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Babur BK, Ghanavi P, Levett P, Lott WB, Klein T, Cooper-White JJ, Crawford R, Doran MR. The interplay between chondrocyte redifferentiation pellet size and oxygen concentration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58865. [PMID: 23554943 PMCID: PMC3598946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes dedifferentiate during ex vivo expansion on 2-dimensional surfaces. Aggregation of the expanded cells into 3-dimensional pellets, in the presence of induction factors, facilitates their redifferentiation and restoration of the chondrogenic phenotype. Typically 1×10(5)-5×10(5) chondrocytes are aggregated, resulting in "macro" pellets having diameters ranging from 1-2 mm. These macropellets are commonly used to study redifferentiation, and recently macropellets of autologous chondrocytes have been implanted directly into articular cartilage defects to facilitate their repair. However, diffusion of metabolites over the 1-2 mm pellet length-scales is inefficient, resulting in radial tissue heterogeneity. Herein we demonstrate that the aggregation of 2×10(5) human chondrocytes into micropellets of 166 cells each, rather than into larger single macropellets, enhances chondrogenic redifferentiation. In this study, we describe the development of a cost effective fabrication strategy to manufacture a microwell surface for the large-scale production of micropellets. The thousands of micropellets were manufactured using the microwell platform, which is an array of 360×360 µm microwells cast into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), that has been surface modified with an electrostatic multilayer of hyaluronic acid and chitosan to enhance micropellet formation. Such surface modification was essential to prevent chondrocyte spreading on the PDMS. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) production and collagen II gene expression in chondrocyte micropellets increased significantly relative to macropellet controls, and redifferentiation was enhanced in both macro and micropellets with the provision of a hypoxic atmosphere (2% O2). Once micropellet formation had been optimized, we demonstrated that micropellets could be assembled into larger cartilage tissues. Our results indicate that micropellet amalgamation efficiency is inversely related to the time cultured as discreet microtissues. In summary, we describe a micropellet production platform that represents an efficient tool for studying chondrocyte redifferentiation and demonstrate that the micropellets could be assembled into larger tissues, potentially useful in cartilage defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Kul Babur
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Parisa Ghanavi
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Levett
- Medical Device Domain, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - William B. Lott
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Travis Klein
- Medical Device Domain, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Justin J. Cooper-White
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ross Crawford
- Medical Device Domain, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael R. Doran
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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102
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Choudhery MS, Badowski M, Muise A, Harris DT. Comparison of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose and cord tissue. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:330-43. [PMID: 23318344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Stem cell therapies can provide an alternative approach for repair and regeneration of tissues and organs. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for cell-based therapies. Although bone marrow-derived MSCs have multi-lineage differentiation potential, bone marrow is not an optimal source because of the isolation process and low yield. The goal of this study was to investigate comparatively for the first time the in vitro regenerative potential of human MSCs from two other sources: umbilical cord tissue and adipose tissue. METHODS Cells from each tissue were isolated with 100% efficiency and characterized by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis for CD3, CD14, CD19, CD34, CD44, CD45, CD73, CD90 and CD105. Growth characteristics were investigated by population doublings, saturation density and plating efficiency. MSCs derived from both types of tissues were assessed for differentiation potential qualitatively and quantitatively. RESULTS FACS analysis showed no differences in expression of CD3, CD14, CD19, CD34, CD44, CD45, CD73, CD90 and CD105 between cord tissue MSCs (CT-MSCs) and adipose tissue MSCs (AT-MSCs). CT-MSCs showed more proliferative potential than AT-MSCs. When cultured in low numbers to determine colony-forming units (CFUs), CT-MSCs showed less CFUs than AT-MSCs. Cells from both sources efficiently differentiated into adipose, bone, cartilage and neuronal structures as determined with histochemistry, immunofluorescence and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS MSCs can easily be obtained from umbilical cord and adipose tissues, and it appears that both tissues are suitable sources of stem cells for potential use in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Saba Choudhery
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, The Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Zhang S, Espandar L, Imhof KMP, Bunnell BA. Differentiation of Human Adipose-derived Stem Cells along the Keratocyte Lineage In vitro.. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4. [PMID: 23936748 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9570.1000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) to the keratocyte lineage by co-culture with primary keratocytes in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS A co-culture system using transwell inserts to grow hASCs on bottom and keratocytes on top in keratocyte differentiating medium (KDM) was developed. hASCs that were cultured in complete culture medium (CCM) and KDM were used as control. After 16 days, hASCs were examined for morphologic changes and proliferation by cell count. qRT-PCR and flow cytometry were used to detect the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family, member A1 (ALDH3A1) and keratocan. RESULTS hASCs became more dendritic and elongated in co-culture system relative to CCM and KDM. The doubling time of the cells was longer as differentiation progressed. qRT-PCR showed a definite trend towards increased expression of both ALDH3A1 and keratocan in co-culture system despite statistically non-significant p-values. Flow cytometry showed significantly increased protein levels of ALDH3A1 and keratocan in co-culture system relative to CCM group (p < 0.001) and even relative to KDM group (p < 0.001 for ALDH3A1 and p < 0.01 for keratocan). CONCLUSION The co-culture method is a promising approach to induce differentiation of stem cell populations prior to in vivo applications. This study reveals an important potential for bioengineering of corneal tissue using autologous multi-potential stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Lopa S, Colombini A, Sansone V, Preis FWB, Moretti M. Influence on Chondrogenesis of Human Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes in Co-Culture with Donor-Matched Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Infrapatellar Fat Pad and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2013; 26:23-31. [DOI: 10.1177/03946320130260s104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Lopa
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Gruppo Ospedaliero San Donato Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - A. Colombini
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - V. Sansone
- Orthopaedic Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - M. Moretti
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
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105
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García-Giralt N, García Cruz DM, Nogues X, Ivirico JLE, Ribelles JLG. Chitosan microparticles for “in vitro” 3D culture of human chondrocytes. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra23173a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Ng VY, Jump SS, Santangelo KS, Russell DS, Bertone AL. Genetic engineering of juvenile human chondrocytes improves scaffold-free mosaic neocartilage grafts. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2013; 471:26-38. [PMID: 23008026 PMCID: PMC3528904 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-012-2615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current cartilage transplantation techniques achieve suboptimal restoration and rely on patient donor cells or living grafts of chondrocytes. PURPOSE We sought to enhance allogeneic grafts by testing mosaics of genetically engineered and naïve juvenile human chondrocytes (jCh). METHODS We obtained specimens from three humans and performed three experiments (two in vitro, one in vivo). We compared neocartilage with and without (1) supplemented serum-free medium (chondrocyte differentiation medium [CDM]), (2) adenoviral BMP-2 (AdBMP-2) transduction, and (3) varying ratios (0.1-1) of transduced and naïve jCh. We compared (4) healing with mosaic grafts with naïve neocartilage or marrow stimulation in immunosuppressed rats. For each of 10 in vitro treatment groups, we had six replicates for each human, and for each of three in vivo treatment groups, we had four replicates for one human. We scored the histology with the semiquantitative Bern score. RESULTS AdBMP-2 and naïve neocartilage growth in CDM were histologically superior (Bern score, 5.2 versus 3.7; 8.0 versus 1.8) and size (8.0 versus 6.1; 7.9 versus 2.2 mg) to standard medium. In CDM, AdBMP-2 decreased viability (76% versus 90%), but increased BMP-2 production (619 ng/mL versus 43 pg/mL). Ten percent and 25% AdBMP-2 transduction had Bern scores of 6.8 and 6.5 and viability of 84% and 83%, respectively. Twenty-five percent mosaic grafts provided better healing histologically than marrow stimulation or naive neocartilage. CONCLUSIONS Low-level AdBMP-2 and CDM augment neocartilage parameters in vitro and vivo. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Genetic augmentation of jCh and creation of mosaic neocartilage may improve graft viability and articular healing compared with naïve neocartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Y. Ng
- />Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Seth S. Jump
- />Sports Medicine Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA
- />Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Kelly S. Santangelo
- />Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Duncan S. Russell
- />Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Alicia L. Bertone
- />Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA
- />Sports Medicine Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA
- />Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, Columbus, OH USA
- />College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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107
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Formation of Multicellular Microtissues and Applications in Biofabrication. Biofabrication 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-2852-7.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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108
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Sabatino MA, Santoro R, Gueven S, Jaquiery C, Wendt DJ, Martin I, Moretti M, Barbero A. Cartilage graft engineering by co-culturing primary human articular chondrocytes with human bone marrow stromal cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 9:1394-403. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Sabatino
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel; Switzerland
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory; Gruppo Ospedaliero San Donato Foundation; Milan Italy
| | - Rosaria Santoro
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel; Switzerland
| | - Sinan Gueven
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel; Switzerland
| | - Claude Jaquiery
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel; Switzerland
| | - David James Wendt
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel; Switzerland
| | - Ivan Martin
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel; Switzerland
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi; Milan Italy
| | - Andrea Barbero
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel; Switzerland
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109
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Marmotti A, Bruzzone M, Bonasia DE, Castoldi F, Rossi R, Piras L, Maiello A, Realmuto C, Peretti GM. One-step osteochondral repair with cartilage fragments in a composite scaffold. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012; 20:2590-601. [PMID: 22349601 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-012-1920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study proposes a single-step therapeutic approach for osteochondral defects using autologous cartilage fragments loaded onto a scaffold composed of a hyaluronic acid (HA) derivative, human fibrin glue (FG) and autologous platelet-rich-plasma (PRP), in a rabbit model. The aim is to demonstrate the in vitro outgrowth of chondrocytes from cartilage fragments and the in vivo formation of a functional repair tissue. METHODS In vitro: minced articular cartilage was loaded onto two different types of scaffold (paste or membrane) according to two different HA preparations (injectable HA-derivative or HA-derivative felt). In vivo: trochlear osteochondral defects were created in 50 adult rabbits, which were then assigned to 5 different treatment groups: cartilage fragments loaded onto membrane scaffolds with FG (Group 1) or without FG (Group 2); membrane scaffolds alone with FG (Group 3) or without FG (Group 4); empty defects (Group 5). Membrane scaffolds were used "in vivo" for simpler preparation and better adhesive properties. Repair processes were evaluated histologically and by immunohistochemistry at 1, 3, and 6 months. RESULTS An in vitro time-dependent cell outgrowth from cartilage fragments was observed with both types of scaffolds. At 6 months, in vivo, cartilage fragment-loaded scaffolds induced significantly better repair tissue than the scaffold alone using histological scoring. Repair in Group 2 was superior to that in any of the control groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Autologous cartilage fragments loaded onto an HA felt/FG/PRP-scaffold provided an efficient cell source, and allowed for an improvement of the repair process of ostechondral defects in a rabbit model. Human FG, however, hampered the rabbit healing process. These results may have clinical relevance as they show the potential of a novel one-stage repair technique for osteochondral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marmotti
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Oldershaw RA. Cell sources for the regeneration of articular cartilage: the past, the horizon and the future. Int J Exp Pathol 2012; 93:389-400. [PMID: 23075006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2012.00837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Avascular, aneural articular cartilage has a low capacity for self-repair and as a consequence is highly susceptible to degradative diseases such as osteoarthritis. Thus the development of cell-based therapies that repair focal defects in otherwise healthy articular cartilage is an important research target, aiming both to delay the onset of degradative diseases and to decrease the need for joint replacement surgery. This review will discuss the cell sources which are currently being investigated for the generation of chondrogenic cells. Autologous chondrocyte implantation using chondrocytes expanded ex vivo was the first chondrogenic cellular therapy to be used clinically. However, limitations in expansion potential have led to the investigation of adult mesenchymal stem cells as an alternative cell source and these therapies are beginning to enter clinical trials. The chondrogenic potential of human embryonic stem cells will also be discussed as a developmentally relevant cell source, which has the potential to generate chondrocytes with phenotype closer to that of articular cartilage. The clinical application of these chondrogenic cells is much further away as protocols and tissue engineering strategies require additional optimization. The efficacy of these cell types in the regeneration of articular cartilage tissue that is capable of withstanding biomechanical loading will be evaluated according to the developing regulatory framework to determine the most appropriate cellular therapy for adoption across an expanding patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Oldershaw
- North East England Stem Cell Institute (NESCI), Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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111
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Dai J, Wang J, Lu J, Zou D, Sun H, Dong Y, Yu H, Zhang L, Yang T, Zhang X, Wang X, Shen G. The effect of co-culturing costal chondrocytes and dental pulp stem cells combined with exogenous FGF9 protein on chondrogenesis and ossification in engineered cartilage. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7699-711. [PMID: 22841919 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), which arise from cranial neural crest cells, are multipotent, making them a candidate for use in tissue engineering that may be especially useful for craniofacial tissues. Costal chondrocytes (CCs) can be easily obtained and demonstrate higher initial cell yields and expansion than articular chondrocytes. CCs have been found to retain chondrogenic capacity that can effectively repair articular defects. In this study, human CCs were co-cultured with human DPSCs, and the results showed that the CCs were able to supply a chondro-inductive niche that promoted the DPSCs to undergo chondrogenic differentiation and to enhance the formation of cartilage. Although CCs alone could not prevent the mineralization of chondro-differentiated DPSCs, CCs combined with exogenous FGF9 were able to simultaneously promote the chondrogenesis of DPSCs and partially inhibit their mineralization. Furthermore, FGF9 may activate this inhibition by binding to FGFR3 and enhancing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in DPSCs. Our results strongly suggest that the co-culture of CCs and DPSCs combined with exogenous FGF9 can simultaneously enhance chondrogenesis and partially inhibit ossification in engineered cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Dai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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Achilli TM, Meyer J, Morgan JR. Advances in the formation, use and understanding of multi-cellular spheroids. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:1347-60. [PMID: 22784238 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.707181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Developing in vitro models for studying cell biology and cell physiology is of great importance to the fields of biotechnology, cancer research, drug discovery, toxicity testing, as well as the emerging fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) methods of mammalian cell culture have several limitations and it is increasingly recognized that cells grown in a three-dimensional (3D) environment more closely represent normal cellular function due to the increased cell-to-cell interactions, and by mimicking the in vivo architecture of natural organs and tissues. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the methods to form 3D multi-cellular spheroids, the advantages and limitations of these methods, and assays used to characterize the function of spheroids. The use of spheroids has led to many advances in basic cell sciences, including understanding cancer cell interactions, creating models for drug discovery and cancer metastasis, and they are being investigated as basic units for engineering tissue constructs. As so, this review will focus on contributions made to each of these fields using spheroid models. EXPERT OPINION Multi-cellular spheroids are rich in biological content and mimic better the in vivo environment than 2D cell culture. New technologies to form and analyze spheroids are rapidly increasing their adoption and expanding their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni-Marie Achilli
- Brown University, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Janardhanan S, Wang MO, Fisher JP. Coculture strategies in bone tissue engineering: the impact of culture conditions on pluripotent stem cell populations. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 18:312-21. [PMID: 22655979 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of pluripotent stem cell populations for bone tissue regeneration provides many opportunities and challenges within the bone tissue engineering field. For example, coculture strategies have been utilized to mimic embryological development of bone tissue, and particularly the critical intercellular signaling pathways. While research in bone biology over the last 20 years has expanded our understanding of these intercellular signaling pathways, we still do not fully understand the impact of the system's physical characteristics (orientation, geometry, and morphology). This review of coculture literature delineates the various forms of coculture systems and their respective outcomes when applied to bone tissue engineering. To understand fully the key differences between the different coculture methods, we must appreciate the underlying paradigms of physiological interactions. Recent advances have enabled us to extrapolate these techniques to larger dimensions and higher geometric resolutions. Finally, the contributions of bioreactors, micropatterned biomaterials, and biomaterial interaction platforms are evaluated to give a sense of the sophistication established by a combination of these concepts with coculture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathyanarayana Janardhanan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Yanaga H, Imai K, Koga M, Yanaga K. Cell-engineered human elastic chondrocytes regenerate natural scaffold in vitro and neocartilage with neoperichondrium in the human body post-transplantation. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:2020-9. [PMID: 22563650 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a unique method that allows us to culture large volumes of chondrocyte expansion from a small piece of human elastic cartilage. The characteristic features of our culturing method are that fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), which promotes proliferation of elastic chondrocytes, is added to a culture medium, and that cell-engineering techniques are adopted in the multilayered culture system that we have developed. We have subsequently discovered that once multilayered chondrocytes are transplanted into a human body, differentiation induction that makes use of surrounding tissue occurs in situ, and a large cartilage block is obtained through cartinogenesis and matrix formation. We have named this method two-stage transplantation. We have clinically applied this transplantation method to the congenital ear defect, microtia, and reported successful ear reconstruction. In our present study, we demonstrated that when FGF2 was added to elastic chondrocytes, the cell count increased and the level of hyaluronic acid, which is a major extracellular matrix (ECM) component, increased. We also demonstrated that these biochemical changes are reflected in the morphology, with the elastic chondrocytes themselves producing a matrix and fibers in vitro to form a natural scaffold. We then demonstrated that inside the natural scaffold thus formed, the cells overlap, connect intercellularly to each other, and reconstruct a cartilage-like three-dimensional structure in vitro. We further demonstrated by immunohistochemical analysis and electron microscopic analysis that when the multilayered chondrocytes are subsequently transplanted into a living body (abdominal subcutaneous region) in the two-stage transplantation process, neocartilage and neoperichondrium of elastic cartilage origin are regenerated 6 months after transplantation. Further, evaluation by dynamic mechanical analysis showed the regenerated neocartilage to have the same viscoelasticity as normal auricular cartilage. Using our multilayered culture system supplemented with FGF2, elastic chondrocytes produce an ECM and also exhibit an intercellular network; therefore, they are able to maintain tissue integrity post-transplantation. These findings realized a clinical application for generative cartilage surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Yanaga
- Yanaga Clinic and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
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115
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Lee HR, Park KM, Joung YK, Park KD, Do SH. Platelet-rich plasma loadedin situ-formed hydrogel enhances hyaline cartilage regeneration by CB1 upregulation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:3099-107. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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JONITZ ANIKA, LOCHNER KATRIN, TISCHER THOMAS, HANSMANN DORIS, BADER RAINER. TGF-β1 and IGF-1 influence the re-differentiation capacity of human chondrocytes in 3D pellet cultures in relation to different oxygen concentrations. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:666-72. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Liu J, Liu X, Zhou G, Xiao R, Cao Y. Conditioned medium from chondrocyte/scaffold constructs induced chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:1109-16. [PMID: 22644958 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
For the application of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in cartilage tissue engineering, it is imperative to develop efficient strategies for their chondrogenic differentiation. In this study, the conditioned media derived from chondrocyte/scaffold constructs were used to direct chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs. The porcine articular chondrocytes were seeded on the PGA/PLA scaffolds to form chondrocyte/scaffold constructs and were cultured to form engineered cartilage in vitro. The culture media were collected as conditioned media and used for chondrogenic induction of BMSC pellets (experimental group, Exp.). The chondrocyte pellets and BMSC pellets were cultured routinely as positive control (PC) and negative control (NC), respectively. After 4 weeks, the wet weight and GAG content in Exp. group and PC group were significantly higher than that in NC group. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis showed that cartilaginous tissue was formed with typical cartilage lacuna structure and positive staining of collagen Type II (Col II) in the peripheral area of the BMSC pellets in Exp. group. Gene expression of Sox9, Col II, and COMP in Exp. group and PC group were significantly higher than that in NC group. The growth factors in the conditioned media derived from human costal chondrocytes-scaffold constructs were tested by protein microassay. The conditioned media contained low levels of TGF-β1,2,3, IGF-1 and high levels of IGF-2, FGF-4, and IGFBP4,6, and so forth. The soluble factors derived from the engineered cartilage can induce chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs independently. Many cytokines may function in chondrogenesis in a coordinated way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchun Liu
- Department of Reseach Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 100144 Peking, China
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Wei Y, Zeng W, Wan R, Wang J, Zhou Q, Qiu S, Singh SR. Chondrogenic differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells from osteoarthritic chondrocytes in alginate matrix. Eur Cell Mater 2012; 23:1-12. [PMID: 22241609 PMCID: PMC7447074 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v023a01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the potential to revolutionise cell therapy; however, it remains unclear whether iPSCs can be generated from human osteoarthritic chondrocytes (OCs) and subsequently induced to differentiate into chondrocytes. In the present study, we investigated the differentiation potential of OCs into iPSCs using defined transcription factors and explored the possibility of using these OC-derived iPSCs for chondrogenesis. Our study demonstrates that iPSCs can be generated from OCs and that these iPSCs are indistinguishable from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). To promote chondrogenic differentiation, we used lentivirus to transduce iPSCs seeded in alginate matrix with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and then in vitro co-cultured these iPSCs with chondrocytes. Gene expression analysis showed that this combinational strategy promotes the differentiation of the established iPSCs into chondrocytes in alginate matrix. Increased expression of cartilage-related genes, including collagen II, aggrecan, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), and decreased gene expression of the degenerative cartilage marker, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were observed. The histological results revealed a dense sulphated extracellular matrix in the co-culture of TGF-β1-transfected iPSCs with chondrocytes in alginate matrix. Additionally, in vivo chondroinductive activity was also evaluated. Histological examination revealed that more new cartilage was formed in the co-culture of TGF-β1-transfected iPSCs with chondrocytes in alginate matrix. Taken together, our data indicate that iPSCs can be generated from OCs by defined factors and the combinational strategy results in significantly improved chondrogenesis of OC-derived iPSCs. This work adds to our understanding of potential solutions to osteoarthritic cell replacement problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyong Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Address for correspondence: Yiyong Wei, Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People’s Republic of China, Telephone Number: 86-21-64370045-663538, ; Alternatively: Shree Ram Singh,
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Wan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shijing Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Bone and Mineral Research Laboratory, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shree Ram Singh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA,Address for correspondence: Yiyong Wei, Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People’s Republic of China, Telephone Number: 86-21-64370045-663538, ; Alternatively: Shree Ram Singh,
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Generation and differentiation of microtissues from multipotent precursor cells for use in tissue engineering. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:1726-35. [PMID: 22011655 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This protocol describes an effective method for the production of spherical microtissues (microspheres), which can be used for a variety of tissue-engineering purposes. The obtained microtissues are well suited for the study of osteogenesis in vitro when multipotent stem cells are used. The dimensions of the microspheres can easily be adjusted according to the cell numbers applied in an individual experiment. Thus, microspheres allow for the precise administration of defined cell numbers at well-defined sites. Here we describe a detailed workflow for the production of microspheres using unrestricted somatic stem cells from human umbilical cord blood and adapted protocols for the use of these microspheres in histological analysis. RNA extraction methods for mineralized microtissues are specifically modified for optimum yields. The duration of running the complete protocol without preparatory cell culture but including 2 weeks of microsphere incubation, histological staining and RNA isolation is about 3 weeks.
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Vinatier C, Bordenave L, Guicheux J, Amédée J. Les cellules souches en ingénierie des tissus ostéoarticulaires et vasculaires. Med Sci (Paris) 2011; 27:289-96. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2011273289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Bian L, Zhai DY, Mauck RL, Burdick JA. Coculture of human mesenchymal stem cells and articular chondrocytes reduces hypertrophy and enhances functional properties of engineered cartilage. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:1137-45. [PMID: 21142648 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being recognized as a viable cell source for cartilage repair; however, it still remains a challenge to recapitulate the functional properties of native articular cartilage using only MSCs. Additionally, MSCs may exhibit a hypertrophic phenotype under chondrogenic induction, resulting in calcification after ectopic transplantation. With this in mind, the objective of this study was to assess whether the addition of chondrocytes to MSC cultures influences the properties of tissue-engineered cartilage and MSC hypertrophy when cultured in hyaluronic acid hydrogels. Mixed cell populations (human MSCs and human chondrocytes at a ratio of 4:1) were encapsulated in the hydrogels and exhibited significantly higher Young's moduli, dynamic moduli, glycosaminoglycan levels, and collagen content than did constructs seeded with only MSCs or chondrocytes. Furthermore, the deposition of collagen X, a marker of MSC hypertrophy, was significantly lower in the coculture constructs than in the constructs seeded with MSCs alone. When MSCs and chondrocytes were cultured in distinct gels, but in the same wells, there was no improvement in biomechanical and biochemical properties of the engineered tissue, implying that a close proximity is essential. This approach can be used to improve the properties and prevent calcification of engineered cartilage formed from MSC-seeded hydrogels with the addition of lower fractions of chondrocytes, leading to improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Bian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Huey DJ, Athanasiou KA. Maturational growth of self-assembled, functional menisci as a result of TGF-β1 and enzymatic chondroitinase-ABC stimulation. Biomaterials 2010; 32:2052-8. [PMID: 21145584 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the knee meniscus requires a material possessing adequate geometrical and biomechanical properties. Meniscal tissue engineering attempts have been unable to produce tissue with collagen content and biomechanical properties, particularly tensile properties, mimicking native menisci. In an effort to obtain the geometric properties and the maturational growth necessary for the recapitulation of biochemical and, thus, biomechanical properties, a scaffoldless cell-based system, the self-assembly process, was used in conjunction with the catabolic enzyme chondroitinase-ABC and TGF-β1. We show that combinations of these agents resulted in maturational growth as evidenced by synergistic enhancement of the radial tensile modulus by 5-fold and the compressive relaxation modulus by 68%, and additive increases of the compressive instantaneous modulus by 136% and Col/WW by 196%. This study shows that tissue engineering can produce a biomaterial that is on par with the biochemical and biomechanical properties of native menisci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Huey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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