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Zahodne LB, Bernal-Pacheco O, Bowers D, Ward H, Oyama G, Limotai N, Velez-Lago F, Rodriguez RL, Malaty I, McFarland NR, Okun MS. Are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors associated with greater apathy in Parkinson's disease? J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012; 24:326-30. [PMID: 23037646 PMCID: PMC3759813 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11090210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Apathy is a common neuropsychiatric feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), but little is known of relationships between apathy and specific medications in PD. Following a retrospective database and chart review of 181 Parkinson's patients, relationships between Apathy Scale scores and use of psychotropic and antiparkinsonian medications were examined with multiple regression. Controlling for age, sex, education, and depression, the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), but not other antidepressants, was associated with greater apathy. Use of monoamine oxidase B inhibitors was associated with less apathy. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate a potential SSRI-induced apathy syndrome in PD.
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102
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Thio- and aminocaffeine analogues as inhibitors of human monoamine oxidase. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7507-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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103
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Legoabe L, Kruger J, Petzer A, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP. Monoamine oxidase inhibition by selected anilide derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5162-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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104
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Strydom B, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP. 8-Aryl- and alkyloxycaffeine analogues as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3474-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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105
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Manley-King CI, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by C5-substituted phthalimide analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4829-40. [PMID: 21778064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Literature reports that isatin as well as C5- and C6-substituted isatin analogues are reversible inhibitors of human monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B. In general, C5- and C6-substitution of isatin leads to enhanced binding affinity to both MAO isozymes compared to isatin and in most instances result in selective binding to the MAO-B isoform. Crystallographic and modeling studies suggest that the isatin ring binds to the substrate cavities of MAO-A and -B and is stabilized by hydrogen bond interactions between the NH and the C2 carbonyl oxygen of the dioxoindolyl moiety and water molecules present in the substrate cavities of MAO-A and -B. Based on these observations and the close structural resemblances between isatin and its phthalimide isomer, a series of phthalimide analogues were synthesized and evaluated as MAO inhibitors. While phthalimide and N-aryl-substituted phthalimides were found to be weak MAO inhibitors, phthalimide homologues containing C5 substituents were potent reversible inhibitors of recombinant human MAO-B with IC(50) values ranging from 0.007 to 2.5 μM and moderately potent reversible inhibitors of recombinant human MAO-A with IC(50) values ranging from 0.22 to 9.0 μM. By employing molecular docking the importance of hydrogen bonding between the active sites of MAO-A and -B and the phthalimide inhibitors are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarina I Manley-King
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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106
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a slowly ongoing neuronal death, which affects neurotransmitter metabolism and causes a wide variety of motor and non-motor features. Until now, therapy approaches have predominantly focused on motor behavior associated with dopamine substitution. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review aims to discuss putative reasons for recent failures of investigated treatment approaches, and to introduce currently tested and future compounds. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN We will describe how development programs of novel molecules now additionally consider non-motor features of PD as promising targets in order to obtain regulatory approval. Regulatory authorities increasingly exert influence on trial designs, demanding therapeutic effects that are not always clinically feasible given the variety of manifestations of the disease entity known as PD. TAKE HOME MESSAGE In the past, research pitfalls have resulted in the failure of promising new compounds. Among the many reasons for this are massive placebo responses; the participation of too many investigators, with consequent wide variations of efficacy assessments; and a misconception of preclinical drug development, with models of PD that do not mimic its clinical nature. A few compounds are now being tested that have modes of action indirectly modulating the dopamine system; however, critical analysis of the preclinical and clinical research concept and drug approval is warranted to prevent further frustration in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- St. Joseph Hospital Berlin-Weissensee, Department of Neurology, Gartenstrasse 1, 13088 Berlin, Germany.
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107
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Okada M, Nakao R, Hosoi R, Zhang MR, Fukumura T, Suzuki K, Inoue O. Microdialysis with radiometric monitoring of L-[β-11C]DOPA to assess dopaminergic metabolism: effect of inhibitors of L-amino acid decarboxylase, monoamine oxidase, and catechol-O-methyltransferase on rat striatal dialysate. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:124-31. [PMID: 20407462 PMCID: PMC3049477 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The catecholamine, dopamine (DA), is synthesized from 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). Dopamine metabolism is regulated by monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). To measure dopaminergic metabolism, we used microdialysis with radiometric detection to monitor L-[β-(11)C]DOPA metabolites in the extracellular space of the rat striatum. We also evaluated the effects of AADC, MAO, and COMT inhibitors on metabolite profiles. The major early species measured after administration of L-[β-(11)C]DOPA were [(11)C]3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid ([(11)C]DOPAC) and [(11)C]homovanillic acid ([(11)C]HVA) in a 1:1 ratio, which shifted toward [(11)C]HVA with time. An AADC inhibitor increased the uptake of L-[β-(11)C]DOPA and L-3-O-methyl-[(11)C]DOPA and delayed the accumulation of [(11)C]DOPAC and [(11)C]HVA. The MAO and COMT inhibitors increased the production of [(11)C]3-methoxytyramine and [(11)C]DOPAC, respectively. These results reflect the L-DOPA metabolic pathway, suggesting that this method may be useful for assessing dopaminergic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Okada
- Molecular Probe Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
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108
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Manley-King CI, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by selected C5- and C6-substituted isatin analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:261-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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109
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic nigro-striatal neurons and severe striatal dopaminergic deficiency, leading to bradykinesia. Levodopa was the first drug used for PD treatment and is still considered the most useful weapon for the control of PD symptoms. However, levodopa treatment induces motor complications, which is considered as a major problem as the disease progresses. Dopamine agonists, catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors and monoamine oxidase B inhibitors are some more recently developed drug categories which are expected to have a more favourable effect on motor complications. The choice of the best initial treatment in PD remains a controversial matter. Early therapeutic decisions in PD should balance the need for efficient short-term symptom control against long-term complication profile. The individualisation of the treatment seems to be the key for the best approach of early PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsouli
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
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110
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Strydom B, Malan SF, Castagnoli N, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by 8-benzyloxycaffeine analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1018-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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111
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Pisani L, Muncipinto G, Miscioscia TF, Nicolotti O, Leonetti F, Catto M, Caccia C, Salvati P, Soto-Otero R, Mendez-Alvarez E, Passeleu C, Carotti A. Discovery of a Novel Class of Potent Coumarin Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors: Development and Biopharmacological Profiling of 7-[(3-Chlorobenzyl)oxy]-4-[(methylamino)methyl]-2H-chromen-2-one Methanesulfonate (NW-1772) as a Highly Potent, Selective, Reversible, and Orally Active Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6685-706. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Pisani
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125-Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Muncipinto
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125-Bari, Italy
| | | | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125-Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Leonetti
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125-Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Catto
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125-Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Ramon Soto-Otero
- Grupo de Neuroquımica, Departamento de Bioquımica y Biologıa Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Estefania Mendez-Alvarez
- Grupo de Neuroquımica, Departamento de Bioquımica y Biologıa Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Celine Passeleu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Carotti
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125-Bari, Italy
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112
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Mosharov EV, Sulzer D. Convergence of multiple hits that could underlie Parkinson’s disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.09.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, NY, USA
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113
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Development and validation of a reverse phase liquid chromatography method for the quantification of rasagiline mesylate in biodegradable PLGA microspheres. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:1185-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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114
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Abstract
Levodopa is still recognised to be the "gold standard" symptomatic treatment for Parkinson's disease. After 4-5 years however, its clinical efficacy declines and patients may experience the so-called "long-term levodopa syndrome", which represents the clinical counterpart of the changes of pharmacodynamic response to the drug. Long duration response (LDR) is substituted by the short duration response (SDR), which is responsible for the fluctuations of the clinical response. Strategies aimed at maintaining the clinical benefits for as long as possible and postponing the occurrence of motor complications as late as possible have been at the centre of scientific debates in recent years. We are still far from optimal use of the drug in the different stages or the disease, both regarding mode of administration and dose adjustment to individual needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Abbruzzese
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Via De Toni 5, Genoa, Italy.
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115
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Chimenti F, Fioravanti R, Bolasco A, Chimenti P, Secci D, Rossi F, Yáñez M, Orallo F, Ortuso F, Alcaro S. Chalcones: A Valid Scaffold for Monoamine Oxidases Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2818-24. [PMID: 19378991 DOI: 10.1021/jm801590u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Chimenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Rossella Fioravanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Adriana Bolasco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Paola Chimenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Daniela Secci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Matilde Yáñez
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Francisco Orallo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Francesco Ortuso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy, Departamento de Farmacología and Instituto de Farmacia Industrial, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, “Complesso Ninì Barbieri”, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
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116
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Petzer JP, Castagnoli N, Schwarzschild MA, Chen JF, Van der Schyf CJ. Dual-target-directed drugs that block monoamine oxidase B and adenosine A(2A) receptors for Parkinson's disease. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:141-51. [PMID: 19110205 PMCID: PMC5084262 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2008.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequacies of the current pharmacotherapies to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) have prompted efforts to identify novel drug targets. The adenosine A(2A) receptor is one such target. Antagonists of this receptor (A(2A) antagonists) are considered promising agents for the symptomatic treatment of PD. Evidence suggests that A(2A) antagonists may also have neuroprotective properties that may prevent the development of the dyskinesia that often complicates levodopa treatment. Because the therapeutic benefits of A(2A) antagonists are additive to that of dopamine replacement therapy, it may be possible to reduce the dose of the dopaminergic drugs and therefore the occurrence of side effects. Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B also are considered useful tools for the treatment of PD. When used in combination with levodopa, inhibitors of MAO-B may enhance the elevation of dopamine levels after levodopa treatment, particularly when used in early stages of the disease when dopamine production may not be so severely compromised. Furthermore, MAO-B inhibitors may also possess neuroprotective properties in part by reducing the damaging effect of dopamine turnover in the brain. These effects of MAO-B inhibitors are especially relevant when considering that the brain shows an age-related increase in MAO-B activity. Based on these observations, dual-target-directed drugs, compounds that inhibit MAO-B and antagonize A(2A) receptors, may have value in the management of PD. This review summarizes recent efforts to develop such dual-acting drugs using caffeine as the lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus P Petzer
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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117
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Validated LC–MS/MS method for quantitative determination of rasagiline in human plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 873:203-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Revised: 08/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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118
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Adjou KT, Dilda P, Aumond P, Gueddari S, Deslys JP, Dormont D, Seman M. Increase of monoamine oxidase-B activity in the brain of scrapie-infected hamsters. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:1416-21. [PMID: 18442871 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the purpose is to determine activities of monoamine oxidases (MAO) in the brain of 263K scrapie-infected hamsters during the development of this experimental prion disease. Indeed, MAO activity modifications which have already been related in aging and neurodegenerations is suspected to be involved in the neuron loss process by elevated hydrogen peroxide formation. Monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) and B (MAO-B) activities were followed in the brain at different stages of the disease. MAO-A activity did not change significantly during the evolution of the disease. However, concerning the MAO-B activity, a significant increase was observed from 50 days post-infection and through the course of the disease and reached 42.9+/-5.3% at its ultimate stage. Regarding these results, MAO-B could be a potential therapeutic target then we have performed a pre-clinical treatment with irreversible (Selegiline or L-deprenyl) or and reversible (MS-9510) MAO-B inhibitors used alone or in association with an anti-scrapie drug such as MS-8209, an amphotericin B derivative. Our results show that none of the MAO-B inhibitors used was able to delay the onset of the disease. Neither these MAO-B inhibitors nor R-NMDA inhibitors (MK-801) can enhance the effects of MS-8209. The present findings clearly indicate a significant increase of cerebral MAO-B activity in scrapie-infected hamsters. Furthermore, inhibitors of MAO-B do not have any curative or palliative effect on this experimental model indicating that the raise of this activity is probably more a consequence rather than a causal event of the neurodegenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Tarik Adjou
- Laboratoire de Pathologie du Bétail et des Animaux de Basse-cour, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
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119
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Abstract
The available pharmacotherapies for Parkinson's disease address symptomatology because no agent has been demonstrated to provide definite neuroprotection against the disease. Choice of pharmacotherapy must include consideration of short-term benefits as well as long-term consequences. Patients with mild Parkinson's disease often function adequately without symptomatic treatment. However, recent data suggest that initiation of treatment with a well-tolerated agent (e.g., the monoamine oxidase [MAO]-B inhibitor rasagiline) in the absence of functional impairment is associated with improved long-term outcomes. Consideration should also be given to many patient-specific factors, including patient expectations, level of disability, employment status, functional as well as chronologic age, expected efficacy and tolerability of drugs, and response to previous Parkinson's disease therapies. Increasingly, initial monotherapy begins with a nondopaminergic agent or, if the patient is considered functionally young, a dopamine agonist. Since Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder, adjustments to pharmacotherapy must be expected over time. When greater symptomatic relief is desired, or in the more frail elderly patient, levodopa therapy should be considered. If motor fluctuations develop, addition of a catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor or MAO-B inhibitor should be considered. For management of levodopa-induced dyskinesias, addition of amantadine is an option. Surgery may be considered when patients need additional symptomatic control or are experiencing severe motor complications despite pharmacologically optimized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Chen
- Movement Disorders Center, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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120
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Ferrante M, Blackwell KT, Migliore M, Ascoli GA. Computational models of neuronal biophysics and the characterization of potential neuropharmacological targets. Curr Med Chem 2008; 15:2456-71. [PMID: 18855673 PMCID: PMC3560392 DOI: 10.2174/092986708785909094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of potential pharmacological targets in neurology and psychiatry is a fundamental problem at the intersection between medicinal chemistry and the neurosciences. Exciting new techniques in proteomics and genomics have fostered rapid progress, opening numerous questions as to the functional consequences of ligand binding at the systems level. Psycho- and neuro-active drugs typically work in nerve cells by affecting one or more aspects of electrophysiological activity. Thus, an integrated understanding of neuropharmacological agents requires bridging the gap between their molecular mechanisms and the biophysical determinants of neuronal function. Computational neuroscience and bioinformatics can play a major role in this functional connection. Robust quantitative models exist describing all major active membrane properties under endogenous and exogenous chemical control. These include voltage-dependent ionic channels (sodium, potassium, calcium, etc.), synaptic receptor channels (e.g. glutamatergic, GABAergic, cholinergic), and G protein coupled signaling pathways (protein kinases, phosphatases, and other enzymatic cascades). This brief review of neuromolecular medicine from the computational perspective provides compelling examples of how simulations can elucidate, explain, and predict the effect of chemical agonists, antagonists, and modulators in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim T. Blackwell
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Michele Migliore
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio A. Ascoli
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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