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Lin C, Yang D. DNA Recognition by a Novel Bis-Intercalator, Potent Anticancer Drug XR5944. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 15:1385-97. [PMID: 25866279 DOI: 10.2174/1568026615666150413155608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
XR5944 is a potent anticancer drug with a novel DNA binding mode: DNA bisintercalationg with major groove binding. XR5944 can bind the estrogen response element (ERE) sequence to block ER-ERE binding and inhibit ERα activities, which may be useful for overcoming drug resistance to currently available antiestrogen treatments. This review discusses the progress relating to the structure and function studies of specific DNA recognition of XR5944. The sites of intercalation within a native promoter sequence appear to be different from the ideal binding site and are context- and sequence- dependent. The structural information may provide insights for rational design of improved EREspecific XR5944 derivatives, as well as of DNA bis-intercalators in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danzhou Yang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel St, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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102
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Singh VK, Chang HH, Kuo CC, Shiao HY, Hsieh HP, Coumar MS. Drug repurposing for chronic myeloid leukemia: in silico and in vitro investigation of DrugBank database for allosteric Bcr-Abl inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:1833-1848. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1196462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Hsin-Huei Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Chuan Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
- Graduate Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Yi Shiao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsing-Pang Hsieh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mohane Selvaraj Coumar
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
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103
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Okerberg ES, Hainley A, Brown H, Aban A, Alemayehu S, Shih A, Wu J, Patricelli MP, Kozarich JW, Nomanbhoy T, Rosenblum JS. Identification of a Tumor Specific, Active-Site Mutation in Casein Kinase 1α by Chemical Proteomics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152934. [PMID: 27031502 PMCID: PMC4816389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the identification of a novel, tumor-specific missense mutation in the active site of casein kinase 1α (CSNK1A1) using activity-based proteomics. Matched normal and tumor colon samples were analyzed using an ATP acyl phosphate probe in a kinase-targeted LC-MS2 platform. An anomaly in the active-site peptide from CSNK1A1 was observed in a tumor sample that was consistent with an altered catalytic aspartic acid. Expression and analysis of the suspected mutant verified the presence of asparagine in the probe-labeled, active-site peptide for CSNK1A1. Genomic sequencing of the colon tumor samples confirmed the presence of a missense mutation in the catalytic aspartic acid of CSNK1A1 (GAC→AAC). To our knowledge, the D163N mutation in CSNK1A1 is a newly defined mutation to the conserved, catalytic aspartic acid of a protein kinase and the first missense mutation identified using activity-based proteomics. The tumorigenic potential of this mutation remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Okerberg
- ActivX Biosciences, Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Anna Hainley
- ActivX Biosciences, Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Heidi Brown
- ActivX Biosciences, Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Arwin Aban
- ActivX Biosciences, Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Senait Alemayehu
- ActivX Biosciences, Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ann Shih
- ActivX Biosciences, Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jane Wu
- ActivX Biosciences, Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | | | - John W. Kozarich
- ActivX Biosciences, Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Tyzoon Nomanbhoy
- ActivX Biosciences, Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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104
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Fraietta I, Gasparri F. The development of high-content screening (HCS) technology and its importance to drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:501-14. [PMID: 26971542 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1165203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-content screening (HCS) was introduced about twenty years ago as a promising analytical approach to facilitate some critical aspects of drug discovery. Its application has spread progressively within the pharmaceutical industry and academia to the point that it today represents a fundamental tool in supporting drug discovery and development. AREAS COVERED Here, the authors review some of significant progress in the HCS field in terms of biological models and assay readouts. They highlight the importance of high-content screening in drug discovery, as testified by its numerous applications in a variety of therapeutic areas: oncology, infective diseases, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. They also dissect the role of HCS technology in different phases of the drug discovery pipeline: target identification, primary compound screening, secondary assays, mechanism of action studies and in vitro toxicology. EXPERT OPINION Recent advances in cellular assay technologies, such as the introduction of three-dimensional (3D) cultures, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and genome editing technologies (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9), have tremendously expanded the potential of high-content assays to contribute to the drug discovery process. Increasingly predictive cellular models and readouts, together with the development of more sophisticated and affordable HCS readers, will further consolidate the role of HCS technology in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Fraietta
- a Department of Biology , Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l ., Nerviano , Milano , Italy
| | - Fabio Gasparri
- a Department of Biology , Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l ., Nerviano , Milano , Italy
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105
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Fanini F, Fabbri M. MicroRNAs and cancer resistance: A new molecular plot. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 99:485-93. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Fanini
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) S.r.l. IRCCS; Unit of Gene Therapy; Meldola (FC) Italy
| | - M Fabbri
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and the Saban Research Institute; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Los Angeles California USA
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106
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Van Dort ME, Hong H, Wang H, Nino CA, Lombardi RL, Blanks AE, Galbán S, Ross BD. Discovery of Bifunctional Oncogenic Target Inhibitors against Allosteric Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MEK1) and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K). J Med Chem 2016; 59:2512-22. [PMID: 26943489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of single entity, bifunctional MEK1/PI3K inhibitors achieved by covalent linking of structural analogs of the ATP-competitive PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 and the ATP-noncompetitive MEK inhibitor PD0325901 is described. Inhibitors displayed potent in vitro inhibition of MEK1 (0.015 < IC50 (nM) < 56.7) and PI3K (54 < IC50 (nM) < 341) in enzymatic inhibition assays. Concurrent MEK1 and PI3K inhibition was demonstrated with inhibitors 9 and 14 in two tumor cell lines (A549, D54). Inhibitors produced dose-dependent decreased cell viability similar to the combined administration of equivalent doses of ZSTK474 and PD0325901. In vivo efficacy of 14 following oral administration was demonstrated in D54 glioma and A549 lung tumor bearing mice. Compound 14 showed a 95% and 67% inhibition of tumor ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation, respectively, at 2 h postadministration by Western blot analysis, confirming the bioavailability and efficacy of this bifunctional inhibitor strategy toward combined MEK1/PI3K inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcian E Van Dort
- Center for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, and §Department of Biological Chemistry, The University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hao Hong
- Center for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, and §Department of Biological Chemistry, The University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hanxiao Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, and §Department of Biological Chemistry, The University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Charles A Nino
- Center for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, and §Department of Biological Chemistry, The University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rachel L Lombardi
- Center for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, and §Department of Biological Chemistry, The University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Avery E Blanks
- Center for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, and §Department of Biological Chemistry, The University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stefanie Galbán
- Center for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, and §Department of Biological Chemistry, The University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Brian D Ross
- Center for Molecular Imaging, ‡Department of Radiology, and §Department of Biological Chemistry, The University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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107
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Céol A, Verhoef LGGC, Wade M, Muller H. Genome and network visualization facilitates the analyses of the effects of drugs and mutations on protein-protein and drug-protein networks. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17 Suppl 4:54. [PMID: 26961139 PMCID: PMC4896239 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-0908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biologists generally interrogate genomics data using web-based genome browsers that have limited analytical potential. New generation genome browsers such as the Integrated Genome Browser (IGB) have largely overcome this limitation and permit customized analyses to be implemented using plugins. We illustrate the use of a plugin for IGB that exploits advanced visualization techniques to integrate the analysis of genomics data with network and structural approaches. RESULTS We show how visualization technologies that combine both genomics and network biology can facilitate the selection of the key amino acid contacts from protein-protein and protein-drug interactions. Starting from the MDM2-P53 interaction, which is a high-value target for cancer therapy, and Nutlin, the parent small molecule of an MDM2 antagonist that is currently in clinical trials, we show that this method can be generalized to analyze how drugs and mutations can interfere with both protein-protein and drug-protein networks. We illustrate this point by two additional use-cases exploring the molecular basis of tamoxifen side effects and of drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia patients. CONCLUSIONS Combined network and structure biology approaches provide key insights into both the genetic and the edgetic roles of variants in diseases. 3D interactomes facilitate the identification of disease-relevant interactions that can then be specifically targeted by drugs. Recent advances in molecular interaction and structure visualization tools have greatly simplified the mapping of mutated residues to molecular interaction interfaces. Such approaches can now also be integrated with genome visualization tools to enable comparative analyses of interaction contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Céol
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Adamello 16, Milan, I-20139, Italy.
| | - Lisette G G C Verhoef
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Adamello 16, Milan, I-20139, Italy.
| | - Mark Wade
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Adamello 16, Milan, I-20139, Italy.
| | - Heiko Muller
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Adamello 16, Milan, I-20139, Italy.
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108
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Onions ST, Ito K, Charron CE, Brown RJ, Colucci M, Frickel F, Hardy G, Joly K, King-Underwood J, Kizawa Y, Knowles I, Murray PJ, Novak A, Rani A, Rapeport G, Smith A, Strong P, Taddei DM, Williams JG. Discovery of Narrow Spectrum Kinase Inhibitors: New Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of COPD and Steroid-Resistant Asthma. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1727-46. [PMID: 26800309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of a novel series of therapeutic agents that has been designed and optimized for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is reported. The pharmacological strategy was based on the identification of compounds that inhibit a defined subset of kinase enzymes modulating inflammatory processes that would be effective against steroid refractory disease and exhibit a sustained duration of action after inhaled delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart T Onions
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity , Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - Kazuhiro Ito
- RespiVert Limited , 2 Royal College Street, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine E Charron
- RespiVert Limited , 2 Royal College Street, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Brown
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity , Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Colucci
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity , Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - Fritz Frickel
- RespiVert Limited , 2 Royal College Street, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - George Hardy
- RespiVert Limited , 2 Royal College Street, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Joly
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity , Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - John King-Underwood
- CompChem Resource , Old Cottage Hospital, Homend, Ledbury, Herefordshire HR8 1ED, United Kingdom
| | - Yasuo Kizawa
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Nihon University School of Pharmacy , 7-7-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Ian Knowles
- Pneumolabs UK Limited , Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
| | - P John Murray
- RespiVert Limited , 2 Royal College Street, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Novak
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity , Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - Anjna Rani
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity , Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - Garth Rapeport
- RespiVert Limited , 2 Royal College Street, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - Alun Smith
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity , Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Strong
- RespiVert Limited , 2 Royal College Street, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
| | - David M Taddei
- Sygnature Discovery Limited, Biocity , Nottingham NG1 1GF, United Kingdom
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109
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Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Prencipe F, Lopez-Cara C, Rondanin R, Simoni D, Hamel E, Grimaudo S, Pipitone RM, Meli M, Tolomeo M. Novel iodoacetamido benzoheterocyclic derivatives with potent antileukemic activity are inhibitors of STAT5 phosphorylation. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 108:39-52. [PMID: 26629859 PMCID: PMC4724257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 (STAT5) protein, a component of the STAT family of signaling proteins, is considered to be an attractive therapeutic target because of its involvement in the progression of acute myeloid leukemia. In an effort to discover potent molecules able to inhibit the phosphorylation-activation of STAT5, twenty-two compounds were synthesized and evaluated on the basis of our knowledge of the activity of 2-(3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzoyl)-3-iodoacetamido-6-methoxy benzo[b]furan derivative 1 as a potent STAT5 inhibitor. Most of these molecules, structurally related to compound 1, were characterized by the presence of a common 3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzoyl moiety at the 2-position of different benzoheterocycles such as benzo[b]furan, benzo[b]thiophene, indole and N-methylindole. Effects on biological activity of the iodoacetamido group and of different moieties (methyl and methoxy) at the C-3 to C-7 positions were examined. In the series of benzo[b]furan derivatives, moving the iodoacetylamino group from the C-4 to the C-5 or C-6 positions did not significantly affect antiproliferative activity. Compounds 4, 15, 20 and 23 blocked STAT5 signals and induced apoptosis of K562 BCR-ABL positive cells. For compound 23, the trimethoxybenzoyl moiety at the 2-position of the benzo[b]furan core was not essential for potent inhibition of STAT5 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Filippo Prencipe
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlota Lopez-Cara
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rondanin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daniele Simoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Stefania Grimaudo
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università di Palermo, 90125 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Maria Pipitone
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università di Palermo, 90125 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Meli
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile, Area di Farmacologia, Università di Palermo, 90125 Palermo, Italy
| | - Manlio Tolomeo
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Oncologia Clinica e Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Sezione di Malattie Infettive, Università di Palermo, 90125 Palermo, Italy
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110
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Recent Advances in the Development and Application of Radiolabeled Kinase Inhibitors for PET Imaging. Molecules 2015; 20:22000-27. [PMID: 26690113 PMCID: PMC6332294 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, intensive investigation and multiple clinical successes targeting protein kinases, mostly for cancer treatment, have identified small molecule kinase inhibitors as a prominent therapeutic class. In the course of those investigations, radiolabeled kinase inhibitors for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging have been synthesized and evaluated as diagnostic imaging probes for cancer characterization. Given that inhibitor coverage of the kinome is continuously expanding, in vivo PET imaging will likely find increasing applications for therapy monitoring and receptor density studies both in- and outside of oncological conditions. Early investigated radiolabeled inhibitors, which are mostly based on clinically approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) isotopologues, have now entered clinical trials. Novel radioligands for cancer and PET neuroimaging originating from novel but relevant target kinases are currently being explored in preclinical studies. This article reviews the literature involving radiotracer design, radiochemistry approaches, biological tracer evaluation and nuclear imaging results of radiolabeled kinase inhibitors for PET reported between 2010 and mid-2015. Aspects regarding the usefulness of pursuing selective vs. promiscuous inhibitor scaffolds and the inherent challenges associated with intracellular enzyme imaging will be discussed.
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111
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Lovera S, Morando M, Pucheta-Martinez E, Martinez-Torrecuadrada JL, Saladino G, Gervasio FL. Towards a Molecular Understanding of the Link between Imatinib Resistance and Kinase Conformational Dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004578. [PMID: 26606374 PMCID: PMC4659586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its inhibition of the Abl kinase domain in the BCR-ABL fusion protein, imatinib is strikingly effective in the initial stage of chronic myeloid leukemia with more than 90% of the patients showing complete remission. However, as in the case of most targeted anti-cancer therapies, the emergence of drug resistance is a serious concern. Several drug-resistant mutations affecting the catalytic domain of Abl and other tyrosine kinases are now known. But, despite their importance and the adverse effect that they have on the prognosis of the cancer patients harboring them, the molecular mechanism of these mutations is still debated. Here by using long molecular dynamics simulations and large-scale free energy calculations complemented by in vitro mutagenesis and microcalorimetry experiments, we model the effect of several widespread drug-resistant mutations of Abl. By comparing the conformational free energy landscape of the mutants with those of the wild-type tyrosine kinases we clarify their mode of action. It involves significant and complex changes in the inactive-to-active dynamics and entropy/enthalpy balance of two functional elements: the activation-loop and the conserved DFG motif. What is more the T315I gatekeeper mutant has a significant impact on the binding mechanism itself and on the binding kinetics.
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MESH Headings
- Computational Biology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/physiology
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/chemistry
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate/chemistry
- Imatinib Mesylate/metabolism
- Imatinib Mesylate/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Thermodynamics
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lovera
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Morando
- Center of Technological Development in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Giorgio Saladino
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (GS); (FLG)
| | - Francesco L. Gervasio
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (GS); (FLG)
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112
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Molecular basis underlying resistance to Mps1/TTK inhibitors. Oncogene 2015; 35:2518-28. [PMID: 26364596 PMCID: PMC4867491 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mps1/TTK is a dual-specificity kinase, with an essential role in mitotic checkpoint signaling, which has emerged as a potential target in cancer therapy. Several Mps1/TTK small-molecule inhibitors have been described that exhibit promising activity in cell culture and xenograft models. Here, we investigated whether cancer cells can develop resistance to these drugs. To this end, we treated various cancer cell lines with sublethal concentrations of a potent Mps1/TTK inhibitor in order to isolate inhibitor-resistant monoclonal cell lines. We identified four point mutations in the catalytic domain of Mps1/TTK that gave rise to inhibitor resistance but retained wild-type catalytic activity. Interestingly, cross-resistance of the identified mutations to other Mps1/TTK inhibitors is limited. Our studies predict that Mps1/TTK inhibitor-resistant tumor cells can arise through the acquisition of mutations in the adenosine triphosphate-binding pocket of the kinase that prevent stable binding of the inhibitors. In addition, our results suggest that combinations of inhibitors could be used to prevent acquisition of drug resistance. Interestingly, cross-resistance seems nonspecific for inhibitor scaffolds, a notion that can be exploited in future drug design to evict possible resistance mutations during clinical treatment.
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113
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Hattinger CM, Fanelli M, Tavanti E, Vella S, Ferrari S, Picci P, Serra M. Advances in emerging drugs for osteosarcoma. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2015; 20:495-514. [PMID: 26021401 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2015.1051965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary malignant bone tumor, is currently treated with pre- and postoperative chemotherapy in association with the surgical removal of the tumor. Conventional treatments allow to cure about 60 - 65% of patients with primary tumors and only 20 - 25% of patients with recurrent disease. New treatment approaches and drugs are therefore highly warranted to improve prognosis. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the therapeutic approaches that are under development or clinical evaluation in OS. Information was obtained from different and continuously updated data bases, as well as from literature searches, in which particular relevance was given to reports and reviews on new targeted therapies under clinical investigation in high-grade OS. EXPERT OPINION OS is a heterogeneous tumor, with a great variability in treatment response between patients. It is therefore unlikely that a single therapeutic tool will be uniformly successful for all OS patients. This claims for the validation of new treatment approaches together with biologic/(pharmaco)genetic markers, which may select the most appropriate subgroup of patients for each treatment approach. Since some promising novel agents and treatment strategies are currently tested in Phase I/II/III clinical trials, we may hope that new therapies with superior efficacy and safety profiles will be identified in the next few years.
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114
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Aubry A, Galiacy S, Ceccato L, Marchand C, Tricoire C, Lopez F, Bremner R, Racaud-Sultan C, Monsarrat B, Malecaze F, Allouche M. Peptides derived from the dependence receptor ALK are proapoptotic for ALK-positive tumors. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1736. [PMID: 25950466 PMCID: PMC4669685 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ALK is a receptor tyrosine kinase with an oncogenic role in various types of human malignancies. Despite constitutive activation of the kinase through gene alterations, such as chromosomal translocation, gene amplification or mutation, treatments with kinase inhibitors invariably lead to the development of resistance. Aiming to develop new tools for ALK targeting, we took advantage of our previous demonstration identifying ALK as a dependence receptor, implying that in the absence of ligand the kinase-inactive ALK triggers or enhances apoptosis. Here, we synthesized peptides mimicking the proapoptotic domain of ALK and investigated their biological effects on tumor cells. We found that an ALK-derived peptide of 36 amino acids (P36) was cytotoxic for ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma and neuroblastoma cell lines. In contrast, ALK-negative tumor cells and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells were insensitive to P36. The cytotoxic effect was due to caspase-dependent apoptosis and required N-myristoylation of the peptide. Two P36-derived shorter peptides as well as a cyclic peptide also induced apoptosis. Surface plasmon resonance and mass spectrometry analysis of P36-interacting proteins from two responsive cell lines, Cost lymphoma and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma, uncovered partners that could involve p53-dependent signaling and pre-mRNA splicing. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown of p53 rescued these cells from P36-induced apoptosis. Finally, we observed that a treatment combining P36 with the ALK-specific inhibitor crizotinib resulted in additive cytotoxicity. Therefore, ALK-derived peptides could represent a novel targeted therapy for ALK-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aubry
- 1] Université de Toulouse, UPS, EA4555, GR2DE, CPTP, Toulouse F-31300, France [2] Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, M5G 1X5, Canada [3] Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - S Galiacy
- 1] Université de Toulouse, UPS, EA4555, GR2DE, CPTP, Toulouse F-31300, France [2] CHU Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - L Ceccato
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, EA4555, GR2DE, CPTP, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - C Marchand
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, EA4555, GR2DE, CPTP, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - C Tricoire
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, EA4555, GR2DE, CPTP, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - F Lopez
- INSERM, UMR1037, CRCT, Toulouse F-31000, France
| | - R Bremner
- 1] Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, M5G 1X5, Canada [2] Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - C Racaud-Sultan
- 1] INSERM, UMR 1043, CPTP, Toulouse F-31300, France [2] CNRS, UMR 5282, CPTP, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - B Monsarrat
- CNRS, UMR 5089, IPBS, Toulouse F-31077, France
| | - F Malecaze
- 1] Université de Toulouse, UPS, EA4555, GR2DE, CPTP, Toulouse F-31300, France [2] CHU Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - M Allouche
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, EA4555, GR2DE, CPTP, Toulouse F-31300, France
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115
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Van Dort ME, Galbán S, Wang H, Sebolt-Leopold J, Whitehead C, Hong H, Rehemtulla A, Ross BD. Dual inhibition of allosteric mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) oncogenic targets with a bifunctional inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1386-94. [PMID: 25766633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The MAP kinase (Ras/MEK/ERK) and PI3K/Akt/mTOR oncogenic signaling pathways are central regulators of KRAS-mediated transformation. Molecular reciprocity between the Ras/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways provides cancer cells with the ability to evade treatment when targeting only one pathway with monotherapy. Multi-kinase targeting was explored through the development of a single bivalent chemical entity by covalent linking of high-affinity MEK and PI3K inhibitors. A prototype dual-acting agent (compound 8) designed using the PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 and the Raf/MEK inhibitor RO5126766 as scaffolds displayed high in vitro inhibition of both PI3K (IC50=172nM) and MEK1 (IC50=473nM). Additionally, compound 8 demonstrated significant modulation of MEK and PI3K signaling pathway activity in human A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells and pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1) and also decreased cellular viability in these two cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcian E Van Dort
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stefanie Galbán
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hanxiao Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Judith Sebolt-Leopold
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christopher Whitehead
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hao Hong
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alnawaz Rehemtulla
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brian D Ross
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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116
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Carbonell P, Trosset JY. Overcoming drug resistance through in silico prediction. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2015; 11:101-7. [PMID: 24847659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prediction tools are commonly used in pre-clinical research to assist target selection, to optimize drug potency or to predict the pharmacological profile of drug candidates. In silico prediction and overcoming drug resistance is a new opportunity that creates a high interest in pharmaceutical research. This review presents two main in silico strategies to meet this challenge: a structure-based approach to study the influence of mutations on the drug-target interaction and a system-biology approach to identify resistance pathways for a given drug. In silico screening of synergies between therapeutic and resistant pathways through biological network analysis is an example of technique to escape drug resistance. Structure-based drug design and in silico system biology are complementary approaches to reach few objectives at once: increase efficiency, reduce toxicity and overcoming drug resistance.
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117
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Cumaraswamy AA, Lewis AM, Geletu M, Todic A, Diaz DB, Cheng XR, Brown CE, Laister RC, Muench D, Kerman K, Grimes HL, Minden MD, Gunning PT. Nanomolar-Potency Small Molecule Inhibitor of STAT5 Protein. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:1202-1206. [PMID: 25419444 PMCID: PMC4234445 DOI: 10.1021/ml500165r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
We herein report the design and synthesis
of the first nanomolar
binding inhibitor of STAT5 protein. Lead compound 13a, possessing a phosphotyrosyl-mimicking salicylic acid group, potently
and selectively binds to STAT5 over STAT3, inhibits STAT5–SH2
domain complexation events in vitro, silences activated
STAT5 in leukemic cells, as well as STAT5′s downstream transcriptional
targets, including MYC and MCL1,
and, as a result, leads to apoptosis. We believe 13a represents
a useful probe for interrogating STAT5 function in cells as well as
being a potential candidate for advanced preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbarna A. Cumaraswamy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Lewis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Mulu Geletu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Todic
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Diego B. Diaz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Xin Ran Cheng
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Carla E. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Rob C. Laister
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - David Muench
- Division
of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Kagan Kerman
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - H. Leighton Grimes
- Division
of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Mark D. Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Patrick T. Gunning
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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118
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Cui JJ. A new challenging and promising era of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:272-4. [PMID: 24900820 DOI: 10.1021/ml500091p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are key regulators that govern complex cellular processes. Dysregulation of kinase signaling is associated in many human diseases, particularly cancers and developmental and metabolic disorders. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have achieved great success in molecular targeted therapies for cancer and now is expanding to other therapeutic areas. The onset of drug resistance to prolonged TKI treatment brings new challenges in TKI drug development. The deep understanding of disease pathologies related to TKs and drug resistance mechanisms will generate new waves for seeking highly selective, potent, and safe TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Jean Cui
- TP Therapeutics, Inc., 6150 Lusk Boulevard, Suite B100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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119
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Narita Y, Okamoto K, Kawada MI, Takase K, Minoshima Y, Kodama K, Iwata M, Miyamoto N, Sawada K. Novel ATP-competitive MEK inhibitor E6201 is effective against vemurafenib-resistant melanoma harboring the MEK1-C121S mutation in a preclinical model. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:823-32. [PMID: 24448821 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many clinical cases of acquired resistance to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib have recently been reported. One of the causes of this acquired resistance is the BRAF downstream kinase point mutation MEK1-C121S. This mutation confers resistance to not only vemurafenib, but also to the allosteric MEK inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244). Here, we investigated the pharmacologic activities and effectiveness of the novel MEK inhibitor E6201 against BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1)-V600E mutant melanoma harboring the MEK1-C121S mutation. A cell-free assay confirmed that E6201 is an ATP-competitive MEK inhibitor, meaning it has a different binding mode with MEK compared with allosteric MEK inhibitors. E6201 is more effective against BRAF-V600E mutant melanoma compared with BRAF wild-type melanoma based on MEK inhibition. We found that the acquired MEK1-C121S mutation in BRAF-V600E mutant melanoma conferred resistance to both vemurafenib and selumetinib but not E6201. The effectiveness of E6201 in this preclinical study is a result of its binding with MEK1 far from the C121S point mutation so the mutation is unable to influence the MAPK pathway inhibitory activity. These results support further clinical investigation of E6201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Narita
- Authors' Affiliations: Eisai Co., Ltd.; and Genomics-Based Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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120
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The resistance tetrad: amino acid hotspots for kinome-wide exploitation of drug-resistant protein kinase alleles. Methods Enzymol 2014; 548:117-46. [PMID: 25399644 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397918-6.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to targeted kinase inhibitors is a well-documented clinical problem that is potentially fatal for patients to whom a suitable back-up is not available. However, protein kinase alleles that promote resistance to inhibitors can be exploited experimentally as gold-standards for "on"- and "off"-target validation strategies and constitute a powerful resource for assessing the ability of new or combined therapies to override resistance. Clinical resistance to kinase inhibitors is an evident in all tyrosine kinase-driven malignancies, where high rates of mutation drive tumor evolution toward the insidious drug-resistant (DR) state through a variety of mechanisms. Unfortunately, this problem is likely to intensify in the future as the number of target kinases, approved inhibitors, and clinical indications increase. To empower the analysis of resistance in kinases, we have validated a bioinformatic, structural, and cellular workflow for designing and evaluating resistance at key mutational hotspots among kinome members. In this chapter, we discuss how mutation of amino acids in the gatekeeper and hinge-loop regions (collectively termed the "resistance tetrad") and the DFG motif represent an effective approach for generating panels of DR kinase alleles for chemical genetics and biological target validation.
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121
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Tavanti E, Sero V, Vella S, Fanelli M, Michelacci F, Landuzzi L, Magagnoli G, Versteeg R, Picci P, Hattinger CM, Serra M. Preclinical validation of Aurora kinases-targeting drugs in osteosarcoma. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:2607-18. [PMID: 24129234 PMCID: PMC3833226 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aurora kinases are key regulators of cell cycle and represent new promising therapeutic targets in several human tumours. Methods: Biological relevance of Aurora kinase-A and -B was assessed on osteosarcoma clinical samples and by silencing these genes with specific siRNA in three human osteosarcoma cell lines. In vitro efficacy of two Aurora kinases-targeting drugs (VX-680 and ZM447439) was evaluated on a panel of four drug-sensitive and six drug-resistant human osteosarcoma cell lines. Results: Human osteosarcoma cell lines proved to be highly sensitive to both drugs. A decreased drug sensitivity was observed in doxorubicin-resistant cell lines, most probably related to ABCB1/MDR1 overexpression. Both drugs variably induced hyperploidy and apoptosis in the majority of cell lines. VX-680 also reduced in vitro cell motility and soft-agar cloning efficiency. Drug association experiments showed that VX-680 positively interacts with all conventional drugs used in osteosarcoma chemotherapy, overcoming the cross-resistance observed in the single-drug treatments. Conclusion: Aurora kinase-A and -B represent new candidate therapeutic targets for osteosarcoma. In vitro analysis of the Aurora kinases inhibitors VX-680 and ZM447439 indicated in VX-680 a new promising drug of potential clinical usefulness in association with conventional osteosarcoma chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tavanti
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
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122
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Fuchs SY. Hope and fear for interferon: the receptor-centric outlook on the future of interferon therapy. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:211-25. [PMID: 23570388 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After several decades of intense clinical research, the great promise of Type I interferons (IFN1) as the anticancer wonder drugs that could cure or, at the very least, curb the progression of various oncological diseases has regrettably failed to deliver. Severe side effects and low efficacy of IFN1-based pharmaceutics greatly limited use of these drugs and further reduced the enthusiasm of clinical oncologists for future optimization of IFN1-based therapeutic modalities. Incredibly, extensive clinical studies to assess the efficacy of IFN1 alone or in combination with other anticancer drugs have not been paralleled by an equal scope in defining the determinants that confer cell sensitivity or refractoriness to IFN1. Given that all effects of IFN1 on malignant and benign cells alike are mediated by its receptor, the mechanisms regulating these receptor cell surface levels should play a paramount role in shaping the magnitude and duration of IFN1-elicited effects. These mechanisms and their role in controlling IFN1 responses, as well as an ability of a growing tumor to commandeer these events, are the focus of our review. We postulate that activation of numerous signaling pathways leading to elimination of IFN1 receptor occurs in cancer cells and benign cells that contribute to tumor tissue. We further hypothesize that activation of these eliminative pathways enables the escape from IFN1-driven suppression of tumorigenesis and elicits the primary refractoriness of tumor to the pharmaceutical IFN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Y Fuchs
- Department of Animal Biology and Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104-4539, USA.
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123
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Corbi-Verge C, Marinelli F, Zafra-Ruano A, Ruiz-Sanz J, Luque I, Faraldo-Gómez JD. Two-state dynamics of the SH3-SH2 tandem of Abl kinase and the allosteric role of the N-cap. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3372-80. [PMID: 23959873 PMCID: PMC3767523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303966110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation and localization of signaling enzymes is often mediated by accessory modular domains, which frequently function in tandems. The ability of these tandems to adopt multiple conformations is as important for proper regulation as the individual domain specificity. A paradigmatic example is Abl, a ubiquitous tyrosine kinase of significant pharmacological interest. SH3 and SH2 domains inhibit Abl by assembling onto the catalytic domain, allosterically clamping it in an inactive state. We investigate the dynamics of this SH3-SH2 tandem, using microsecond all-atom simulations and differential scanning calorimetry. Our results indicate that the Abl tandem is a two-state switch, alternating between the conformation observed in the structure of the autoinhibited enzyme and another configuration that is consistent with existing scattering data for an activated form. Intriguingly, we find that the latter is the most probable when the tandem is disengaged from the catalytic domain. Nevertheless, an amino acid stretch preceding the SH3 domain, the so-called N-cap, reshapes the free-energy landscape of the tandem and favors the interaction of this domain with the SH2-kinase linker, an intermediate step necessary for assembly of the autoinhibited complex. This allosteric effect arises from interactions between N-cap and the SH2 domain and SH3-SH2 connector, which involve a phosphorylation site. We also show that the SH3-SH2 connector plays a determinant role in the assembly equilibrium of Abl, because mutations thereof hinder the engagement of the SH2-kinase linker. These results provide a thermodynamic rationale for the involvement of N-cap and SH3-SH2 connector in Abl regulation and expand our understanding of the principles of modular domain organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Corbi-Verge
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; and
| | - Fabrizio Marinelli
- Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Group, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ana Zafra-Ruano
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; and
| | - Javier Ruiz-Sanz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; and
| | - Irene Luque
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; and
| | - José D. Faraldo-Gómez
- Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Group, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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124
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Tahiri A, Røe K, Ree AH, de Wijn R, Risberg K, Busch C, Lønning PE, Kristensen V, Geisler J. Differential inhibition of ex-vivo tumor kinase activity by vemurafenib in BRAF(V600E) and BRAF wild-type metastatic malignant melanoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72692. [PMID: 24023633 PMCID: PMC3758344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma patients harboring BRAF(V600E) has improved drastically after the discovery of the BRAF inhibitor, vemurafenib. However, drug resistance is a recurring problem, and prognoses are still very bad for patients harboring BRAF wild-type. Better markers for targeted therapy are therefore urgently needed. Methodology In this study, we assessed the individual kinase activity profiles in 26 tumor samples obtained from patients with metastatic malignant melanoma using peptide arrays with 144 kinase substrates. In addition, we studied the overall ex-vivo inhibitory effects of vemurafenib and sunitinib on kinase activity status. Results Overall kinase activity was significantly higher in lysates from melanoma tumors compared to normal skin tissue. Furthermore, ex-vivo incubation with both vemurafenib and sunitinib caused significant decrease in phosphorylation of kinase substrates, i.e kinase activity. While basal phosphorylation profiles were similar in BRAF wild-type and BRAF(V600E) tumors, analysis with ex-vivo vemurafenib treatment identified a subset of 40 kinase substrates showing stronger inhibition in BRAF(V600E) tumor lysates, distinguishing the BRAF wild-type and BRAF(V600E) tumors. Interestingly, a few BRAF wild-type tumors showed inhibition profiles similar to BRAF(V600E) tumors. The kinase inhibitory effect of vemurafenib was subsequently analyzed in cell lines harboring different BRAF mutational status with various vemurafenib sensitivity in-vitro. Conclusions Our findings suggest that multiplex kinase substrate array analysis give valuable information about overall tumor kinase activity. Furthermore, intra-assay exposure to kinase inhibiting drugs may provide a useful tool to study mechanisms of resistance, as well as to identify predictive markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andliena Tahiri
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kathrine Røe
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Anne H. Ree
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Rik de Wijn
- PamGene International B.V., ‘s- Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Karianne Risberg
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Christian Busch
- Section of Oncology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per E. Lønning
- Section of Oncology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vessela Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jürgen Geisler
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- * E-mail:
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125
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Huang S, Kauffman S. How to escape the cancer attractor: Rationale and limitations of multi-target drugs. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23:270-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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126
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Martinez Molina D, Jafari R, Ignatushchenko M, Seki T, Larsson EA, Dan C, Sreekumar L, Cao Y, Nordlund P. Monitoring drug target engagement in cells and tissues using the cellular thermal shift assay. Science 2013; 341:84-7. [PMID: 23828940 DOI: 10.1126/science.1233606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1306] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of therapeutics is dependent on a drug binding to its cognate target. Optimization of target engagement by drugs in cells is often challenging, because drug binding cannot be monitored inside cells. We have developed a method for evaluating drug binding to target proteins in cells and tissue samples. This cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) is based on the biophysical principle of ligand-induced thermal stabilization of target proteins. Using this assay, we validated drug binding for a set of important clinical targets and monitored processes of drug transport and activation, off-target effects and drug resistance in cancer cell lines, as well as drug distribution in tissues. CETSA is likely to become a valuable tool for the validation and optimization of drug target engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martinez Molina
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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127
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Zhu S, Travis SM, Elcock AH. Accurate calculation of mutational effects on the thermodynamics of inhibitor binding to p38α MAP kinase: a combined computational and experimental study. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:3151-3164. [PMID: 23914145 PMCID: PMC3731164 DOI: 10.1021/ct400104x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A major current challenge for drug design efforts focused on protein kinases is the development of drug resistance caused by spontaneous mutations in the kinase catalytic domain. The ubiquity of this problem means that it would be advantageous to develop fast, effective computational methods that could be used to determine the effects of potential resistance-causing mutations before they arise in a clinical setting. With this long-term goal in mind, we have conducted a combined experimental and computational study of the thermodynamic effects of active-site mutations on a well-characterized and high-affinity interaction between a protein kinase and a small-molecule inhibitor. Specifically, we developed a fluorescence-based assay to measure the binding free energy of the small-molecule inhibitor, SB203580, to the p38α MAP kinase and used it measure the inhibitor's affinity for five different kinase mutants involving two residues (Val38 and Ala51) that contact the inhibitor in the crystal structure of the inhibitor-kinase complex. We then conducted long, explicit-solvent thermodynamic integration (TI) simulations in an attempt to reproduce the experimental relative binding affinities of the inhibitor for the five mutants; in total, a combined simulation time of 18.5 μs was obtained. Two widely used force fields - OPLS-AA/L and Amber ff99SB-ILDN - were tested in the TI simulations. Both force fields produced excellent agreement with experiment for three of the five mutants; simulations performed with the OPLS-AA/L force field, however, produced qualitatively incorrect results for the constructs that contained an A51V mutation. Interestingly, the discrepancies with the OPLS-AA/L force field could be rectified by the imposition of position restraints on the atoms of the protein backbone and the inhibitor without destroying the agreement for other mutations; the ability to reproduce experiment depended, however, upon the strength of the restraints' force constant. Imposition of position restraints in corresponding simulations that used the Amber ff99SB-ILDN force field had little effect on their ability to match experiment. Overall, the study shows that both force fields can work well for predicting the effects of active-site mutations on small molecule binding affinities and demonstrates how a direct combination of experiment and computation can be a powerful strategy for developing an understanding of protein-inhibitor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Morotti M, Becker CM, Menada MV, Ferrero S. Targeting tyrosine-kinases in ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1265-79. [PMID: 23815710 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.816282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of gynaecologic cancer death. Although in some cases initial treatment is effective, most of the women diagnosed with EOC will probably need medical treatment for their disease. There is a critical need to develop effective new strategies for the management of patients with advanced or recurrent EOC, and targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has continued to be an area of active research and development in this setting. AREAS COVERED This review summarises the available evidence on the use of TKIs in the clinical management of women with EOC. This article consists of material obtained via Medline, PubMed and EMBASE literature searches up to March 2013. EXPERT OPINION Several Phase I/II and III trials evaluated TKIs in EOC; however, it is difficult to draw conclusions on the efficacy of TKI regimens in these patients. TKIs seem to be better tolerated than conventional chemotherapy with a different toxicity profile. A better understanding of the signalling pathways, the toxicity profiles, the potential pharmacokinetic interactions as well as the identification of predictive biomarkers are needed to better identify a targeted patient population before these agents become part of routine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Morotti
- University of Genoa, San Martino Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Largo R. Benzi 1, 16132 Genoa , Italy +01139010511525 ; +01139010511525 ;
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Cooper MJ, Cox NJ, Zimmerman EI, Dewar BJ, Duncan JS, Whittle MC, Nguyen TA, Jones LS, Ghose Roy S, Smalley DM, Kuan PF, Richards KL, Christopherson RI, Jin J, Frye SV, Johnson GL, Baldwin AS, Graves LM. Application of multiplexed kinase inhibitor beads to study kinome adaptations in drug-resistant leukemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66755. [PMID: 23826126 PMCID: PMC3691232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases play key roles in oncogenic signaling and are a major focus in the development of targeted cancer therapies. Imatinib, a BCR-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a successful front-line treatment for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). However, resistance to imatinib may be acquired by BCR-Abl mutations or hyperactivation of Src family kinases such as Lyn. We have used multiplexed kinase inhibitor beads (MIBs) and quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) to compare kinase expression and activity in an imatinib-resistant (MYL-R) and -sensitive (MYL) cell model of CML. Using MIB/MS, expression and activity changes of over 150 kinases were quantitatively measured from various protein kinase families. Statistical analysis of experimental replicates assigned significance to 35 of these kinases, referred to as the MYL-R kinome profile. MIB/MS and immunoblotting confirmed the over-expression and activation of Lyn in MYL-R cells and identified additional kinases with increased (MEK, ERK, IKKα, PKCβ, NEK9) or decreased (Abl, Kit, JNK, ATM, Yes) abundance or activity. Inhibiting Lyn with dasatinib or by shRNA-mediated knockdown reduced the phosphorylation of MEK and IKKα. Because MYL-R cells showed elevated NF-κB signaling relative to MYL cells, as demonstrated by increased IκBα and IL-6 mRNA expression, we tested the effects of an IKK inhibitor (BAY 65-1942). MIB/MS and immunoblotting revealed that BAY 65-1942 increased MEK/ERK signaling and that this increase was prevented by co-treatment with a MEK inhibitor (AZD6244). Furthermore, the combined inhibition of MEK and IKKα resulted in reduced IL-6 mRNA expression, synergistic loss of cell viability and increased apoptosis. Thus, MIB/MS analysis identified MEK and IKKα as important downstream targets of Lyn, suggesting that co-targeting these kinases may provide a unique strategy to inhibit Lyn-dependent imatinib-resistant CML. These results demonstrate the utility of MIB/MS as a tool to identify dysregulated kinases and to interrogate kinome dynamics as cells respond to targeted kinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nathan J. Cox
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eric I. Zimmerman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Dewar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James S. Duncan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martin C. Whittle
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thien A. Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lauren S. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sreerupa Ghose Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David M. Smalley
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pei Fen Kuan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kristy L. Richards
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Jian Jin
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen V. Frye
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gary L. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Albert S. Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lee M. Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Recent advances in proteomics have facilitated the analysis of the kinome 'en masse'. What these studies have revealed is a surprisingly dynamic network of kinase responses to highly selective kinase inhibitors, thereby illustrating the complex biological responses to these small molecules. Moreover these studies have identified key transcription factors, such as c-Myc and FOXO (forkhead box O), that play pivotal roles in kinome reprogramming in cancer cells. Since many kinase inhibitors fail despite a high efficacy of blocking their intended targets, elucidating kinome changes at a more global level will be essential to understanding the mechanisms of kinase inhibitor pharmacology. The development of technologies to study the kinome, as well as examples of kinome resilience and reprogramming, will be discussed in the present review.
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Neveu G, Barouch-Bentov R, Ziv-Av A, Gerber D, Jacob Y, Einav S. Identification and targeting of an interaction between a tyrosine motif within hepatitis C virus core protein and AP2M1 essential for viral assembly. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002845. [PMID: 22916011 PMCID: PMC3420927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel therapies are urgently needed against hepatitis C virus infection (HCV), a major global health problem. The current model of infectious virus production suggests that HCV virions are assembled on or near the surface of lipid droplets, acquire their envelope at the ER, and egress through the secretory pathway. The mechanisms of HCV assembly and particularly the role of viral-host protein-protein interactions in mediating this process are, however, poorly understood. We identified a conserved heretofore unrecognized YXXΦ motif (Φ is a bulky hydrophobic residue) within the core protein. This motif is homologous to sorting signals within host cargo proteins known to mediate binding of AP2M1, the μ subunit of clathrin adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2), and intracellular trafficking. Using microfluidics affinity analysis, protein-fragment complementation assays, and co-immunoprecipitations in infected cells, we show that this motif mediates core binding to AP2M1. YXXΦ mutations, silencing AP2M1 expression or overexpressing a dominant negative AP2M1 mutant had no effect on HCV RNA replication, however, they dramatically inhibited intra- and extracellular infectivity, consistent with a defect in viral assembly. Quantitative confocal immunofluorescence analysis revealed that core's YXXΦ motif mediates recruitment of AP2M1 to lipid droplets and that the observed defect in HCV assembly following disruption of core-AP2M1 binding correlates with accumulation of core on lipid droplets, reduced core colocalization with E2 and reduced core localization to trans-Golgi network (TGN), the presumed site of viral particles maturation. Furthermore, AAK1 and GAK, serine/threonine kinases known to stimulate binding of AP2M1 to host cargo proteins, regulate core-AP2M1 binding and are essential for HCV assembly. Last, approved anti-cancer drugs that inhibit AAK1 or GAK not only disrupt core-AP2M1 binding, but also significantly inhibit HCV assembly and infectious virus production. These results validate viral-host interactions essential for HCV assembly and yield compounds for pharmaceutical development. Novel antiviral strategies are needed to combat the HCV pandemic. Understanding viral-host determinants involved in mediating assembly is critical for the development of drugs targeting this stage of the HCV life cycle. We identified a conserved heretofore unrecognized tyrosine motif within core, which is homologous to sorting signals within host cargo proteins that are recognized by AP2M1, a membrane trafficking protein. By combining novel proteomic techniques with molecular virology, RNAi, dominant-interfering, and pharmacological approaches, we show that this motif mediates core binding to AP2M1 and HCV assembly and that AP2M1 is essential for HCV assembly. Core's tryosine motif recruits AP2M1 to lipid droplets, the site of viral assembly, and disruption of core-AP2M1 binding alters core's sub-cellular localization and colocalization with the envelope protein E2. AAK1 and GAK, host kinases that stimulate AP2M1's interactions with cargo proteins, regulate core-AP2M1 binding and are essential for HCV assembly. Last, we discovered kinase inhibitors, which bind AAK1 or GAK and disrupt core-AP2M1 binding and HCV assembly. Our study provides insight into mechanisms of HCV assembly and yields candidate targets and compounds for pharmaceutical development. Since some of the discovered compounds are approved anti-cancer drugs, there may be an opportunity for repurposing them as antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Neveu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rina Barouch-Bentov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Amotz Ziv-Av
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Doron Gerber
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and The Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yves Jacob
- Department of Virology, Unité de Génétique, Papillomavirus et Cancer Humain (GPCH), Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Shirit Einav
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Townsend KN, Hughson LRK, Schlie K, Poon VI, Westerback A, Lum JJ. Autophagy inhibition in cancer therapy: metabolic considerations for antitumor immunity. Immunol Rev 2012; 249:176-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Nakagawa T, Takeuchi S, Yamada T, Nanjo S, Ishikawa D, Sano T, Kita K, Nakamura T, Matsumoto K, Suda K, Mitsudomi T, Sekido Y, Uenaka T, Yano S. Combined therapy with mutant-selective EGFR inhibitor and Met kinase inhibitor for overcoming erlotinib resistance in EGFR-mutant lung cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2149-57. [PMID: 22844075 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) erlotinib and gefitinib have shown dramatic effects against EGFR mutant lung cancer, patients become resistant by various mechanisms, including gatekeeper EGFR-T790M mutation, Met amplification, and HGF overexpression, thereafter relapsing. Thus, it is urgent to develop novel agents to overcome EGFR-TKI resistance. We have tested the effects of the mutant-selective EGFR-TKI WZ4002 and the mutant-selective Met-TKI E7050 on 3 EGFR mutant lung cancer cell lines resistant to erlotinib by different mechanisms: PC-9/HGF cells with an exon 19 deletion, H1975 with an L858R mutation, and HCC827ER with an exon 19 deletion, with acquired resistance to erlotinib because of HGF gene transfection, gatekeeper T790M mutation, and Met amplification, respectively. WZ4002 inhibited the growth of H1975 cells with a gatekeeper T790M mutation, but did not inhibit the growth of HCC827ER and PC-9/HGF cells. HGF triggered the resistance of H1975 cells to WZ4002, whereas E7050 sensitized HCC827ER, PC-9/HGF, and HGF-treated H1975 cells to WZ4002, inhibiting EGFR and Met phosphorylation and their downstream molecules. Combined treatment potently inhibited the growth of tumors induced in severe-combined immunodeficient mice by H1975, HCC827ER, and PC-9/HGF cells, without any marked adverse events. These therapeutic effects were associated with the inhibition of EGFR and Met phosphorylation in vivo. The combination of a mutant-selective EGFR-TKI and a Met-TKI was effective in suppressing the growth of erlotinib-resistant tumors caused by gatekeeper T790M mutation, Met amplification, and HGF overexpression. Further evaluations in clinical trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nakagawa
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
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Deng X, Zhou W, Weisberg E, Wang J, Zhang J, Sasaki T, Nelson E, Griffin JD, Jänne PA, Gray NS. An amino-indazole scaffold with spectrum selective kinase inhibition of FLT3, PDGFRα and kit. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4579-84. [PMID: 22727638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the synthesis and characterization of a number of 3-amino-1H-indazol-6-yl-benzamides that were designed to target the 'DFG-out' conformation of the kinase activation loop. Several compounds such as 4 and 11 exhibit single-digit nanomolar EC(50)s against FLT3, c-Kit and the gatekeeper T674M mutant of PDGFRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Whitesell L, Lin NU. HSP90 as a platform for the assembly of more effective cancer chemotherapy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:756-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Surviving cells after treatment with gemcitabine or 5-fluorouracil for the study of de novo resistance of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2012; 314:119-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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138
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Rebecca VW, Smalley KS. Tumor heterogeneity and strategies to overcome kinase inhibitor resistance in cancer: lessons from melanoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:137-40. [PMID: 21235427 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.546218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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