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Melchior L, Grauslund M, Bellosillo B, Montagut C, Torres E, Moragón E, Micalessi I, Frans J, Noten V, Bourgain C, Vriesema R, van der Geize R, Cokelaere K, Vercooren N, Crul K, Rüdiger T, Buchmüller D, Reijans M, Jans C. Multi-center evaluation of the novel fully-automated PCR-based Idylla™ BRAF Mutation Test on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue of malignant melanoma. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:485-91. [PMID: 26407762 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The advent of BRAF-targeted therapies led to increased survival in patients with metastatic melanomas harboring a BRAF V600 mutation (implicated in 46-48% of malignant melanomas). The Idylla(™) System (Idylla(™)), i.e., the real-time-PCR-based Idylla(™) BRAF Mutation Test performed on the fully-automated Idylla(™) platform, enables detection of the most frequent BRAF V600 mutations (V600E/E2/D, V600K/R/M) in tumor material within approximately 90 min and with 1% detection limit. Idylla(™) performance was determined in a multi-center study by analyzing BRAF mutational status of 148 archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor samples from malignant melanoma patients, and comparing Idylla(™) results with assessments made by commercial or in-house routine diagnostic methods. Of the 148 samples analyzed, Idylla(™) initially recorded 7 insufficient DNA input calls and 15 results discordant with routine method results. Further analysis learned that the quality of 8 samples was insufficient for Idylla(™) testing, 1 sample had an invalid routine test result, and Idylla(™) results were confirmed in 10 samples. Hence, Idylla(™) identified all mutations present, including 7 not identified by routine methods. Idylla(™) enables fully automated BRAF V600 testing directly on FFPE tumor tissue with increased sensitivity, ease-of-use, and much shorter turnaround time compared to existing diagnostic tests, making it a tool for rapid, simple and highly reliable analysis of therapeutically relevant BRAF mutations, in particular for diagnostic units without molecular expertise and infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linea Melchior
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Grauslund
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Erica Torres
- Pathology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Moragón
- Pathology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Micalessi
- Department Clinical Biology, Imelda Hospital, Bonheiden, Belgium
| | - Johan Frans
- Department Clinical Biology, Imelda Hospital, Bonheiden, Belgium
| | - Veerle Noten
- Department Anatomic Pathology, Imelda Hospital, Bonheiden, Belgium
| | - Claire Bourgain
- Department Anatomic Pathology, Imelda Hospital, Bonheiden, Belgium
| | - Renske Vriesema
- Unit Molecular Pathology, Laboratorium Pathologie Oost-Nederland, Hengelo, The Netherlands
| | - Robert van der Geize
- Unit Molecular Pathology, Laboratorium Pathologie Oost-Nederland, Hengelo, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Katrien Crul
- Pathology Department, Jan Yperman Hospital, Ieper, Belgium
| | - Thomas Rüdiger
- Pathology Department, Städtischen Klinikum Karlsruhe, Germany
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102
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Goodwin CR, Sankey EW, Liu A, Elder BD, Kosztowski T, Lo SFL, Fisher CG, Clarke MJ, Gokaslan ZL, Sciubba DM. A systematic review of clinical outcomes for patients diagnosed with skin cancer spinal metastases. J Neurosurg Spine 2015; 24:837-49. [PMID: 26544595 DOI: 10.3171/2015.4.spine15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Surgical procedures and/or adjuvant therapies are effective modalities for the treatment of symptomatic spinal metastases. However, clinical results specific to the skin cancer spinal metastasis cohort are generally lacking. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature for treatments, clinical outcomes, and survival following the diagnosis of a skin cancer spinal metastasis and evaluate prognostic factors in the context of spinal skin cancer metastases stratified by tumor subtype. METHODS The authors performed a literature review using PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science to identify articles since 1950 that reported survival, clinical outcomes, and/or prognostic factors for the skin cancer patient population with spinal metastases. The methodological quality of reviews was assessed using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) tool. RESULTS Sixty-five studies met the preset criteria and were included in the analysis. Of these studies, a total of 25, 40, 25, and 12 studies included patients who underwent some form of surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or observation alone, respectively. Sixty-three of the 65 included studies were retrospective in nature (Class of Evidence [CoE] IV), and the 2 prospective studies were CoE II. Based on the studies analyzed, the median overall survival for a patient with a spinal metastasis from a primary skin malignancy is 4.0 months; survival by tumor subtype is 12.5 months for patients with basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 4.0 months for those with melanoma, 4.0 months for those with squamous cell carcinoma, 3.0 months for those with pilomatrix carcinoma, and 1.5 months for those with Merkel cell carcinoma (p < 0.0001). The overall percentage of known continued disease progression after spine metastasis diagnosis was 40.1% (n = 244/608, range 25.0%-88.9%), the rate of known recurrence of the primary skin cancer lesion was 3.5% (n = 21/608, range 0.2%-100.0%), and the rate of known spine metastasis recurrence despite treatment for all skin malignancies was 2.8% (n = 17/608, range 0.0%-33.3%). Age greater than 65 years, sacral spinal involvement, presence of a neurological deficit, and nonambulatory status were associated with decreased survival in patients diagnosed with a primary skin cancer spinal metastasis. All other clinical or prognostic parameters were of low or insufficient strength. CONCLUSIONS Patients diagnosed with a primary skin cancer metastasis to the spine have poor overall survival with the exception of those with BCC. The median duration of survival for patients who received surgical intervention alone, medical management (chemotherapy and/or radiation) alone, or the combination of therapies was similar across interventions. Age, spinal region, and neurological status may be associated with poor survival following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rory Goodwin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric W Sankey
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ann Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Benjamin D Elder
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas Kosztowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sheng-Fu L Lo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles G Fisher
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | | | - Ziya L Gokaslan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel M Sciubba
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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103
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Muñoz-Couselo E, García JS, Pérez-García JM, Cebrián VO, Castán JC. Recent advances in the treatment of melanoma with BRAF and MEK inhibitors. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:207. [PMID: 26488003 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.05.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway with either BRAF or MEK inhibition has emerged as the key component for the treatment of BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma. New evidence from several phase III trials suggests that the combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors improves tumor response rate and progression-free survival (PFS). Some of the serious adverse events, in particular, the incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma seen with the monotherapy treatment with a BRAF inhibitor are attenuated with combination therapy, whereas milder side effects such as pyrexia can be more common with combination therapy. Although dose reductions and dose interruptions are slightly more common with combination therapy, overall data supports the notion that combination therapy is safe and improves the outcomes for metastatic melanoma patients compared to single agent BRAF inhibitors.
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104
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New Anti-Nodal Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting the Nodal Pre-Helix Loop Involved in Cripto-1 Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:21342-62. [PMID: 26370966 PMCID: PMC4613256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160921342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodal is a potent embryonic morphogen belonging to the TGF-β superfamily. Typically, it also binds to the ALK4/ActRIIB receptor complex in the presence of the co-receptor Cripto-1. Nodal expression is physiologically restricted to embryonic tissues and human embryonic stem cells, is absent in normal cells but re-emerges in several human cancers, including melanoma, breast, and colon cancer. Our aim was to obtain mAbs able to recognize Nodal on a major CBR (Cripto-Binding-Region) site and to block the Cripto-1-mediated signalling. To achieve this, antibodies were raised against hNodal(44-67) and mAbs generated by the hybridoma technology. We have selected one mAb, named 3D1, which strongly associates with full-length rhNodal (KD 1.4 nM) and recognizes the endogenous protein in a panel of human melanoma cell lines by western blot and FACS analyses. 3D1 inhibits the Nodal-Cripto-1 binding and blocks Smad2/3 phosphorylation. Data suggest that inhibition of the Nodal-Cripto-1 axis is a valid therapeutic approach against melanoma and 3D1 is a promising and interesting agent for blocking Nodal-Cripto mediated tumor development. These findings increase the interest for Nodal as both a diagnostic and prognostic marker and as a potential new target for therapeutic intervention.
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105
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Li H, Li G, Liu L, Guo Z, Ma X, Cao N, Lin H, Han G, Duan Y, Du G. Tumor interstitial fluid promotes malignant phenotypes of lung cancer independently of angiogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:1120-9. [PMID: 26342025 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is necessary for cancer progression, but antiangiogenic therapy actually promotes tumor recurrence, progression, and metastasis. This study focused on the contribution of the tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) to lung cancer progression. TIF was isolated and quantified for 10 μg protein/mL. Malignant driver characteristics of TIF were examined by tumor-initiating cells (TIC), self-renewal, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), autophagy, and apoptosis in vitro. In vivo tumor model was used to investigate the mechanistic roles of TIF in lung cancer progression. In vitro, TIF exhibited distinct malignant driver characteristics, which led to increased numbers of TICs, increased self-renewal and EMT, as well as to decreased autophagy and apoptosis under cell starvation conditions. In vivo, the contribution of TIF was similar, as judged by increased TICs indicated by the cancer stem cell marker Nanog, the proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and the EMT marker N-cadherin; TIF also increased the formation of pulmonary tumors. Interestingly, the blockers of inflammation, Na-K-ATPase, and aldosterone receptor decreased TIF-induced tumor progression but increased angiogenesis. Further, we found that the water content of the tissue was positively correlated with the levels of plasma 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid or tissue aquaporin-1 but not with CD31. However, vadimezan reduced angiogenesis but promoted TIF-induced tumor progression. Our results suggested that TIF could provide better nutrition to the tumor than angiogenesis and that it could promote the development of malignant phenotypes of lung cancer independently of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Ganggang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Linxin Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhenzhen Guo
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaofang Ma
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Ning Cao
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Haihong Lin
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Guang Han
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Yongjian Duan
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China.
| | - Gangjun Du
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China.
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106
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Eckert RL, Fisher ML, Grun D, Adhikary G, Xu W, Kerr C. Transglutaminase is a tumor cell and cancer stem cell survival factor. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54:947-58. [PMID: 26258961 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that cancer cells express elevated levels of type II transglutaminase (TG2), and that expression is further highly enriched in cancer stem cells derived from these cancers. Moreover, elevated TG2 expression is associated with enhanced cancer stem cell marker expression, survival signaling, proliferation, migration, invasion, integrin-mediated adhesion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and drug resistance. TG2 expression is also associated with formation of aggressive and metastatic tumors that are resistant to conventional therapeutic intervention. This review summarizes the role of TG2 as a cancer cell survival factor in a range of tumor types, and as a target for preventive and therapeutic intervention. The literature supports the idea that TG2, in the closed/GTP-binding/signaling conformation, drives cancer cell and cancer stem cell survival, and that TG2, in the open/crosslinking conformation, is associated with cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew L Fisher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dan Grun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Candace Kerr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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107
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Hernandez-Davies JE, Tran TQ, Reid MA, Rosales KR, Lowman XH, Pan M, Moriceau G, Yang Y, Wu J, Lo RS, Kong M. Vemurafenib resistance reprograms melanoma cells towards glutamine dependence. J Transl Med 2015; 13:210. [PMID: 26139106 PMCID: PMC4490757 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0581-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background V600BRAF mutations drive approximately 50% of metastatic melanoma which can be therapeutically targeted by BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) and, based on resistance mechanisms, the combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors (BRAFi + MEKi). Although the combination therapy has been shown to provide superior clinical benefits, acquired resistance is still prevalent and limits the overall survival benefits. Recent work has shown that oncogenic changes can lead to alterations in tumor cell metabolism rendering cells addicted to nutrients, such as the amino acid glutamine. Here, we evaluated whether melanoma cells with acquired resistance display glutamine dependence and whether glutamine metabolism can be a potential molecular target to treat resistant cells. Methods Isogenic BRAFi sensitive parental V600BRAF mutant melanoma cell lines and resistant (derived by chronic treatment with vemurafenib) sub-lines were used to assess differences in the glutamine uptake and sensitivity to glutamine deprivation. To evaluate a broader range of resistance mechanisms, isogenic pairs where the sub-lines were resistant to BRAFi + MEKi were also studied. Since resistant cells demonstrated increased sensitivity to glutamine deficiency, we used glutaminase inhibitors BPTES [bis-2-(5 phenylacetamido-1, 2, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl) ethyl sulfide] and L–L-DON (6-Diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine) to treat MAPK pathway inhibitor (MAPKi) resistant cell populations both in vitro and in vivo. Results We demonstrated that MAPKi-acquired resistant cells uptook greater amounts of glutamine and have increased sensitivity to glutamine deprivation than their MAPKi-sensitive counterparts. In addition, it was found that both BPTES and L-DON were more effective at decreasing cell survival of MAPKi-resistant sub-lines than parental cell populations in vitro. We also showed that mutant NRAS was critical for glutamine addiction in mutant NRAS driven resistance. When tested in vivo, we found that xenografts derived from resistant cells were more sensitive to BPTES or L-DON treatment than those derived from parental cells. Conclusion Our study is a proof-of-concept for the potential of targeting glutamine metabolism as an alternative strategy to suppress acquired MAPKi-resistance in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny E Hernandez-Davies
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Thai Q Tran
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Michael A Reid
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Kimberly R Rosales
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Xazmin H Lowman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Gatien Moriceau
- Division of Dermatology/Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662, USA. .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662, USA.
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Jun Wu
- Animal Tumor Model Program, Division of Comparative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Roger S Lo
- Division of Dermatology/Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662, USA. .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662, USA.
| | - Mei Kong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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108
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Zota VE, Magliocco AM. Molecular Technologies in the Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory. Cancer Control 2015; 22:142-51. [PMID: 26068758 DOI: 10.1177/107327481502200204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New technologies for molecular analysis are increasing our ability to diagnose cancer. METHODS Several molecular analysis technologies are reviewed and their use in the clinical laboratory is discussed. RESULTS Select key technologies, including polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing, are helping transform our ability to analyze cancer specimens. As these technological advances become more and more incorporated into routine diagnostic testing, our classification systems are likely to be impacted and our approach to treatment transformed. The routine use of such technology also brings challenges for analysis and reimbursement. CONCLUSION These advances in technology will change the way we diagnose, monitor, and treat patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor E Zota
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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109
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BRAF inhibitors: the current and the future. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 23:68-73. [PMID: 26072431 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi), vemurafenib and dabrafenib, revolutionized BRAFV600-mutated metastatic melanoma treatment with improved response rate and overall survival compared to standard chemotherapy. However, the mechanism related cutaneous toxicity remains a concern. In addition, intrinsic and acquired resistance remain the key challenges in BRAFi therapy. Extensive efforts to elucidate the mechanisms have led to an improved understanding of disease biology and resulted in exploration of multiple new therapeutic options. While the future looks bright with multiple new therapeutic strategies in exploration and possible new generations of BRAFi, there are questions remaining to be answered to enable more efficient use of BRAFi in cancer therapy.
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110
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Lugini L, Federici C, Borghi M, Azzarito T, Marino ML, Cesolini A, Spugnini EP, Fais S. Proton pump inhibitors while belonging to the same family of generic drugs show different anti-tumor effect. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:538-45. [PMID: 26018420 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1046062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Tumor acidity represents a major cause of chemoresistance. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can neutralize tumor acidity, sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapy. OBJECTIVE To compare the anti-tumor efficacy of different PPIs in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro experiments PPIs anti-tumor efficacy in terms of cell proliferation and cell death/apoptosis/necrosis evaluation were performed. In vivo PPIs efficacy experiments were carried out using melanoma xenograft model in SCID mice. RESULTS Lansoprazole showed higher anti-tumor effect when compared to the other PPIs. The lansoprazole effect lasted even upon drug removal from the cell culture medium and it was independent from the lipophilicity of the PPIs formulation. DISCUSSION These PPIs have shown different anti-tumoral efficacy, and the most effective at low dose was lansoprazole. CONCLUSION The possibility to contrast tumor acidity by off-label using PPIs opens a new field of oncology investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Lugini
- a Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation
| | | | - Martina Borghi
- b Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediate Diseases , and
| | | | | | - Albino Cesolini
- c Department of Ematology, Oncology and Molecular Biology , National Institute of Health , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Stefano Fais
- a Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation
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111
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Sullivan R, LoRusso P, Boerner S, Dummer R. Achievements and challenges of molecular targeted therapy in melanoma. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2015:177-186. [PMID: 25993155 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2015.35.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of melanoma has been revolutionized over the past decade with the development of effective molecular and immune targeted therapies. The great majority of patients with melanoma have mutations in oncogenes that predominantly drive signaling through the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Analytic tools have been developed that can effectively stratify patients into molecular subsets based on the identification of mutations in oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes that drive the MAPK pathway. At the same time, potent and selective inhibitors of mediators of the MAPK pathway such as RAF, MEK, and ERK have become available. The most dramatic example is the development of single-agent inhibitors of BRAF (vemurafenib, dabrafenib, encorafenib) and MEK (trametinib, cobimetinib, binimetinib) for patients with metastatic BRAFV600-mutant melanoma, a subset that represents 40% to 50% of patients with metastatic melanoma. More recently, the elucidation of mechanisms underlying resistance to single-agent BRAF inhibitor therapy led to a second generation of trials that demonstrated the superiority of BRAF inhibitor/MEK inhibitor combinations (dabrafenib/trametinib; vemurafenib/cobimetinib) compared to single-agent BRAF inhibitors. Moving beyond BRAFV600 targeting, a number of other molecular subsets--such as mutations in MEK, NRAS, and non-V600 BRAF and loss of function of the tumor suppressor neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1)--are predicted to respond to MAPK pathway targeting by single-agent pan-RAF, MEK, or ERK inhibitors. As these strategies are being tested in clinical trials, preclinical and early clinical trial data are now emerging about which combinatorial approaches might be best for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sullivan
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA; Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Yale University, New Haven, CT; University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia LoRusso
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA; Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Yale University, New Haven, CT; University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Scott Boerner
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA; Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Yale University, New Haven, CT; University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA; Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT; Yale University, New Haven, CT; University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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