101
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Brunberg EI, Rodenburg TB, Rydhmer L, Kjaer JB, Jensen P, Keeling LJ. Omnivores Going Astray: A Review and New Synthesis of Abnormal Behavior in Pigs and Laying Hens. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:57. [PMID: 27500137 PMCID: PMC4956668 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs and poultry are by far the most omnivorous of the domesticated farm animals and it is in their nature to be highly explorative. In the barren production environments, this motivation to explore can be expressed as abnormal oral manipulation directed toward pen mates. Tail biting (TB) in pigs and feather pecking (FP) in laying hens are examples of unwanted behaviors that are detrimental to the welfare of the animals. The aim of this review is to draw these two seemingly similar abnormalities together in a common framework, in order to seek underlying mechanisms and principles. Both TB and FP are affected by the physical and social environment, but not all individuals in a group express these behaviors and individual genetic and neurobiological characteristics play an important role. By synthesizing what is known about environmental and individual influences, we suggest a novel possible mechanism, common for pigs and poultry, involving the brain-gut-microbiota axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma I. Brunberg
- NORSØK – Norwegian Centre for Organic Agriculture, Tingvoll, Norway
- NIBIO – Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research, Tingvoll, Norway
| | - T. Bas Rodenburg
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Lotta Rydhmer
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joergen B. Kjaer
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
| | - Per Jensen
- AVIAN Behaviour Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Linda J. Keeling
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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102
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Mehaisen GMK, Eshak MG, El Sabry MI, Abass AO. Expression of Inflammatory and Cell Death Program Genes and Comet DNA Damage Assay Induced by Escherichia coli in Layer Hens. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158314. [PMID: 27347679 PMCID: PMC4922552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern methods of industrial poultry and egg production systems involve stressful practices that stimulate Escherichia coli (E. coli) activity causing endotoxic shock. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell death program genes and DNA damage induced by E. coli in the brain and liver tissues of laying hens. A total of two hundred and ten H&N brown layer hens with 20 week age, were used in this research. First, preliminary experiments were designed (60 hens in total) to establish the optimal exposure dose of E. coli and to determine the nearest time of notable response to be used in the remainder studies of this research. At 35-wk of age, 150 hens were randomly assigned into 2 groups with 3 replicates of 25 birds each; the first group was injected in the brachial wing vein with 107E. coli colony/hen, while the second group was injected with saline and served as a control. The body temperature and plasma corticosterone concentration were measured 3 hr after injection. Specimens of liver and brain were obtained from each group and the gene expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, interlukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Bax, and caspase-3 genes were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. DNA damage in the brain and liver tissues were also measured by comet assay. Hens treated with E. coli showed significant (P<0.05) increase of body temperature and plasma corticosterone (42.6°C and 14.5 ng/ml, respectively) compared to the control group (41.1°C and 5.5 ng/ml, respectively). Additional remarkable over-inflammation gene expression of p38, IL-1β and TNF-α.genes were also detected in the brain (2.2-fold, 2.0-fold and 3.3-fold, respectively) and the liver (2.1-fold, 1.9-fold and 3.0-fold, respectively) tissues of the infected chickens. It is also important to note that hens injected with E. coli showed an increase in DNA damage in the brain and liver cells (P<0.05). These results were synchronized with activating cell death program since our data showed significant high expression of Bax gene by 2.8- and 2.7-fold and caspase-3 gene by 2.5- and 2.7-fold in the brain and liver tissues of infected chickens, respectively (P<0.05). In conclusion, the current study indicates that E. coli injection induces inflammatory physiological response and triggers cell death program in the brain and liver. Our results provide more understanding to endotoxic shock by E. coli in chickens at cellular level. Further studies are required to confirm if such responses are destructive or protective to set the means through which a chicken mounts a successful defense against avian pathogenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal M. K. Mehaisen
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Mariam G. Eshak
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - M. I. El Sabry
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O. Abass
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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103
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Désert C, Merlot E, Zerjal T, Bed'hom B, Härtle S, Le Cam A, Roux PF, Baeza E, Gondret F, Duclos MJ, Lagarrigue S. Transcriptomes of whole blood and PBMC in chickens. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2016; 20:1-9. [PMID: 27442111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Global transcriptome analysis of chicken whole blood to discover biomarkers of different phenotypes or physiological disorders has never been investigated so far. Whole blood provides significant advantages, allowing large scale and non-invasive sampling. However, generation of gene expression data from the blood of non-mammalian species remains a challenge, notably due to the nucleated red blood cells, hindering the use of well-established protocols. The aim of this study was to analyze the relevance of using whole blood cells (WB) to find biomarkers, instead of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC), usually chosen for immune challenges. RNA sources from WB and PBMC was characterized by microarray analysis. Our results show that the quality and quantity of RNA obtained from WB was suitable for further analyses, although the quality was lower than that from PBMC. The transcriptome profiling comparison revealed that the majority of genes were expressed in both WB and PBMC. Hemoglobin subunits were the major transcripts in WB, whereas the most enriched biological process was related to protein catabolic process. Most of the over-represented transcripts in PBMC were implicated in functions specific to thrombocytes, like coagulation and platelet activation, probably due to the large proportion of this nucleated cell type in chicken PBMC. Functions related to B and T cells and to other immune functions were also enriched in the PBMC subset. We conclude that WB is more suitable for large scale immunity oriented studies and other biological processes that have been poorly investigated so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Désert
- INRA, UMR1348 Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'élevage, Saint-Gilles, France; Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1348, Rennes, France.
| | - Elodie Merlot
- INRA, UMR1348 Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'élevage, Saint-Gilles, France; Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1348, Rennes, France
| | - Tatiana Zerjal
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bertrand Bed'hom
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sonja Härtle
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Aurélie Le Cam
- INRA, UR1037 Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre-François Roux
- INRA, UMR1348 Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'élevage, Saint-Gilles, France; Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1348, Rennes, France
| | | | - Florence Gondret
- INRA, UMR1348 Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'élevage, Saint-Gilles, France; Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1348, Rennes, France
| | | | - Sandrine Lagarrigue
- INRA, UMR1348 Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'élevage, Saint-Gilles, France; Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1348, Rennes, France
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104
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Calefi AS, Quinteiro-Filho WM, Fukushima AR, Cruz DSGD, Siqueira AD, Salvagni FA, Namazu LB, Gomes COMS, Ferreira AJP, Palermo Neto J. Dexamethasone Regulates Macrophage and Cd4+Cd25+ Cell Numbers in the Chicken Spleen. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/18069061-2015-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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105
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Improved immune responses to a bivalent vaccine of Newcastle disease and avian influenza in chickens by ginseng stem-leaf saponins. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 167:147-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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106
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Honda BTB, Calefi AS, Costola-de-Souza C, Quinteiro-Filho WM, da Silva Fonseca JG, de Paula VF, Palermo-Neto J. Effects of heat stress on peripheral T and B lymphocyte profiles and IgG and IgM serum levels in broiler chickens vaccinated for Newcastle disease virus. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2375-81. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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107
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Turkowska E, Adamska I, Niedziolka S, Majewski PM, Skwarlo-Sonta K. Seasonality of inflammation in the chicken: clock vs. melatonin control over the pro-inflammatory cytokine gene transcription. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1073486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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108
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Nazar FN, Barrios BE, Kaiser P, Marin RH, Correa SG. Immune neuroendocrine phenotypes in Coturnix coturnix: do avian species show LEWIS/FISCHER-like profiles? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120712. [PMID: 25793369 PMCID: PMC4368694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoneuroendocrinology studies have identified conserved communicational paths in birds and mammals, e.g. the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis with anti-inflammatory activity mediated by glucocorticoids. Immune neuroendocrine phenotypes (INPs) have been proposed for mammals implying the categorization of a population in subgroups underlying divergent immune-neuroendocrine interactions. These phenotypes were studied in the context of the LEWIS/FISCHER paradigm (rats expressing high or low pro-inflammatory profiles, respectively). Although avian species have some common immunological mechanisms with mammals, they have also evolved some distinct strategies and, until now, it has not been studied whether birds may also share with mammals similar INPs. Based on corticosterone levels we determined the existence of two divergent groups in Coturnix coturnix that also differed in other immune-neuroendocrine responses. Quail with lowest corticosterone showed higher lymphoproliferative and antibody responses, interferon-γ and interleukin-1β mRNA expression levels and lower frequencies of leukocyte subpopulations distribution and interleukin-13 levels, than their higher corticosterone counterparts. Results suggest the existence of INPs in birds, comparable to mammalian LEWIS/FISCHER profiles, where basal corticosterone also underlies responses of comparable variables associated to the phenotypes. Concluding, INP may not be a mammalian distinct feature, leading to discuss whether these profiles represent a parallel phenomenon evolved in birds and mammals, or a common feature inherited from a reptilian ancestor millions of years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Nicolas Nazar
- Biological and Technological Investigations Institute (IIByT), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Bibiana E. Barrios
- Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology Research Center (CIBICI), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Raul H. Marin
- Biological and Technological Investigations Institute (IIByT), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Silvia G. Correa
- Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology Research Center (CIBICI), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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109
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Nazar FN, Marin RH, Liste G, Campderrich I, Estevez I. Manipulation of the phenotypic appearance of individuals in groups of laying hens: effects on stress and immune-related variables. Stress 2015; 18:710-7. [PMID: 26364806 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2015.1078306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated whether phenotypic appearance (PA) alteration during two developmental phases in laying hens, reared in two different group sizes, affects stress and immune responses. After hatching, 750 chicks were randomly assigned to 30 pens at a group size of either 10 or 40 birds. Then, the appearance of 0, 30, 50, 70 or 100% of the chicks in each pen was altered by blackdyeing their head feathers (marked); remaining chicks were unmarked. At 32 weeks, basal and postacute stress plasma corticosterone concentration, leukocyte counts, phytohemagglutinin-p lymphoproliferative and primary antibody responses were measured in six birds/pen. Analysis of variances (ANOVAs) showed no differences among treatment combinations. In a second phase, birds within initially homogeneous pens were sequentially either marked or had dye bleached to alter PA of 70% of hens in each flock (= group in a pen). Hens within initially heterogeneous pens remained unaltered as controls. The above variables were remeasured. Hens in phenotypically manipulated pens showed modified leukocyte counts compared to hens in control pens, indicating a chronic stress reaction in all penmates (whether individual PA was altered or not). Social isolation increased plasma corticosterone concentration. However, within groups of n = 40, phenotypically unaltered hens had lower responses than their altered penmate counterparts, suggesting that remaining in a stable PA group aids better coping with challenges. Although all hens in manipulated pens showed modified leukocyte counts, their antibody and lymphoproliferative responses did not differ from controls suggesting that all groupmates were able to immunologically cope with the challenges presented, within the timeframe evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Nazar
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT; CONICET-UNC) and Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - R H Marin
- a Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT; CONICET-UNC) and Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - G Liste
- b Department of Animal Production , Neiker-Tecnalia, Arkaute Agrifood Campus , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain, and
| | - I Campderrich
- b Department of Animal Production , Neiker-Tecnalia, Arkaute Agrifood Campus , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain, and
| | - I Estevez
- b Department of Animal Production , Neiker-Tecnalia, Arkaute Agrifood Campus , Vitoria-Gasteiz , Spain, and
- c IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3 , Bilbao , Spain
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110
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111
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Hu L, Zhao X, Yang J, Wang L, Yang Y, Song T, Huang C. Chronic scream sound exposure alters memory and monoamine levels in female rat brain. Physiol Behav 2014; 137:53-9. [PMID: 24952268 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic scream sound alters the cognitive performance of male rats and their brain monoamine levels, these stress-induced alterations are sexually dimorphic. To determine the effects of sound stress on female rats, we examined their serum corticosterone levels and their adrenal, splenic, and thymic weights, their cognitive performance and the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites in the brain. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats, with and without exposure to scream sound (4h/day for 21 day) were tested for spatial learning and memory using a Morris water maze. Stress decreased serum corticosterone levels, as well as splenic and adrenal weight. It also impaired spatial memory but did not affect the learning ability. Monoamines and metabolites were measured in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), striatum, hypothalamus, and hippocampus. The dopamine (DA) levels in the PFC decreased but the homovanillic acid/DA ratio increased. The decreased DA and the increased 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels were observed in the striatum. Only the 5-HIAA level increased in the hypothalamus. In the hippocampus, stress did not affect the levels of monoamines and metabolites. The results suggest that scream sound stress influences most physiologic parameters, memory, and the levels of monoamine neurotransmitter and their metabolites in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Hu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Basic Medical College, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoge Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lumin Wang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tusheng Song
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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112
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Calefi AS, Honda BTB, Costola-de-Souza C, de Siqueira A, Namazu LB, Quinteiro-Filho WM, da Silva Fonseca JG, Aloia TPA, Piantino-Ferreira AJ, Palermo-Neto J. Effects of long-term heat stress in an experimental model of avian necrotic enteritis. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1344-53. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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113
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Gomes AVS, Quinteiro-Filho WM, Ribeiro A, Ferraz-de-Paula V, Pinheiro ML, Baskeville E, Akamine AT, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Ferreira AJP, Palermo-Neto J. Overcrowding stress decreases macrophage activity and increases Salmonella Enteritidis invasion in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol 2014; 43:82-90. [PMID: 24350836 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.874006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Overcrowding stress is a reality in the poultry industry. Chickens exposed to long-term stressful situations present a reduction of welfare and immunosuppression. We designed this experiment to analyse the effects from overcrowding stress of 16 birds/m(2) on performance parameters, serum corticosterone levels, the relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius, plasma IgA and IgG levels, intestinal integrity, macrophage activity and experimental Salmonella Enteritidis invasion. The results of this study indicate that overcrowding stress decreased performance parameters, induced enteritis and decreased macrophage activity and the relative bursa weight in broiler chickens. When the chickens were similarly stressed and infected with Salmonella Enteritidis, there was an increase in feed conversion and a decrease in plasma IgG levels in the stressed and Salmonella-infected birds. We observed moderate enteritis throughout the duodenum of chickens stressed and infected with Salmonella. The overcrowding stress decreased the macrophage phagocytosis intensity and increased Salmonella Enteritidis counts in the livers of birds challenged with the pathogenic bacterium. Overcrowding stress via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that is associated with an increase in corticosterone and enteritis might influence the quality of the intestinal immune barrier and the integrity of the small intestine. This effect allowed pathogenic bacteria to migrate through the intestinal mucosa, resulting in inflammatory infiltration and decreased nutrient absorption. The data strengthen the hypothesis that control of the welfare of chickens and avoidance of stress from overcrowding in poultry production are relevant factors for the maintenance of intestinal integrity, performance and decreased susceptibility to Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V S Gomes
- a Neuroimmunomodulation Research Group, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
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114
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Kang SY, Ko YH, Moon YS, Sohn SH, Jang IS. Effects of Housing Systems on Physiological and Immunological Parameters in Laying Hens. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2013.55.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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115
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Krams I, Vrublevska J, Cirule D, Kivleniece I, Krama T, Rantala MJ, Kaasik A, Hõrak P, Sepp T. Stress, Behaviour and Immunity in Wild-Caught Wintering Great Tits (Parus major). Ethology 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jolanta Vrublevska
- Institute of Systematic Biology; University of Daugavpils; Daugavpils; Latvia
| | | | - Inese Kivleniece
- Institute of Systematic Biology; University of Daugavpils; Daugavpils; Latvia
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Institute of Systematic Biology; University of Daugavpils; Daugavpils; Latvia
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Section of Ecology; Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku; Finland
| | - Ants Kaasik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Tartu; Estonia
| | - Peeter Hõrak
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Tartu; Estonia
| | - Tuul Sepp
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Tartu; Estonia
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116
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Sherwin C, Nasr M, Gale E, Petek M, Stafford K, Turp M, Coles G. Prevalence of nematode infection and faecal egg counts in free-range laying hens: relations to housing and husbandry. Br Poult Sci 2013; 54:12-23. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.757577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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117
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Effect of epimedium polysaccharide-propolis flavone immunopotentiator on immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide in chickens. Cell Immunol 2013; 281:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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118
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Feng Y, Yang XJ, Wang YB, Li WL, Liu Y, Yin RQ, Yao JH. Effects of immune stress on performance parameters, intestinal enzyme activity and mRNA expression of intestinal transporters in broiler chickens. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2012; 25:701-7. [PMID: 25049616 PMCID: PMC4093104 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Immune stress is the loss of immune homeostasis caused by external forces. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of immune stress on the growth performance, small intestinal enzymes and peristalsis rate, and mRNA expression of nutrient transporters in broiler chickens. Four hundred and thirty-two 1-d-old broilers (Cobb500) were randomly assigned to four groups for treatment; each group included nine cages with 12 birds per cage. Group 1 = no vaccine (NV); Group 2 = conventional vaccine (CV); group 3 = lipopolysaccharide (LPS)+conventional vaccine (LPS); group 4 = cyclophosphamide (CYP)+conventional vaccine (CYP). The results demonstrated that immune stress by LPS and CYP reduced body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), small intestine peristalsis rate and sIgA content in small intestinal digesta (p<0.05). However, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) remained unchanged during the feeding period. LPS and CYP increased intestinal enzyme activity, relative expression of SGLT-1, CaBP-D28k and L-FABP mRNAs (p<0.05). LPS and CYP injection had a negative effect on the growth performance of healthy broiler chickens. The present study demonstrated that NV and CV could improve growth performance while enzyme activity in small intestine and relative expression of nutrient transporter mRNA of NV and CV were decreased in the conditions of a controlled rational feeding environment. It is generally recommended that broilers only need to be vaccinated for the diseases to which they might be exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, China ; Department of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - X J Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Y B Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, China
| | - W L Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Y Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, China
| | - R Q Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, China
| | - J H Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi, Yangling 712100, China
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Krams I, Vrublevska J, Cirule D, Kivleniece I, Krama T, Rantala MJ, Sild E, Hõrak P. Heterophil/lymphocyte ratios predict the magnitude of humoral immune response to a novel antigen in great tits (Parus major). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 161:422-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Merrill L, Angelier F, O’Loghlen AL, Rothstein SI, Wingfield JC. Sex-specific variation in brown-headed cowbird immunity following acute stress: a mechanistic approach. Oecologia 2012; 170:25-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Quinteiro-Filho WM, Rodrigues MV, Ribeiro A, Ferraz-de-Paula V, Pinheiro ML, Sá LRM, Ferreira AJP, Palermo-Neto J. Acute heat stress impairs performance parameters and induces mild intestinal enteritis in broiler chickens: role of acute hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:1986-94. [PMID: 22228037 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-3949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the environmental consequences of stress are relevant for economic and animal welfare reasons. We recently reported that long-term heat stressors (31 ± 1°C and 36 ± 1°C for 10 h/d) applied to broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) from d 35 to 42 of life increased serum corticosterone concentrations, decreased performance variables and the macrophage oxidative burst, and produced mild, multifocal acute enteritis. Being cognizant of the relevance of acute heat stress on tropical and subtropical poultry production, we designed the current experiment to analyze, from a neuroimmune perspective, the effects of an acute heat stress (31 ± 1°C for 10 h on d 35 of life) on serum corticosterone, performance variables, intestinal histology, and peritoneal macrophage activity in chickens. We demonstrated that the acute heat stress increased serum corticosterone concentrations and mortality and decreased food intake, BW gain, and feed conversion (P < 0.05). We did not find changes in the relative weights of the spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius (P > 0.05). Increases in the basal and the Staphylococcus aureus-induced macrophage oxidative bursts and a decrease in the percentage of macrophages performing phagocytosis were also observed. Finally, mild, multifocal acute enteritis, characterized by the increased presence of lymphocytes and plasmocytes within the lamina propria of the jejunum, was also observed. We found that the stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation was responsible for the negative effects observed on chicken performance and immune function as well as for the changes in the intestinal mucosa. The data presented here corroborate with those presented in other studies in the field of neuroimmunomodulation and open new avenues for the improvement of broiler chicken welfare and production performance.
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Seliger C, Schaerer B, Kohn M, Pendl H, Weigend S, Kaspers B, Härtle S. A rapid high-precision flow cytometry based technique for total white blood cell counting in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 145:86-99. [PMID: 22088676 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The automated analysis of total white blood cell count and white blood cell differentials is routine in research and clinical diagnosis in mammalian species. In contrast, in avian haematology these parameters are still estimated by conventional microscopic procedures due to technical difficulties associated with the morphological peculiarities of avian erythrocytes and thrombocytes. Both cell types are nucleated and fairly resistant to cell lysis, a prerequisite for automated leukocyte quantification and differentiation by commercial instruments. By using an anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody in combination with selected subset specific markers we have established a simple (no-lyse no-wash single-step one-tube) flow cytometry based technique for high precision chicken blood cell quantification. EDTA-blood samples are diluted, spiked with fluorescence beads and incubated with a mixture of fluorochrome conjugated chicken leukocyte specific antibodies. We demonstrate that total leukocyte numbers as well as thrombocyte, monocyte, T-cell, B-cell and heterophilic granulocyte numbers can be determined by flow cytometry in a single step without prior cell lysis, cell separation or cell washing steps. Importantly, we also show that blood samples can be fixed prior to cell staining which enables shipping of samples making the technology widely available. Comparison of this technique with conventional microscopy revealed superior precision. By comparing leukocyte differentials of two chicken populations and during immune system development after hatch we demonstrate that large sample numbers can be analysed within hours. This technique will help to overcome previous restrictions in immune status analysis in chickens in experimental systems, during vaccine testing and health status monitoring in chicken flocks. Advances in avian genomics should facilitate the development of appropriate tools for other avian species in the future which will make this technique broadly applicable.
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Díaz-Sánchez S, Moriones AM, Casas F, Höfle U. Prevalence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Campylobacter sp. in the intestinal flora of farm-reared, restocked and wild red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa): is restocking using farm-reared birds a risk? EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-011-0547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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