Brack S, Berger S. IBC's 22nd Annual Antibody Engineering and 9th Annual Antibody Therapeutics International Conferences and the 2011 Annual Meeting of The Antibody Society, December 5-8, 2011, San Diego, CA. MAbs 2012; 4:153-81. [PMID: 22453091 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.4.2.19495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The 22nd Annual Antibody Engineering and 9th Annual Antibody Therapeutics international conferences, and the 2011 Annual Meeting of The Antibody Society, organized by IBC Life Sciences with contributions from The Antibody Society and two Scientific Advisory Boards, were held December 5-8, 2011 in San Diego, CA. The meeting drew ~800 participants who attended sessions on a wide variety of topics relevant to antibody research and development. As a preview to the main events, a pre-conference workshop held on December 4, 2011 focused on antibodies as probes of structure. The Antibody Engineering Conference comprised eight sessions: (1) structure and dynamics of antibodies and their membrane receptor targets; (2) model-guided generation of binding sites; (3) novel selection strategies; (4) antibodies in a complex environment: targeting intracellular and misfolded proteins; (5) rational vaccine design; (6) viral retargeting with engineered binding molecules; (7) the biology behind potential blockbuster antibodies and (8) antibodies as signaling modifiers: where did we go right, and can we learn from success? The Antibody Therapeutics session comprised five sessions: (1)Twenty-five years of therapeutic antibodies: lessons learned and future challenges; (2) preclinical and early stage development of antibody therapeutics; (3) next generation anti-angiogenics; (4) updates of clinical stage antibody therapeutics and (5) antibody drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Nilvebrant
- School of Biotechnology; Department of Proteomics; Royal Institute of Technology (KTH); AlbaNova University Center; Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Aroop Sircar
- EMD Serono Research Institute; Billlerica, MA USA
| | - Thierry Wurch
- Oncology Research Division, Institut de Recherche SERVIER; Croissy sur Seine, France
| | | | | | - Gustavo Helguera
- Farmacotecnia I, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; University of Buenos Aires; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emily C Piccione
- Standford Cancer Institute; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, CA USA
| | | | - Sven Berger
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre; St Julien en Genevois, France
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