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Haller MJ, Atkinson MA, Schatz DA. Efforts to prevent and halt autoimmune beta cell destruction. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010; 39:527-39. [PMID: 20723818 PMCID: PMC2925042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite improvements in understanding of the natural history of type 1 diabetes (T1D), an intervention capable of consistently and safely preventing or reversing the disease has not been developed. The inability to cure this disorder is largely because of the complex pathophysiology of T1D, continued struggles to identify its precise etiologic triggers, and voids in understanding of the immunologic mechanisms that specifically target pancreatic beta cells. Rapidly improving technologies for managing T1D require critical discussions about equipoise, especially when considering interventions deemed high risk in terms of their safety. This article reviews the conceptual basis for prevention versus intervention trials in settings of T1D, past experiences of clinical trials studying these purposes, and controversial issues regarding disease interdiction, and seeks to provide a roadmap for future efforts to cure this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Haller
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, PO Box 100296, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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102
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Nguyen TG, Little CB, Yenson VM, Jackson CJ, McCracken SA, Warning J, Stevens V, Gallery EG, Morris JM. Anti-IgD antibody attenuates collagen-induced arthritis by selectively depleting mature B-cells and promoting immune tolerance. J Autoimmun 2010; 35:86-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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103
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Ryan GA, Wang CJ, Chamberlain JL, Attridge K, Schmidt EM, Kenefeck R, Clough LE, Dunussi-Joannopoulos K, Toellner KM, Walker LSK. B1 cells promote pancreas infiltration by autoreactive T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2800-7. [PMID: 20675587 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The entry of autoreactive T cells into the pancreas is a critical checkpoint in the development of autoimmune diabetes. In this study, we identify a role for B1 cells in this process using the DO11 x RIP-mOVA mouse model. In transgenic mice with islet-specific T cells, but no B cells, T cells are primed in the pancreatic lymph node but fail to enter the pancreas. Reconstitution of the B1 cell population by adoptive transfer permits extensive T cell pancreas infiltration. Reconstituted B1 cells traffic to the pancreas and modify expression of adhesion molecules on pancreatic vasculature, notably VCAM-1. Despite substantial pancreas infiltration, islet destruction is minimal unless regulatory T cells are depleted. These data identify a role for B1 cells in permitting circulating islet-specific T cells to access their Ag-bearing tissue and emphasize the existence of multiple checkpoints to regulate autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma A Ryan
- Medical Research Council Center for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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104
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Colonna L, Catalano G, Chew C, D'Agati V, Thomas JW, Wong FS, Schmitz J, Masuda ES, Reizis B, Tarakhovsky A, Clynes R. Therapeutic targeting of Syk in autoimmune diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1532-43. [PMID: 20601600 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In APCs, the protein tyrosine kinase Syk is required for signaling of several immunoreceptors, including the BCR and FcR. We show that conditional ablation of the syk gene in dendritic cells (DCs) abrogates FcgammaR-mediated cross priming of diabetogenic T cells in RIP-mOVA mice, a situation phenocopied in wild-type RIP-mOVA mice treated with the selective Syk inhibitor R788. In addition to blocking FcgammaR-mediated events, R788 also blocked BCR-mediated Ag presentation, thus broadly interrupting the humoral contributions to T cell-driven autoimmunity. Indeed, oral administration of R788 significantly delayed spontaneous diabetes onset in NOD mice and successfully delayed progression of early-established diabetes even when treatment was initiated after the development of glucose intolerance. At the DC level, R788 treatment was associated with reduced insulin-specific CD8 priming and decreased DC numbers. At the B cell level, R788 reduced total B cell numbers and total Ig concentrations. Interestingly, R788 increased the number of IL-10-producing B cells, thus inducing a tolerogenic B cell population with immunomodulatory activity. Taken together, we show by genetic and pharmacologic approaches that Syk in APCs is an attractive target in T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Colonna
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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105
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Cox SL, Silveira PA. Emerging roles for B lymphocytes in Type 1 diabetes. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 5:311-24. [PMID: 20477009 DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Self-reactive B lymphocytes play two main pathological roles in autoimmune diseases: as secretors of autoantibodies and as specialized antigen-presenting cells that present self-components to autoreactive T lymphocytes. In recognition of these roles, recent clinical trials have utilized B-lymphocyte-depleting monoclonal antibodies to treat various autoimmune diseases, with encouraging results in those where humoral autoimmunity is clearly important. Surprisingly, recent results in animal models suggest that B-lymphocyte depletion may also be effective in the treatment of T-lymphocyte-mediated autoimmune diseases, such as Type 1 diabetes (T1D). This article reviews the experimental evidence that has uncovered pathogenic as well as regulatory roles for B lymphocytes in the prodrome of T1D and how this information is being used to develop novel therapeutic strategies to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lewis Cox
- Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
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106
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Xu B, Cook RE, Michie SA. Alpha4beta7 integrin/MAdCAM-1 adhesion pathway is crucial for B cell migration into pancreatic lymph nodes in nonobese diabetic mice. J Autoimmun 2010; 35:124-9. [PMID: 20488663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although B cells are crucial antigen-presenting cells in the initiation of T cell autoimmunity to islet beta cell autoantigens in type 1 diabetes (T1D), adhesion molecules that control migration of B cells into pancreatic lymph nodes (PanLN) in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of human T1D have not been defined. In this study, we found that B cells from PanLN of 3-4-week-old female NOD mice expressed high levels of alpha(4) integrin and LFA-1 and intermediate levels of beta(7) integrin; half of B cells were L-selectin(high). In short-term in vivo lymphocyte migration assays, B cells migrated from the bloodstream into PanLN more efficiently than into peripheral LNs. Moreover, antibodies to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) and alpha(4)beta(7) integrin inhibited >90% of B cell migration into PanLN. In contrast, antibodies to peripheral node addressin, L-selectin or LFA-1 partially inhibited B cell migration into PanLN. Furthermore, one intraperitoneal injection of anti-MAdCAM-1 antibody into 3-week-old NOD mice significantly inhibited entry of B cells into PanLN for at least 2 weeks. Taken together, these results indicate that the alpha(4)beta(7) integrin/MAdCAM-1 adhesion pathway plays a predominant role in migration of B cells into PanLN in NOD mice. Thus, specific blockage of alpha(4)beta(7) integrin/MAdCAM-1 adhesion pathway-mediated B cell migration may be a potential treatment for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohui Xu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5176, USA.
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107
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Driver JP, Serreze DV, Chen YG. Mouse models for the study of autoimmune type 1 diabetes: a NOD to similarities and differences to human disease. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 33:67-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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108
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Lund FE, Randall TD. Effector and regulatory B cells: modulators of CD4+ T cell immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:236-47. [PMID: 20224569 DOI: 10.1038/nri2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
B cells are essential for humoral immunity, but the role that they have in regulating CD4(+) T cell responses remains controversial. However, new data showing that the transient depletion of B cells potently influences the induction, maintenance and reactivation of CD4(+) T cells, with the recent identification of antibody-independent functions of B cells, have reinvigorated interest in the many roles of B cells in both infectious and autoimmune diseases. In this Review, we discuss recent data showing how effector and regulatory B cells modulate CD4(+) T cell responses to pathogens and autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances E Lund
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642, USA.
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109
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Kendall PL, Moore DJ, Hulbert C, Hoek KL, Khan WN, Thomas JW. Reduced diabetes in btk-deficient nonobese diabetic mice and restoration of diabetes with provision of an anti-insulin IgH chain transgene. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6403-12. [PMID: 19841184 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Although elimination of B lymphocytes has proven successful at preventing disease, modulation of B cell function as a means to prevent type 1 diabetes has not been investigated. The development, fate, and function of B lymphocytes depend upon BCR signaling, which is mediated in part by Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). When introduced into NOD mice, btk deficiency only modestly reduces B cell numbers, but dramatically protects against diabetes. In NOD, btk deficiency mirrors changes in B cell subsets seen in other strains, but also improves B cell-related tolerance, as indicated by failure to generate insulin autoantibodies. Introduction of an anti-insulin BCR H chain transgene restores diabetes in btk-deficient NOD mice, indicating that btk-deficient B cells are functionally capable of promoting autoimmune diabetes if they have a critical autoimmune specificity. This suggests that the disease-protective effect of btk deficiency may reflect a lack of autoreactive specificities in the B cell repertoire. Thus, signaling via BTK can be modulated to improve B cell tolerance, and prevent T cell-mediated autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy L Kendall
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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110
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Hu C, Wong FS, Wen L. Translational Mini-Review Series on B Cell-Directed Therapies: B cell-directed therapy for autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 157:181-90. [PMID: 19604257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of both systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Autoreactive B cells not only produce autoantibodies, but are also specialized to present specific autoantigens efficiently to T cells. Furthermore, these B cells can secrete proinflammatory cytokines and can amplify the vicious cycle of self-destruction. Thus, B cell-directed therapies are potentially an important approach for treating autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, like T cells, there are subsets of B cells that produce anti-inflammatory cytokines and are immunosuppressive. These regulatory B cell subsets can protect against and ameliorate autoimmune diseases. Thus targeting B cells therapeutically will require this balance to be considered. Here we summarize the roles of pathogenic and regulatory B cells and current applications of B cell-directed therapy in autoimmune diseases. Considerations for future development of B cell-directed therapy for autoimmune diseases have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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111
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Abdu-Allah HHM, Watanabe K, Hayashizaki K, Takaku C, Tamanaka T, Takematsu H, Kozutsumi Y, Tsubata T, Ishida H, Kiso M. Potent small molecule mouse CD22-inhibitors: exploring the interaction of the residue at C-2 of sialic acid scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5573-5. [PMID: 19720531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that compound 1 (9-(4'-hydroxy-4-biphenyl)acetamido-9-deoxy-Neu5Gcalpha2-6GalOMP) has the most promising affinity for mCD22. Replacing the subterminal galactose residue of 1 with benzyl or biphenylmethyl as aglycone led to 38- and 20-fold higher potency, respectively. This discovery represents a new direction in inhibitor design suitable for pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajjaj H M Abdu-Allah
- Department of Applied Bio-organic Chemistry, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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112
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Abdu-Allah HH, Watanabe K, Hayashizaki K, Iwayama Y, Takematsu H, Kozutsumi Y, Tsubata T, Ishida H, Kiso M. Synthesis of biotinylated sialoside to probe CD22–ligand interactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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113
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O’Neill SK, Liu E, Cambier JC. Change you can B(cell)eive in: recent progress confirms a critical role for B cells in type 1 diabetes. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:293-8. [PMID: 19502979 PMCID: PMC2968699 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32832e06a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Here we review extant recent findings regarding the multiple roles of B cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and discuss how autoreactive B cells may become activated by a breach in B cell tolerance, and thereby initiate disease. Finally, we discuss the use of B cell-targeted therapies for treatment of autoimmunity. RECENT FINDINGS Anti-CD20-specific depletion of B cells prevents and reverses diabetes in human CD20/non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Correspondingly, in nontransgenic NOD mice, B cells are effectively depleted with high dose antimouse CD20 mAbs of varying isotypes, and this also prevents diabetes in more than 60% of the mice when administered early, and significantly delays disease in 15-week-old animals. A separate study revealed that targeting B cells with anti-CD22/cal monoclonal antibody therapy delays diabetes onset in prediabetic NOD mice and restores normoglycemia in new-onset hyperglycemic NOD mice. In humans, a clinical trial of rituximab in new onset type 1 diabetics has yielded promising preliminary findings. SUMMARY B cells are major players in T1D in humans, and clearly essential for disease development in the NOD mouse model of T1D. In this review, we discuss the silencing of autoreactive B cells and how failure of this process may contribute to autoimmunity. Further, we describe the most recent advances in studies of therapeutic effects of B cell depletion in T1D, and provide recent data indicating the diverse functions by which B cells may mediate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K. O’Neill
- University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado
| | - Edwin Liu
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - John C. Cambier
- University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado
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114
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:328-37. [PMID: 19564733 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32832eb365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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115
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Mariño E, Villanueva J, Walters S, Liuwantara D, Mackay F, Grey ST. CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cells control autoimmunity in the absence of B-cells. Diabetes 2009; 58:1568-77. [PMID: 19336675 PMCID: PMC2699852 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor necrosis factor ligand family members B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) can exert powerful effects on B-cell activation and development, type 1 T-helper cell (Th1) immune responses, and autoimmunity. We examined the effect of blocking BAFF and APRIL on the development of autoimmune diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Female NOD mice were administered B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-Fc from 9 to 15 weeks of age. Diabetes incidence, islet pathology, and T- and B-cell populations were examined. RESULTS BCMA-Fc treatment reduced the severity of insulitis and prevented diabetes development in NOD mice. BCMA-Fc-treated mice showed reduced follicular, marginal-zone, and T2MZ B-cells. B-cell reduction was accompanied by decreased frequencies of pathogenic CD4(+)CD40(+) T-cells and reduced Th1 cytokines IL-7, IL-15, and IL-17. Thus, T-cell activation was blunted with reduced B-cells. However, BCMA-Fc-treated mice still harbored detectable diabetogenic T-cells, suggesting that regulatory mechanisms contributed to diabetes prevention. Indeed, BCMA-Fc-treated mice accumulated increased CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T-cells (Tregs) with age. CD4(+)CD25(+) cells were essential for maintaining euglycemia because their depletion abrogated BCMA-Fc-mediated protection. BCMA-Fc did not directly affect Treg homeostasis given that CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T-cells did not express TACI or BR3 receptors and that CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T-cell frequencies were equivalent in wild-type, BAFF(-/-), TACI(-/-), BCMA(-/-), and BR3(-/-) mice. Rather, B-cell depletion resulted in CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cell-mediated protection from diabetes because anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody treatment precipitated diabetes in both diabetes-resistant NOD.microMT(-/-) and BCMA-Fc-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS BAFF/APRIL blockade prevents diabetes. BCMA-Fc reduces B-cells, subsequently blunting autoimmune activity and allowing endogenous regulatory mechanisms to preserve a prehyperglycemic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Mariño
- From the Immunology and Inflammation Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeanette Villanueva
- From the Immunology and Inflammation Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Stacey Walters
- From the Immunology and Inflammation Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - David Liuwantara
- From the Immunology and Inflammation Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- From the Immunology and Inflammation Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Shane T. Grey
- From the Immunology and Inflammation Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Corresponding author: Shane T. Grey,
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116
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan H. Smith
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas F. Tedder
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Corresponding author: Thomas F. Tedder,
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117
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Fiorina P, Jurewicz M, Augello A, Vergani A, Dada S, La Rosa S, Selig M, Godwin J, Law K, Placidi C, Smith RN, Capella C, Rodig S, Adra CN, Atkinson M, Sayegh MH, Abdi R. Immunomodulatory function of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in experimental autoimmune type 1 diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:993-1004. [PMID: 19561093 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human clinical trials in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are presently underway without prior validation in a mouse model for the disease. In response to this void, we characterized bone marrow-derived murine MSC for their ability to modulate immune responses in the context of T1D, as represented in NOD mice. In comparison to NOD mice, BALB/c-MSC mice were found to express higher levels of the negative costimulatory molecule PD-L1 and to promote a shift toward Th2-like responses in treated NOD mice. In addition, transfer of MSC from resistant strains (i.e., nonobese resistant mice or BALB/c), but not from NOD mice, delayed the onset of diabetes when administered to prediabetic NOD mice. The number of BALB/c-MSC trafficking to the pancreatic lymph nodes of NOD mice was higher than in NOD mice provided autologous NOD-MSC. Administration of BALB/c-MSC temporarily resulted in reversal of hyperglycemia in 90% of NOD mice (p = 0.002). Transfer of autologous NOD-MSC imparted no such therapeutic benefit. We also noted soft tissue and visceral tumors in NOD-MSC-treated mice, which were uniquely observed in this setting (i.e., no tumors were present with BALB/c- or nonobese resistant mice-MSC transfer). The importance of this observation remains to be explored in humans, as inbred mice such as NOD may be more susceptible to tumor formation. These data provide important preclinical data supporting the basis for further development of allogeneic MSC-based therapies for T1D and, potentially, for other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fiorina
- Transplantation Research Center, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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118
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Fiorina P, Sayegh MH. B cell-targeted therapies in autoimmunity: rationale and progress. F1000 BIOLOGY REPORTS 2009; 1:39. [PMID: 20948646 PMCID: PMC2924700 DOI: 10.3410/b1-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
B cells are recognized as main actors in the autoimmune process. Autoreactive B cells can arise in the bone marrow or in the periphery and, if not properly inhibited or eliminated, can lead to autoimmune diseases through several mechanisms: autoantibody production and immune complex formation, cytokine and chemokine synthesis, antigen presentation, T cell activation, and ectopic lymphogenesis. The availability of agents capable of depleting B cells (that is, anti-CD20 and anti-CD22 monoclonal antibodies) or targeting B cell survival factors (atacicept and belimumab) opens new perspectives in the treatment of diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fiorina
- Transplantation Research Center, Children's Hospital and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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119
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Current literature in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009; 25:i-xii. [PMID: 19405078 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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120
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Sanz
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
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