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Pérez-Sancho J, Tilsner J, Samuels AL, Botella MA, Bayer EM, Rosado A. Stitching Organelles: Organization and Function of Specialized Membrane Contact Sites in Plants. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:705-717. [PMID: 27318776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of multiple metabolic activities in plants relies on an interorganelle communication network established through membrane contact sites (MCS). The MCS are maintained in transient or durable configurations by tethering structures which keep the two membranes in close proximity, and create chemical microdomains that allow localized and targeted exchange of small molecules and possibly proteins. The past few years have witnessed a dramatic increase in our understanding of the structural and molecular organization of plant interorganelle MCS, and their crucial roles in plant specialized functions including stress responses, cell to cell communication, and lipid transport. In this review we summarize recent advances in understanding the molecular components, structural organization, and functions of different plant-specific MCS architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pérez-Sancho
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, BMS Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK; Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis (LBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, University of Bordeaux, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon CEDEX, France
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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102
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Rustom A. The missing link: does tunnelling nanotube-based supercellularity provide a new understanding of chronic and lifestyle diseases? Open Biol 2016; 6:160057. [PMID: 27278648 PMCID: PMC4929939 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs) are increasingly recognized as central players in a multitude of cellular mechanisms and diseases. Although their existence and functions in animal organisms are still elusive, emerging evidence suggests that they are involved in developmental processes, tissue regeneration, viral infections or pathogen transfer, stem cell differentiation, immune responses as well as initiation and progression of neurodegenerative disorders and cancer (see Sisakhtnezhad & Khosravi 2015 Eur. J. Cell Biol. 94, 429-443. (doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.06.010)). A broader field of vision, including their striking functional and structural resemblance with nanotube-mediated phenomena found throughout the phylogenetic tree, from plants down to bacteria, points to a universal, conserved and tightly regulated mechanism of cellular assemblies. Based on our initial definition of TNTs as open-ended channels mediating membrane continuity between connected cells (Rustom et al. 2004 Science 303, 1007-1010. (doi:10.1126/science.1093133)), it is suggested that animal tissues represent supercellular assemblies that-besides opening discrete communication pathways-balance diverse stress factors caused by pathological changes or fluctuating physiological and environmental conditions, such as oxidative stress or nutrient shortage. By combining current knowledge about nanotube formation, intercellular transfer and communication phenomena as well as associated molecular pathways, a model evolves, predicting that the linkage between reactive oxygen species, TNT-based supercellularity and the intercellular shuttling of materials will have significant impact on diverse body functions, such as cell survival, redox/metabolic homeostasis and mitochondrial heteroplasmy. It implies that TNTs are intimately linked to the physiological and pathological state of animal cells and represent a central joint element of diverse diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Rustom
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Institute of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, INF 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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103
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Tilsner J, Nicolas W, Rosado A, Bayer EM. Staying Tight: Plasmodesmal Membrane Contact Sites and the Control of Cell-to-Cell Connectivity in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:337-64. [PMID: 26905652 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multicellularity differs in plants and animals in that the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and endomembrane of plants are connected between cells through plasmodesmal pores. Plasmodesmata (PDs) are essential for plant life and serve as conduits for the transport of proteins, small RNAs, hormones, and metabolites during developmental and defense signaling. They are also the only pathways available for viruses to spread within plant hosts. The membrane organization of PDs is unique, characterized by the close apposition of the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane and spoke-like filamentous structures linking the two membranes, which define PDs as membrane contact sites (MCSs). This specialized membrane arrangement is likely critical for PD function. Here, we review how PDs govern developmental and defensive signaling in plants, compare them with other types of MCSs, and discuss in detail the potential functional significance of the MCS nature of PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom;
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - William Nicolas
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France; ,
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France; ,
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104
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Cui W, Lee JY. Arabidopsis callose synthases CalS1/8 regulate plasmodesmal permeability during stress. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16034. [PMID: 27243643 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants need to cope with biotic and abiotic stress through well-coordinated cell-to-cell communication to survive as sedentary organisms. Environmental challenges such as wounding, low temperature, oxidative states and pathogen infection are known to affect the symplasmic molecular exchange between plant cells determined by plasmodesmal permeability. However, the signalling pathways and mechanisms by which different environmental stressors affect plasmodesmal permeability are not well understood. Here we show that regulating callose accumulation at plasmodesmal channels is a common strategy to alter plasmodesmal permeability under both pathogen infection and mechanical wounding stress. We have identified Arabidopsis callose synthase 1 (CalS1) and CalS8 as key genes involved in this process, and have integrated these new players into both known and novel signalling pathways that control responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Our studies provide experimental data that indicate the presence of specialized pathways tuned to respond to particular stressors, and new insights into how plants regulate plasmodesmata in response to environmental assaults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weier Cui
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA
| | - Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA
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105
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Sharma KD, Nayyar H. Regulatory Networks in Pollen Development under Cold Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:402. [PMID: 27066044 PMCID: PMC4814731 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress modifies anthers' metabolic pathways to induce pollen sterility. Cold-tolerant plants, unlike the susceptible ones, produce high proportion of viable pollen. Anthers in susceptible plants, when exposed to cold stress, increase abscisic acid (ABA) metabolism and reduce ABA catabolism. Increased ABA negatively regulates expression of tapetum cell wall bound invertase and monosaccharide transport genes resulting in distorted carbohydrate pool in anther. Cold-stress also reduces endogenous levels of the bioactive gibberellins (GAs), GA4 and GA7, in susceptible anthers by repression of the GA biosynthesis genes. Here, we discuss recent findings on mechanisms of cold susceptibility in anthers which determine pollen sterility. We also discuss differences in regulatory pathways between cold-stressed anthers of susceptible and tolerant plants that decide pollen sterility or viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal D. Sharma
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agricultural UniversityPalampur, India
| | - Harsh Nayyar
- Department of Botany, Panjab UniversityChandigarh, India
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106
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Zhang HM, Wheeler S, Xia X, Radchuk R, Weber H, Offler CE, Patrick JW. Differential transcriptional networks associated with key phases of ingrowth wall construction in trans-differentiating epidermal transfer cells of Vicia faba cotyledons. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:103. [PMID: 25887034 PMCID: PMC4437447 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfer cells are characterized by intricate ingrowth walls, comprising an uniform wall upon which wall ingrowths are deposited. The ingrowth wall forms a scaffold to support an amplified plasma membrane surface area enriched in membrane transporters that collectively confers transfer cells with an enhanced capacity for membrane transport at bottlenecks for apo-/symplasmic exchange of nutrients. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating polarized construction of the ingrowth wall and membrane transporter profile are poorly understood. RESULTS An RNAseq study of an inducible epidermal transfer cell system in cultured Vicia faba cotyledons identified transfer cell specific transcriptomes associated with uniform wall and wall ingrowth deposition. All functional groups of genes examined were expressed before and following transition to a transfer cell fate. What changed were the isoform profiles of expressed genes within functional groups. Genes encoding ethylene and Ca(2+) signal generation and transduction pathways were enriched during uniform wall construction. Auxin-and reactive oxygen species-related genes dominated during wall ingrowth formation and ABA genes were evenly expressed across ingrowth wall construction. Expression of genes encoding kinesins, formins and villins was consistent with reorganization of cytoskeletal components. Uniform wall and wall ingrowth specific expression of exocyst complex components and SNAREs suggested specific patterns of exocytosis while dynamin mediated endocytotic activity was consistent with establishing wall ingrowth loci. Key regulatory genes of biosynthetic pathways for sphingolipids and sterols were expressed across ingrowth wall construction. Transfer cell specific expression of cellulose synthases was absent. Rather xyloglucan, xylan and pectin biosynthetic genes were selectively expressed during uniform wall construction. More striking was expression of genes encoding enzymes for re-modelling/degradation of cellulose, xyloglucans, pectins and callose. Extensins dominated the cohort of expressed wall structural proteins and particularly so across wall ingrowth development. Ion transporters were selectively expressed throughout ingrowth wall development along with organic nitrogen transporters and a large group of ABC transporters. Sugar transporters were less represented. CONCLUSIONS Pathways regulating signalling and intracellular organization were fine tuned whilst cell wall construction and membrane transporter profiles were altered substantially upon transiting to a transfer cell fate. Each phase of ingrowth wall construction was linked with unique cohorts of expressed genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Zhang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Simon Wheeler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Xue Xia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ruslana Radchuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Hans Weber
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Christina E Offler
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - John W Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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107
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Grison MS, Brocard L, Fouillen L, Nicolas W, Wewer V, Dörmann P, Nacir H, Benitez-Alfonso Y, Claverol S, Germain V, Boutté Y, Mongrand S, Bayer EM. Specific membrane lipid composition is important for plasmodesmata function in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1228-50. [PMID: 25818623 PMCID: PMC4558693 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.135731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are nano-sized membrane-lined channels controlling intercellular communication in plants. Although progress has been made in identifying PD proteins, the role played by major membrane constituents, such as the lipids, in defining specialized membrane domains in PD remains unknown. Through a rigorous isolation of "native" PD membrane fractions and comparative mass spectrometry-based analysis, we demonstrate that lipids are laterally segregated along the plasma membrane (PM) at the PD cell-to-cell junction in Arabidopsis thaliana. Remarkably, our results show that PD membranes display enrichment in sterols and sphingolipids with very long chain saturated fatty acids when compared with the bulk of the PM. Intriguingly, this lipid profile is reminiscent of detergent-insoluble membrane microdomains, although our approach is valuably detergent-free. Modulation of the overall sterol composition of young dividing cells reversibly impaired the PD localization of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins Plasmodesmata Callose Binding 1 and the β-1,3-glucanase PdBG2 and altered callose-mediated PD permeability. Altogether, this study not only provides a comprehensive analysis of the lipid constituents of PD but also identifies a role for sterols in modulating cell-to-cell connectivity, possibly by establishing and maintaining the positional specificity of callose-modifying glycosylphosphatidylinositol proteins at PD. Our work emphasizes the importance of lipids in defining PD membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali S Grison
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Plant Imaging Platform, Bordeaux Imaging Centre, INRA, 33883 Villenave-d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux/CNRS/UMS3420 and University of Bordeaux/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/US004, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France Functional Genomic Centre, Métabolome/Lipidome Platform, INRA-CNRS-University of Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave-d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - William Nicolas
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Vera Wewer
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Houda Nacir
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Functional Genomic Centre, Métabolome/Lipidome Platform, INRA-CNRS-University of Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave-d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Germain
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Yohann Boutté
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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108
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Farquharson KL. Sterols Modulate Cell-to-Cell Connectivity at Plasmodesmata. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:948. [PMID: 25818625 PMCID: PMC4558710 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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109
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Kitagawa M, Fujita T. A model system for analyzing intercellular communication through plasmodesmata using moss protonemata and leaves. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:63-72. [PMID: 25516502 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth, development, and environmental responses require the proper regulation of intercellular movement of signals and nutrients. For this, plants have specialized cytoplasmic channels, the plasmodesmata (PD), which allow the symplasmic movement of micro- and macromolecules between neighboring cells. Internal and external signals spatio-temporally regulate the movement of molecules through the PD to control plant development and environmental responses. Although some aspects of targeted movement of molecules have been revealed, the mechanisms of non-targeted, diffusible flow of molecules through PD, and its regulation and function, remain poorly understood, particularly at the cellular level. Previously, we developed a system to quantitatively analyze non-targeted movement of a photoconvertible fluorescent protein, Dendra2, at the single-cell level in the filamentous protonemata tissue of the moss Physcomitrella patens. In protonemata, one-dimensional intercellular communication can be easily observed and quantitatively analyzed at the cellular level. In this review, we describe how protonemata and leaves of P. patens can be used to study symplasmic movement through PD, and discuss how this system can help improve our understanding of PD regulation and function in development and environmental responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Kitagawa
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan,
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110
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Kawade K, Tanimoto H. Mobility of signaling molecules: the key to deciphering plant organogenesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:17-25. [PMID: 25516503 PMCID: PMC4375297 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Signaling molecules move between cells to form a characteristic distribution pattern within a developing organ; thereafter, they spatiotemporally regulate organ development. A key question in this process is how the signaling molecules robustly form the precise distribution on a tissue scale in a reproducible manner. Despite of an increasing number of quantitative studies regarding the mobility of signaling molecules, the detail mechanism of organogenesis via intercellular signaling is still unclear. We here review the potential advantages of plant development to address this question, focusing on the cytoplasmic continuity of plant cells through the plasmodesmata. The plant system would provide a unique opportunity to define the simple transportation mode of diffusion process, and, hence, the mechanism of organogenesis via intercellular signaling. Based on the advances in the understanding of intercellular signaling at the molecular level and in the quantitative imaging techniques, we discuss our current challenges in measuring the mobility of signaling molecules for deciphering plant organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kawade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan,
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111
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Fujita T. Plasmodesmata: function and diversity in plant intercellular communication. Preface. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:3-5. [PMID: 25566753 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomichi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan,
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112
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Bobik K, Burch-Smith TM. Chloroplast signaling within, between and beyond cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:781. [PMID: 26500659 PMCID: PMC4593955 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The most conspicuous function of plastids is the oxygenic photosynthesis of chloroplasts, yet plastids are super-factories that produce a plethora of compounds that are indispensable for proper plant physiology and development. Given their origins as free-living prokaryotes, it is not surprising that plastids possess their own genomes whose expression is essential to plastid function. This semi-autonomous character of plastids requires the existence of sophisticated regulatory mechanisms that provide reliable communication between them and other cellular compartments. Such intracellular signaling is necessary for coordinating whole-cell responses to constantly varying environmental cues and cellular metabolic needs. This is achieved by plastids acting as receivers and transmitters of specific signals that coordinate expression of the nuclear and plastid genomes according to particular needs. In this review we will consider the so-called retrograde signaling occurring between plastids and nuclei, and between plastids and other organelles. Another important role of the plastid we will discuss is the involvement of plastid signaling in biotic and abiotic stress that, in addition to influencing retrograde signaling, has direct effects on several cellular compartments including the cell wall. We will also review recent evidence pointing to an intriguing function of chloroplasts in regulating intercellular symplasmic transport. Finally, we consider an intriguing yet less widely known aspect of plant biology, chloroplast signaling from the perspective of the entire plant. Thus, accumulating evidence highlights that chloroplasts, with their complex signaling pathways, provide a mechanism for exquisite regulation of plant development, metabolism and responses to the environment. As chloroplast processes are targeted for engineering for improved productivity the effect of such modifications on chloroplast signaling will have to be carefully considered in order to avoid unintended consequences on plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tessa M. Burch-Smith
- *Correspondence: Tessa M. Burch-Smith, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, M407 Walters Life Science, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA,
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113
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Knox JP, Benitez-Alfonso Y. Roles and regulation of plant cell walls surrounding plasmodesmata. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:93-100. [PMID: 25286000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the intercellular transport of simple and complex molecules can occur symplastically through plasmodesmata. These are membranous channels embedded in cell walls that connect neighbouring cells. The properties of the cell walls surrounding plasmodesmata determine their transport capacity and permeability. These cell wall micro-domains are enriched in callose and have a characteristic pectin distribution. Cell wall modifications, leading to changes in plasmodesmata structure, have been reported to occur during development and in response to environmental signals. Cell wall remodelling enzymes target plasmodesmata to rapidly control intercellular communication in situ. Here we describe current knowledge on the composition of cell walls at plasmodesmata sites and on the proteins and signals that modify cell walls to regulate plasmodesmata aperture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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114
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Bayer EM, Mongrand S, Tilsner J. Specialized membrane domains of plasmodesmata, plant intercellular nanopores. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:507. [PMID: 25324854 PMCID: PMC4179711 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle M. Bayer
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, University of BordeauxBordeaux, France
- *Correspondence: ;
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, University of BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St AndrewsFife, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
- *Correspondence: ;
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