101
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Chen G, Umelo IA, Lv S, Teugels E, Fostier K, Kronenberger P, Dewaele A, Sadones J, Geers C, De Grève J. miR-146a inhibits cell growth, cell migration and induces apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60317. [PMID: 23555954 PMCID: PMC3608584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of microRNA-146a (miR-146a) has been reported to be involved in the development and progression of various types of cancers. However, its role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of miR-146a to various aspects of the malignant phenotype of human NSCLCs. In functional experiments, miR-146a suppressed cell growth, induced cellular apoptosis and inhibited EGFR downstream signaling in five NSCLC cell lines (H358, H1650, H1975, HCC827 and H292). miR-146a also inhibited the migratory capacity of these NSCLC cells. On the other hand, miR-146a enhanced the inhibition of cell proliferation by drugs targeting EGFR, including both TKIs (gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib) and a monoclonal antibody (cetuximab). These effects were independent of the EGFR mutation status (wild type, sensitizing mutation or resistance mutation), but were less potent compared to the effects of siRNA targeting of EGFR. Our results suggest that these effects of miR-146a are due to its targeting of EGFR and NF-κB signaling. We also found, in clinical formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) lung cancer samples, that low expression of miR-146a was correlated with advanced clinical TNM stages and distant metastasis in NSCLC (P<0.05). The patients with high miR-146a expression in their tumors showed longer progression-free survival (25.6 weeks in miR-146a high patients vs. 4.8 weeks in miR-146a low patients, P<0.05). miR-146a is therefore a strong candidate prognostic biomarker in NSCLC. Thus inducing miR-146a might be a therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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102
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Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Lack of early detection and limited options for targeted therapies are both contributing factors to the dismal statistics observed in lung cancer. Thus, advances in both of these areas are likely to lead to improved outcomes. MicroRNAs (miRs or miRNAs) represent a class of non-coding RNAs that have the capacity for gene regulation and may serve as both diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in lung cancer. Abnormal expression patterns for several miRNAs have been identified in lung cancers. Specifically, let-7 and miR-9 are deregulated in both lung cancers and other solid malignancies. In this paper, we construct a mathematical model that integrates let-7 and miR-9 expression into a signaling pathway to generate an in silico model for the process of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Simulations of the model demonstrate that EGFR and Ras mutations in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), which lead to the process of EMT, result in miR-9 upregulation and let-7 suppression, and this process is somewhat robust against random input into miR-9 and more strongly robust against random input into let-7. We elected to validate our model in vitro by testing the effects of EGFR inhibition on downstream MYC, miR-9 and let-7a expression. Interestingly, in an EGFR mutated lung cancer cell line, treatment with an EGFR inhibitor (Gefitinib) resulted in a concentration specific reduction in c-MYC and miR-9 expression while not changing let-7a expression. Our mathematical model explains the signaling link among EGFR, MYC, and miR-9, but not let-7. However, very little is presently known about factors that regulate let-7. It is quite possible that when such regulating factors become known and integrated into our model, they will further support our mathematical model.
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103
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Fiala O, Pesek M, Finek J, Benesova L, Belsanova B, Minarik M. The dominant role of G12C over other KRAS mutation types in the negative prediction of efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non–small cell lung cancer. Cancer Genet 2013; 206:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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104
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Blagosklonny MV. Tumor suppression by p53 without apoptosis and senescence: conundrum or rapalog-like gerosuppression? Aging (Albany NY) 2012; 4:450-5. [PMID: 22869016 PMCID: PMC3433931 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
I discuss a very obscure activity of p53, namely suppression of senescence (gerosuppression), which is also manifested as anti-hypertrophic, anti-hypermetabolic, anti-inflammatory and anti-secretory effects of p53. But can gerossuppression suppress tumors?
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Blagosklonny
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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105
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Chen RJ, Tsai SJ, Ho CT, Pan MH, Ho YS, Wu CH, Wang YJ. Chemopreventive effects of pterostilbene on urethane-induced lung carcinogenesis in mice via the inhibition of EGFR-mediated pathways and the induction of apoptosis and autophagy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:11533-11541. [PMID: 23113763 DOI: 10.1021/jf302778a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths globally. Due to the lack of successful chemopreventive agents for lung cancer, there is an emerging need to evaluate new and effective agents for lung cancer prevention. Pterostilbene, a naturally occurring analogue of resveratrol, has been reported to be an effective chemopreventive agent against many cancers. The aim of this study is to investigate the chemopreventive effects of pterostilbene in urethane-induced murine lung tumors. Pretreatment with pterostilbene at 50 or 250 mg/kg significantly reduced tumor multiplicity by 26 and 49%, respectively. Pterostilbene also significantly inhibited tumor volume by 25 and 34% and decreased the tumor burden per mouse by 45 and 63%, respectively. The mechanisms by which pterostilbene suppresses lung tumorigenesis have been investigated in lung tissues and homogenates. The results indicate that the pterostilbene-mediated chemopreventive effects in vivo were a result of the inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its downstream pathways, leading to retarded cell cycle progression, and of the induction of apoptosis and autophagy during urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jane Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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106
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Abstract
Functional genomic screening has emerged as a powerful approach for understanding complex biological phenomena. Of the available tools, genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) technology is unquestionably the most incisive, as it directly probes gene function. Recent applications of RNAi screening have been impressive. Notable amongst these are its use in elucidated mechanism(s) for signal transduction, various aspects of cell biology, tumourigenesis and metastasis, resistance to cancer therapeutics, and the host's response to a pathogen. Herein we discuss how recent RNAi screening efforts have helped turn our attention to the targetability of non-oncogene support pathways for cancer treatment, with a particular focus on a recent study that identified a non-oncogene addiction to the ER stress response as a synergist target for oncolytic virus therapy (OVT). Moreover, we give our thoughts on the future of RNAi screening as a tool to enhance OVT and describe recent technical improvements that are poised to make genome-scale RNAi experiments more sensitive, less noisy, more applicable in vivo, and more easily validated in clinically relevant animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Mahoney
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
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107
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Morozevich GE, Kozlova NI, Ushakova NA, Preobrazhenskaya ME, Berman AE. Integrin α5β1 simultaneously controls EGFR-dependent proliferation and Akt-dependent pro-survival signaling in epidermoid carcinoma cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2012; 4:368-74. [PMID: 22626691 PMCID: PMC3384437 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To delineate distinctive role of the components of α5β1 integrin-EGFR axis in control of epidermoid carcinoma cell proliferation, we performed individual inhibition of α5β1 and EGFR via genetic and phamacological methods, respectively. We demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) significantly affected proliferation of A431 human cells by inducing the G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, whereas shRNA-mediated depletion of α5 subunit of α5β1 integrin led to a similar type of cell cycle arrest followed by significant apoptosis. Both treatments resulted in suppression of activated (phosphorylated) forms of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Erk. However, unlike EGFR inhibition, depletion of α5 led to substantial suppression of AKT activity. Accordingly, pharmacological inhibition of EGFR and AKT recapitulated detrimental effects caused by shRNA-mediated depletion of α5. Moreover, depletion of α5 led to a severe drop in the amounts of active EGFR. Thus, for the first time, we demonstrated that α5β1 integrin simultaneously maintains pro-survival signaling via continuous activation of AKT and up-regulates proliferation via activation of EGFR.
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108
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109
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Yang N, Morrison CD, Liu P, Miecznikowski J, Bshara W, Han S, Zhu Q, Omilian AR, Li X, Zhang J. TAZ induces growth factor-independent proliferation through activation of EGFR ligand amphiregulin. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:2922-30. [PMID: 22825057 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway regulates cellular proliferation and survival, thus exerting profound effects on normal cell fate and tumorigenesis. We previously showed that the pivotal effector of this pathway, YAP, is amplified in tumors and promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and malignant transformation. Here, we report that overexpression of TAZ, a paralog of YAP, in human mammary epithelial cells promotes EMT and, in particular, some invasive structures in 3D cultures. TAZ also leads to cell migration and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Furthermore, we identified amphiregulin (AREG), an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand, as a target of TAZ. We show that AREG functions in a non-cell-autonomous manner to mediate EGF-independent growth and malignant behavior of mammary epithelial cells. In addition, ablation of TEAD binding completely abolishes the TAZ-induced phenotype. Last, analysis of breast cancer patient samples reveals a positive correlation between TAZ and AREG in vivo. In summary, TAZ-dependent secretion of AREG indicates that activation of the EGFR signaling is an important non-cell-autonomous effector of the Hippo pathway, and TAZ as well as its targets may play significant roles in breast tumorigenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Yang
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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110
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Waterhouse BR, Gijsen M, Barber PR, Tullis IDC, Vojnovic B, Kong A. Assessment of EGFR/HER2 dimerization by FRET-FLIM utilizing Alexa-conjugated secondary antibodies in relation to targeted therapies in cancers. Oncotarget 2012; 2:728-36. [PMID: 21908901 PMCID: PMC3248220 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression level of the HER family is unreliable as a predictive marker for targeted therapies in cancer. Thus, there is a need to develop other biomarkers, which can be used to accurately select responsive patients for targeted therapies. The HER dimerization status may be more important than HER receptor expression per se in determining sensitivity or resistance to a given therapeutic agent. The aim of the study is to develop a FRET assay using dye conjugated secondary antibodies to assess HER receptor dimerization. Using primary antibodies from different species in conjunction with Alexa488 and Alexa546 conjugated secondary antibodies, we validated our EGFR/HER2 dimerization assay in three cell lines, EGFR positive A431 cells as well as HER2 positive breast cell lines BT474 and SKBR3 cells. Finally, we applied our assay to assess EGFR/HER2 dimerization in paraffin embedded cell pellets. Our results show promise for the assay to be applied to tumor samples in order to assess the prognostic significance and predictive value of HER receptor dimerization in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Waterhouse
- Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Group, Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK
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111
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Polanovski OL, Lebedenko EN, Deyev SM. ERBB oncogene proteins as targets for monoclonal antibodies. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:227-45. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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112
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Nurwidya F, Murakami A, Takahashi F, Takahashi K. Molecular mechanisms contributing to resistance to tyrosine kinase-targeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2012; 9:18-22. [PMID: 23691449 PMCID: PMC3643639 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-3941.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most important pathways in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. This pathway affects several crucial processes in tumor development and progression, including tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis regulation, angiogenesis, and metastatic invasion. Targeting EGFR is currently being intensely explored. We are witnessing the development of a number of potential molecular-inhibiting treatments for application in clinical oncology. In the last decade, the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of the EGFR was identified in NSCLC patients, and it has responded very well with a dramatic clinical improvement to TK inhibitors such are gefitinib and erlotinib. Unfortunately, there were primary and/or secondary resistance to these treatments, as shown by clinical trials. Subsequent molecular biology studies provided some explanations for the drug resistance phenomenon. The molecular mechanisms of resistance need to be clarified. An in-depth understanding of these targeted-therapy resistance may help us explore new strategies for overcoming or reversing the resistance to these inhibitors for the future of NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariz Nurwidya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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113
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Abstract
The majority of lung adenocarcinoma patients with epidermal growth factor receptor- (EGFR) mutated or EML4-ALK rearrangement-positive tumors are sensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Both primary and acquired resistance in a significant number of those patients to these therapies remains a major clinical problem. The specific molecular mechanisms associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance are not fully understood. Clinicopathological observations suggest that molecular alterations involving so-called 'driver mutations' could be used as markers that aid in the selection of patients most likely to benefit from targeted therapies. In this review, we summarize recent developments involving the specific molecular mechanisms and markers that have been associated with primary and acquired resistance to EGFR-targeted therapy in lung adenocarcinomas. Understanding these mechanisms may provide new treatment avenues and improve current treatment algorithms.
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114
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Specific and sensitive hydrolysis probe-based real-time PCR detection of epidermal growth factor receptor variant III in oral squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31723. [PMID: 22359620 PMCID: PMC3280998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tumor-specific EGFR deletion mutant, EGFRvIII, is characterised by ligand-independent constitutive signalling. Tumors expressing EGFRvIII are resistant to current EGFR-targeted therapy. The frequency of EGFRvIII in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is disputed and may vary by specific sub-site. The purpose of this study was to measure the occurrence of EGFRvIII mutations in a specific HNSCC subsite, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), using a novel real-time PCR assay. Methodology Pre-treatment Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) cancer specimens from 50 OSCC patients were evaluated for the presence of EGFRvIII using a novel hydrolysis probe-based real-time PCR assay. EGFR protein expression in tumor samples was quantified using fluorescent immunohistochemistry (IHC) and AQUA® technology. Principal findings We detected EGFRvIII in a single OSCC patient in our cohort (2%). We confirmed the validity of our detection technique in an independent cohort of glioblastoma patients. We also compared the sensitivity and specificity of our novel real-time EGFRvIII detection assay to conventional RT-PCR and direct sequencing. Our assay can specifically detect EGFRvIII and can discriminate against wild-type EGFR in FFPE tumor samples. AQUAnalysis® revealed that the presence of EGFRvIII transcript is associated with very high EGFR protein expression (98th percentile). Contrary to previous reports, only 44% of OSCC over-expressed EGFR in our study. Conclusion and Significance Our results suggest that the EGFRvIII mutation is rare in OSCC and corroborate previous reports of EGFRvIII expression only in tumors with extreme over-expression of EGFR. We conclude that EGFRvIII-specific therapies may not be ideally suited as first-line treatment in OSCC. Furthermore, highly specific and sensitive methods, such as the real-time RT-PCR assay and AQUAnalysis® described here, will provide accurate assessment of EGFR mutation frequency and EGFR expression, and will facilitate the selection of optimal tailored therapies for OSCC patients.
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115
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Soini Y. Tight junctions in lung cancer and lung metastasis: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2012; 5:126-136. [PMID: 22400072 PMCID: PMC3294225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions are structures located in the apicobasal region of the cell membranes. They regulate paracellular solute and electrical permeability of cell layers. Additionally, they influence cellular polarity, form a paracellular fence to molecules and pathogens and divide the cell membranes to apical and lateral compartments. Tight junctions adhere to the corresponding ones of neighbouring cells and by this way also mediate attachment of the cells to one other. Molecules forming the membranous part of tight junctions include occludin, claudins, tricellulin and junctional adhesion molecules. These molecules are attached to scaffolding proteins such as ZO-1, ZO-2 and ZO-3 through which signals are mediated to the cell interior. Expression of tight junction proteins, such as claudins, may be up- or downregulated in cancer and they are involved in EMT thus influencing tumor spread. Like in tumors of other sites, lung tumors show changes in the expression in tight junction proteins. In this review the significance of tight junctions and its proteins in lung cancer is discussed with a focus on the proteins forming the membranous part of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylermi Soini
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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116
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Kuo PL, Huang MS, Cheng DE, Hung JY, Yang CJ, Chou SH. Lung cancer-derived galectin-1 enhances tumorigenic potentiation of tumor-associated dendritic cells by expressing heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:9753-9764. [PMID: 22291012 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.321190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between cancer cells and their microenvironment is a vicious cycle that enhances the survival and progression of cancer, resulting in metastasis. This study is the first to indicate that lung cancer-derived galectin-1 secretion is responsible for stimulating tumor-associated dendritic cells (TADCs) production of mature heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), which, in turn, increases cancer progression. Treatment of galectin-1, present in large amounts in lung cancer conditioned medium and lung cancer patient sera, mimicked the inductive effect of lung cancer conditioned medium on the expression and ectodomain shedding of HB-EGF by TNFα-converting enzyme/a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 9 (ADAM9) and ADAM17. Significant up-regulation of HB-EGF has been seen in tumor-infiltrating CD11c(+) dendritic cells in human lung cancer samples. Active cleavage of HB-EGF in TADCs by ADAM9 and ADAM17 is associated with increased protein kinase C δ and Lyn signaling. Enhancement of HB-EGF production in TADCs increased the proliferation, migration, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition abilities of lung cancer. In contrast, inhibiting HB-EGF by siRNA suppressed TADC-mediated cancer progression. Moreover, mice injected with galectin-1 knockdown Lewis lung carcinoma showed decreased expression and ectodomain shedding of HB-EGF and reduced incidence of cancer development, resulting in increased survival rates. We demonstrate here for the first time that human and mouse DCs are a source of HB-EGF, an EGFR ligand with tumorigenic properties. Antagonists of the effect of lung cancer-derived galectin-1 on DCs and anti-HB-EGF blocking antibodies could, therefore, have therapeutic potential as antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Lin Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan,; Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Da-En Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, and
| | - Jen-Yu Hung
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan,; Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, and
| | - Chih-Jen Yang
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan,; Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, and
| | - Shah-Hwa Chou
- Department of Chest Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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117
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Evan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK.
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118
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Hoellein A, Pickhard A, von Keitz F, Schoeffmann S, Piontek G, Rudelius M, Baumgart A, Wagenpfeil S, Peschel C, Dechow T, Bier H, Keller U. Aurora kinase inhibition overcomes cetuximab resistance in squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. Oncotarget 2012; 2:599-609. [PMID: 21865609 PMCID: PMC3248211 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (SCCHN) is the sixth leading cause for cancer deaths worldwide. Despite extense knowledge of risk factors and pathogenesis about 50 percent of all patients and essentially every patient with metastatic SCCHN eventually die from this disease. We analyzed the clinical data and performed immunohistochemistry for Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Aurora kinase A (Aurora-A) expression in 180 SCCHN patients. Patients characterized by elevated EGFR and elevated Aurora-A protein expression in tumor tissue represent a risk group with poor disease-free and overall survival (EGFR(low)Aurora-A(low) versus EGFR(high)Aurora-A(high), p = 0.024). Treating SCCHN cell lines with a pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor resulted in defective cytokinesis, polyploidy and apoptosis, which was effective irrespective of the EGFR status. Combined Aurora kinase and EGFR targeting using a monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody was more effective compared to single EGFR and Aurora kinase inhibition. Comparing pan-Aurora kinase and Aurora-A targeting hints towards a strong and clinically relevant biological effect mediated via Aurora kinase B. Taken together, our findings characterize a new poor risk group in SCCHN patients defined by elevated EGFR and Aurora-A protein expression. Our results demonstrate that combined targeting of EGFR and Aurora kinases represents a therapeutic means to activate cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis in SCCHN.
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119
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Synergistic activity of the Hsp90 inhibitor ganetespib with taxanes in non-small cell lung cancer models. Invest New Drugs 2012; 30:2201-9. [PMID: 22227828 PMCID: PMC3484281 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-011-9790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Systemic chemotherapy using two-drug platinum-based regimens for the treatment of advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has largely reached a plateau of effectiveness. Accordingly, efforts to improve survival and quality of life outcomes have more recently focused on the use of molecularly targeted agents, either alone or in combination with standard of care therapies such as taxanes. The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) represents an attractive candidate for therapeutic intervention, as its inhibition results in the simultaneous blockade of multiple oncogenic signaling cascades. Ganetespib is a non-ansamycin inhibitor of Hsp90 currently under clinical evaluation in a number of human malignancies, including NSCLC. Here we show that ganetespib potentiates the cytotoxic activity of the taxanes paclitaxel and docetaxel in NSCLC models. The combination of ganetespib with paclitaxel, docetaxel or another microtubule-targeted agent vincristine resulted in synergistic antiproliferative effects in the H1975 cell line in vitro. These benefits translated to improved efficacy in H1975 xenografts in vivo, with significantly enhanced tumor growth inhibition observed in combination with paclitaxel and tumor regressions seen with docetaxel. Notably, concurrent exposure to ganetespib and docetaxel improved antitumor activity in 5 of 6 NSCLC xenograft models examined. Our data suggest that the improved therapeutic indices are likely to be mechanistically multifactorial, including loss of pro-survival signaling and direct cell cycle effects resulting from Hsp90 modulation by ganetespib. Taken together, these findings provide preclinical evidence for the use of this combination to treat patients with advanced NSCLC.
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120
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Monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:3-13. [PMID: 22245472 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the clinical utility of monoclonal antibodies has been realized and antibodies are now a mainstay for the treatment of cancer. Antibodies have the unique capacity to target and kill tumor cells while simultaneously activating immune effectors to kill tumor cells through the complement cascade or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This multifaceted mechanism of action combined with target specificity underlies the capacity of antibodies to elicit anti-tumor responses while minimizing the frequency and magnitude of adverse events. This review will focus on mechanisms of action, clinical applications and putative mechanisms of resistance to monoclonal antibody therapy in the context of cancer.
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121
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Alternative Splicing of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor IgIII Loops in Cancer. J Nucleic Acids 2011; 2012:950508. [PMID: 22203889 PMCID: PMC3238399 DOI: 10.1155/2012/950508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing
of the IgIII loop of fibroblast growth factor
receptors (FGFRs) 1–3 produces b- and
c-variants of the receptors with distinctly
different biological impact based on their
distinct ligand-binding spectrum. Tissue-specific expression of these splice variants
regulates interactions in embryonic development,
tissue maintenance and repair, and cancer.
Alterations in FGFR2 splicing are involved in
epithelial mesenchymal transition that produces
invasive, metastatic features during tumor
progression.
Recent research has elucidated regulatory factors that determine
the splice choice both on the level of exogenous signaling events
and on the RNA-protein interaction level. Moreover, methodology
has been developed that will enable the in depth analysis of
splicing events during tumorigenesis and provide further insight on
the role of FGFR 1–3 IIIb and IIIc in the pathophysiology of
various malignancies. This paper aims to summarize expression
patterns in various tumor types and outlines possibilities for
further analysis and application.
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Galan-Moya EM, de la Cruz-Morcillo MA, Valero ML, Callejas-Valera JL, Melgar-Rojas P, Losa JH, Salcedo M, Fernández-Aramburo A, Cajal SRY, Sánchez-Prieto R. Balance between MKK6 and MKK3 mediates p38 MAPK associated resistance to cisplatin in NSCLC. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28406. [PMID: 22164285 PMCID: PMC3229586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 MAPK signaling pathway has been proposed as a critical mediator of the therapeutic effect of several antitumor agents, including cisplatin. Here, we found that sensitivity to cisplatin, in a system of 7 non-small cell lung carcinoma derived cell lines, correlated with high levels of MKK6 and marked activation of p38 MAPK. However, knockdown of MKK6 modified neither the response to cisplatin nor the activation of p38 MAPK. Deeper studies showed that resistant cell lines also displayed higher basal levels of MKK3. Interestingly, MKK3 knockdown significantly decreased p38 phosphorylation upon cisplatin exposure and consequently reduced the response to the drug. Indeed, cisplatin poorly activated MKK3 in resistant cells, while in sensitive cell lines MKK3 showed the opposite pattern in response to the drug. Our data also demonstrate that the low levels of MKK6 expressed in resistant cell lines are the consequence of high basal activity of p38 MAPK mediated by the elevated levels of MKK3. This finding supports the existence of a regulatory mechanism between both MAPK kinases through their MAPK. Furthermore, our results were also mirrored in head and neck carcinoma derived cell lines, suggesting our observations boast a potential universal characteristic in cancer resistance of cisplatin. Altogether, our work provides evidence that MKK3 is the major determinant of p38 MAPK activation in response to cisplatin and, hence, the resistance associated with this MAPK. Therefore, these data suggest that the balance between both MKK3 and MKK6 could be a novel mechanism which explains the cellular response to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Galan-Moya
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, PCYTA/ UCLM, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Maria Llanos Valero
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, PCYTA/ UCLM, Albacete, Spain
| | - Juan L. Callejas-Valera
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, PCYTA/ UCLM, Albacete, Spain
| | - Pedro Melgar-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, PCYTA/ UCLM, Albacete, Spain
| | - Javier Hernadez Losa
- Pathology Department, Fundació Institut de Recerca Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mayte Salcedo
- Pathology Department, Fundació Institut de Recerca Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Aramburo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, PCYTA/ UCLM, Albacete, Spain
- Servicio de Oncología CHUA, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Sánchez-Prieto
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, PCYTA/ UCLM, Albacete, Spain
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123
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Blagosklonny MV. Molecular damage in cancer: an argument for mTOR-driven aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:1130-41. [PMID: 22246147 PMCID: PMC3273893 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite common belief, accumulation of molecular damage does not play a key role in aging. Still, cancer (an age-related disease) is initiated by molecular damage. Cancer and aging share a lot in common including the activation of the TOR pathway. But the role of molecular damage distinguishes cancer and aging. Furthermore, an analysis of the role of both damage and aging in cancer argues against "a decline, caused by accumulation of molecular damage" as a cause of aging. I also discuss how random molecular damage, via rounds of multiplication and selection, brings about non-random hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Blagosklonny
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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124
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Hannemann J, Meyer-Staeckling S, Kemming D, Alpers I, Joosse SA, Pospisil H, Kurtz S, Görndt J, Püschel K, Riethdorf S, Pantel K, Brandt B. Quantitative high-resolution genomic analysis of single cancer cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26362. [PMID: 22140428 PMCID: PMC3227572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During cancer progression, specific genomic aberrations arise that can determine the scope of the disease and can be used as predictive or prognostic markers. The detection of specific gene amplifications or deletions in single blood-borne or disseminated tumour cells that may give rise to the development of metastases is of great clinical interest but technically challenging. In this study, we present a method for quantitative high-resolution genomic analysis of single cells. Cells were isolated under permanent microscopic control followed by high-fidelity whole genome amplification and subsequent analyses by fine tiling array-CGH and qPCR. The assay was applied to single breast cancer cells to analyze the chromosomal region centred by the therapeutical relevant EGFR gene. This method allows precise quantitative analysis of copy number variations in single cell diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Hannemann
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Meyer-Staeckling
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Kemming
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iris Alpers
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon A. Joosse
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heike Pospisil
- Center for Bioinformatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Bioinformatics, University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Stefan Kurtz
- Center for Bioinformatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Görndt
- Department of Legal Medicine, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Püschel
- Department of Legal Medicine, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Riethdorf
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Brandt
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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125
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Leontieva OV, Blagosklonny MV. Yeast-like chronological senescence in mammalian cells: phenomenon, mechanism and pharmacological suppression. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:1078-1091. [PMID: 22156391 PMCID: PMC3249453 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In yeast, chronological senescence (CS) is defined as loss of viability in stationary culture. Although its relevance to the organismal aging remained unclear, yeast CS was one of the most fruitful models in aging research. Here we described a mammalian replica of yeast CS: loss of viability of overgrown "yellow" cancer cell culture. In a density and time (chronological)-dependent manner, cell culture loses the ability to re-grow in fresh medium. Rapamycin dramatically decelerated CS. Loss of viability was caused by acidification of the medium by lactic acid (lactate). Rapamycin decreased production of lactate, making conditioned medium (CM) less deadly. Both deadly CM and lactate caused loss of viability in low cell density, not preventable by either rapamycin or additional glucose. Also, NAC, LY294002, U0126, GSK733, which all indirectly inhibit mTOR and have been shown to suppress the senescent phenotype in traditional models of mammalian cell senescence, also decreased lactate production and decelerated CS. We discuss that although CS does not mimic organismal aging, the same signal transduction pathways that drive CS also drive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Leontieva
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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126
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Bulman W, Saqi A, Powell CA. Acquisition and processing of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration specimens in the era of targeted lung cancer chemotherapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 185:606-11. [PMID: 22071327 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201107-1199ci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in therapy for non-small cell lung carcinoma have shown that a personalized approach to treatment has the potential to significantly reduce lung cancer mortality. Concurrently, endoscopic ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration has emerged as an accurate and sensitive tool for the diagnosis and staging of this disease. As knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that drive lung cancer progression increases, the amount of information that must be derived from a tumor specimen will also increase. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that small specimens acquired by endoscopic ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration are sufficient for molecular testing if specimen acquisition and processing are done with these needs in mind. Optimum use of this procedure requires a coordinated effort between the bronchoscopist and the cytopathologist to collect and triage specimens for diagnostic testing. When feasible, rapid onsite evaluation should be performed to assess the specimen for both diagnostic quality and quantity and to allocate the specimen for cell-block and possible immunohistochemistry and molecular studies. It is necessary for pulmonologists and bronchoscopists to understand the rationale for histologic and molecular testing of lung cancer diagnostic specimens and to ensure that specimens are acquired and processed in a fashion that provides information from small cytologic specimens that is sufficient to guide treatment in this era of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bulman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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127
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Li C, Sun SY, Khuri FR, Li R. Pleiotropic functions of EAPII/TTRAP/TDP2: cancer development, chemoresistance and beyond. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:3274-83. [PMID: 21926483 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.19.17763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
EAPII (also called TTRAP, TDP2), a protein identified a decade ago, has recently been shown to function as an oncogenic factor. This protein was also proven to be the first 5'- tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase. EAPII has been demonstrated to have promiscuous protein associations, broad responsiveness to various extracellular signals, and pleiotropic functions in the development of human diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative disease. Emerging data suggest that EAPII is a multi-functional protein: EAPII repairs enzyme (topoisomerase)-mediated DNA damage by removing phosphotyrosine from DNA adducts; EAPII is involved in multiple signal transduction pathways such as TNF-TNFR, TGFβ and MAPK, and EAPII is responsive to immune defense, inflammatory response, virus infection and DNA toxins (chemo or radiation therapy). This review focuses on the current understanding of EAPII biology and its potential relations to many aspects of cancer development, including chromosome instability, tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis and chemoresistance, suggesting it as a potential target for intervention in cancer and other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Li
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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128
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Weisberg E, Ray A, Nelson E, Adamia S, Barrett R, Sattler M, Zhang C, Daley JF, Frank D, Fox E, Griffin JD. Reversible resistance induced by FLT3 inhibition: a novel resistance mechanism in mutant FLT3-expressing cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25351. [PMID: 21980431 PMCID: PMC3182213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Clinical responses achieved with FLT3 kinase inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are typically transient and partial. Thus, there is a need for identification of molecular mechanisms of clinical resistance to these drugs. In response, we characterized MOLM13 AML cell lines made resistant to two structurally-independent FLT3 inhibitors. Methods MOLM13 cells were made drug resistant via prolonged exposure to midostaurin and HG-7-85-01, respectively. Cell proliferation was determined by Trypan blue exclusion. Protein expression was assessed by immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and flow cytometry. Cycloheximide was used to determine protein half-life. RT-PCR was performed to determine FLT3 mRNA levels, and FISH analysis was performed to determine FLT3 gene expression. Results and Conclusions We found that MOLM13 cells readily developed cross-resistance when exposed to either midostaurin or HG-7-85-01. Resistance in both lines was associated with dramatically elevated levels of cell surface FLT3 and elevated levels of phosphor-MAPK, but not phospho-STAT5. The increase in FLT3-ITD expression was at least in part due to reduced turnover of the receptor, with prolonged half-life. Importantly, the drug-resistant phenotype could be rapidly reversed upon withdrawal of either inhibitor. Consistent with this phenotype, no significant evidence of FLT3 gene amplification, kinase domain mutations, or elevated levels of mRNA was observed, suggesting that protein turnover may be part of an auto-regulatory pathway initiated by FLT3 kinase activity. Interestingly, FLT3 inhibitor resistance also correlated with resistance to cytosine arabinoside. Over-expression of FLT3 protein in response to kinase inhibitors may be part of a novel mechanism that could contribute to clinical resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Enzyme Stability/drug effects
- Enzyme Stability/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Half-Life
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mutation
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Phosphorylation/genetics
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Staurosporine/analogs & derivatives
- Staurosporine/pharmacology
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/chemistry
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Weisberg
- Department of Medical Oncology/Hematologic Neoplasia, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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129
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Halmos B, Powell CA. Update in lung cancer and oncological disorders 2010. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:297-302. [PMID: 21804121 PMCID: PMC3175537 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201103-0370up] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles A. Powell
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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130
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Abstract
Tight junctions are the most apically localized part of the epithelial junctional complex. They regulate the permeability and polarity of cell layers and create compartments in cell membranes. Claudins are structural molecules of tight junctions. There are 27 claudins known, and expression of different claudins is responsible for changes in the electrolyte and solute permeability in cells layers. Studies have shown that claudins and tight junctions also protect multicellular organisms from infections and that some infectious agents may use claudins as targets to invade and weaken the host's defense. In neoplastic diseases, claudin expression may be up- or downregulated. Since their expression is associated with specific tumor types or with specific locations of tumors to a certain degree, they can, in a restricted sense, also be used as tumor markers. However, the regulation of claudin expression is complex involving growth factors and integrins, protein kinases, proto-oncogens and transcription factors. In this review, the significance of claudins is discussed in lung disease and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylermi Soini
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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131
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Dienstmann R, Martinez P, Felip E. Personalizing therapy with targeted agents in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2011; 2:165-77. [PMID: 21444946 PMCID: PMC3260814 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 6 years, since the first reports of an association between somatic mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exons 19 and 21 and response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has changed dramatically. Based on laboratory and clinical observations, investigators have anticipated that these mutations could be predictive of response to EGFR TKIs and numerous studies have confirmed that the presence of mutation was associated with longer survival in patients receiving targeted therapy. Prospective trials comparing standard platinum-based chemotherapy with EGFR TKIs in patients with and without activating EGFR mutations validated the predictive value of molecular selection of patients for first-line treatment of advanced NSCLC. Recently, preclinical and first-in-human studies have demonstrated impressive activity of ALK TKI in tumors harboring ALK rearrangement. In this article, we review current data on molecular biology of lung cancer and evidence-based patient selection for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Dienstmann
- Molecular Therapeutic Research Unit, Medical Oncology Service, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona
| | - Pablo Martinez
- Thoracic Neoplasms Unit, Medical Oncology Service, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enriqueta Felip
- Thoracic Neoplasms Unit, Medical Oncology Service, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
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