101
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Łącki KM, Riske FJ. Affinity Chromatography: An Enabling Technology for Large‐Scale Bioprocessing. Biotechnol J 2019; 15:e1800397. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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102
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Moore-Kelly C, Welsh J, Rodger A, Dafforn TR, Thomas ORT. Automated High-Throughput Capillary Circular Dichroism and Intrinsic Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Rapid Determination of Protein Structure. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13794-13802. [PMID: 31584804 PMCID: PMC7006967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Assessing
the physical stability of proteins is one of the most
important challenges in the development, manufacture, and formulation
of biotherapeutics. Here, we describe a method for combining and automating
circular dichroism and intrinsic protein fluorescence spectroscopy.
By robotically injecting samples from a 96-well plate into an optically
compliant capillary flow cell, complementary information about the
secondary and tertiary structural state of a protein can be collected
in an unattended manner from considerably reduced volumes of sample
compared to conventional techniques. We demonstrate the accuracy and
reproducibility of this method. Furthermore, we show how structural
screening can be used to monitor unfolding of proteins in two case
studies using (i) a chaotropic denaturant (urea) and (ii) low-pH buffers
used for monoclonal antibody (mAb) purification during Protein A chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Welsh
- Pall Biotech , Southampton Road , Portsmouth , PO6 4BQ , U.K
| | - Alison Rodger
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Macquarie Park , Sydney , New South Wales 2109 , Australia
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103
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Li Y, Stern D, Lock LL, Mills J, Ou SH, Morrow M, Xu X, Ghose S, Li ZJ, Cui H. Emerging biomaterials for downstream manufacturing of therapeutic proteins. Acta Biomater 2019; 95:73-90. [PMID: 30862553 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Downstream processing is considered one of the most challenging phases of industrial manufacturing of therapeutic proteins, accounting for a large portion of the total production costs. The growing demand for therapeutic proteins in the biopharmaceutical market in addition to a significant rise in upstream titers have placed an increasing burden on the downstream purification process, which is often limited by high cost and insufficient capacities. To achieve efficient production and reduced costs, a variety of biomaterials have been exploited to improve the current techniques and also to develop superior alternatives. In this work, we discuss the significance of utilizing traditional biomaterials in downstream processing and review the recent progress in the development of new biomaterials for use in protein separation and purification. Several representative methods will be highlighted and discussed in detail, including affinity chromatography, non-affinity chromatography, membrane separations, magnetic separations, and precipitation/phase separations. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Nowadays, downstream processing of therapeutic proteins is facing great challenges created by the rapid increase of the market size and upstream titers, starving for significant improvements or innovations in current downstream unit operations. Biomaterials have been widely used in downstream manufacturing of proteins and efforts have been continuously devoted to developing more advanced biomaterials for the implementation of more efficient and economical purification methods. This review covers recent advances in the development and application of biomaterials specifically exploited for various chromatographic and non-chromatographic techniques, highlighting several promising alternative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - David Stern
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Lye Lin Lock
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA 01434, United States
| | - Jason Mills
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA 01434, United States
| | - Shih-Hao Ou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Marina Morrow
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Xuankuo Xu
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA 01434, United States.
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA 01434, United States
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, MA 01434, United States
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States; Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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104
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The Breakthrough of Biosimilars: A Twist in the Narrative of Biological Therapy. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090410. [PMID: 31450637 PMCID: PMC6770099 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The coming wave of patent expiries of first generation commercialized biotherapeutical drugs has seen the global market open its doors to close copies of these products. These near perfect substitutes, which are termed as “biosimilars”, do not need to undergo intense clinical trials for their approval. However, they are mandated to produce identical similarity from their reference biologics in terms of clinical safety and efficacy. As such, these biosimilar products promise to foster unprecedented access to a wide range of life-saving biologics. However, seeing this promise be fulfilled requires the development of biosimilars to be augmented with product trust, predictable regulatory frameworks, and sustainable policies. It is vital for healthcare and marketing professionals to understand the critical challenges surrounding biosimilar use and implement informed clinical and commercial decisions. A proper framework of pharmacovigilance, education, and scientific exchange for biologics and biosimilars would ensure a dramatic rise in healthcare access and market sustainability. This paper seeks to collate and review all relevant published intelligence of the health and business potential of biosimilars. In doing so, it provides a visualization of the essential steps that are required to be taken for global biosimilar acceptance.
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105
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Model-based optimization of integrated purification sequences for biopharmaceuticals. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE: X 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cesx.2019.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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106
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Accelerating Biomanufacturing by Modeling of Continuous Bioprocessing—Piloting Case Study of Monoclonal Antibody Manufacturing. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7080495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An experimental feasibility study on continuous bioprocessing in pilot-scale of 1 L/day cell supernatant, that is, about 150 g/year product (monoclonal antibody) based on CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells for model validation is performed for about six weeks including preparation, start-up, batch, and continuous steady-state operation for at least two weeks stable operation as well as final analysis of purity and yield. A mean product concentration of around 0.4 g/L at cell densities of 25 × 106 cells/mL was achieved. After perfusion cultivation with alternating tangential flow filtration (ATF), an aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) followed by ultra-/diafiltration (UF/DF) towards a final integrated counter-current chromatography (iCCC) purification with an ion exchange (IEX) and a hydrophobic interaction (HIC) column prior to lyophilization were successfully operated. In accordance to prior studies, continuous operation is stable and feasible. Efforts of broadly-qualified operation personal as well as the need for an appropriate measurement and process control strategy is shown evidently.
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107
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Moczko E, Guerreiro A, Cáceres C, Piletska E, Sellergren B, Piletsky SA. Epitope approach in molecular imprinting of antibodies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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108
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Talbot NE, Mead EJ, Davies SA, Uddin S, Smales CM. Application of ER Stress Biomarkers to Predict Formulated Monoclonal Antibody Stability. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1900024. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E. Talbot
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of BiosciencesUniversity of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Emma J. Mead
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of BiosciencesUniversity of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NJ UK
| | - Stephanie A. Davies
- Dosage Form Design & DevelopmentMedImmune Sir Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park Cambridge CB21 6GH UK
| | - Shahid Uddin
- Dosage Form Design & DevelopmentMedImmune Sir Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park Cambridge CB21 6GH UK
| | - C. Mark Smales
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of BiosciencesUniversity of Kent Canterbury CT2 7NJ UK
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109
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Gilgunn S, El-Sabbahy H, Albrecht S, Gaikwad M, Corrigan K, Deakin L, Jellum G, Bones J. Identification and tracking of problematic host cell proteins removed by a synthetic, highly functionalized nonwoven media in downstream bioprocessing of monoclonal antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1595:28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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110
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111
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Großhans S, Suhm S, Hubbuch J. Precipitation of complex antibody solutions: influence of contaminant composition and cell culture medium on the precipitation behavior. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1039-1051. [PMID: 30887102 PMCID: PMC6527789 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Preparative protein precipitation is known as a cost-efficient and easy-to-use alternative to chromatographic purification steps. This said, at the moment, there is no process for monoclonal antibodies (mAb) on the market, although especially polyethylene glycol-induced precipitation has shown great potential. One reason might be the highly complex behavior of each component of a crude feedstock during the precipitation process. For different investigated mAbs, significant variations in the host cell protein (HCP) reduction are observed. In contrast to the precipitation behavior of single components, the interactions and interplay in a complex feedstock are not fully understood yet. This work discusses the influence of contaminants on the precipitation behavior of two different mAbs, an IgG1, and an IgG2. By spiking the mAbs with mock solution, a complex feedstock could successfully be mimicked. Spiking contaminants influenced the yield and purity of the mAbs after the precipitation step, compared to the precipitation behavior of the single components. The mixture showed a decrease in the contaminant and mAb solubility. By re-buffering the mock solution prior to spiking, special salts, small molecules like amino acids, vitamins, or sugars could be depleted while larger ones like HCP or DNA were still present. Therefore, it was possible to distinguish the influence of small molecules and larger ones. Hence, mAb-macromolecular interaction could be identified as a possible reason for the observed higher precipitation propensity, while small molecules of the cell culture medium were identified as solubilisation factors during the precipitation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Großhans
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Susanna Suhm
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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112
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Lopes C, dos Santos NV, Dupont J, Pedrolli DB, Valentini SR, Santos‐Ebinuma V, Pereira JFB. Improving the cost effectiveness of enhanced green fluorescent protein production using recombinantEscherichia coliBL21 (DE3): Decreasing the expression inducer concentration. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:527-536. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Lopes
- Department of Bioprocesses and BiotechnologySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Nathalia Vieira dos Santos
- Department of Bioprocesses and BiotechnologySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Jana Dupont
- Department of Bioprocesses and BiotechnologySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGent University Gent Belgium
| | - Danielle Biscaro Pedrolli
- Department of Bioprocesses and BiotechnologySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Sandro Roberto Valentini
- Department of Biological SciencesSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Valéria Santos‐Ebinuma
- Department of Bioprocesses and BiotechnologySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Jorge Fernando Brandão Pereira
- Department of Bioprocesses and BiotechnologySchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
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113
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Cai CX, Schneck NA, Harris D, Blackstock D, Ivleva VB, Cheng KC, Charlton A, Arnold FJ, Cooper JW, Lei QP. Quantification of residual AEBSF-related impurities by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1116:19-23. [PMID: 30953918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
During research of a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) for HIV-1 infection, site-specific clipping was observed during cell culture incubation. Protease inhibitor, 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF), was supplemented to the cell culture feeding to mitigate clipping as one of the control strategies. It led to the need and development of a new assay to monitor the free AEBSF-related impurities during the purification process. In this work, a reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC-UV) method was developed to measure the total concentration of AEBSF and its major degradant product, 4-(aminoethyl) benzenesulfonic acid (AEBS-OH). This quantitative approach involved hydrolysis pre-treatment to drive all AEBSF to AEBS-OH, a filtration step to remove large molecules, followed by RPLC-UV analysis. The method was qualified and shown to be capable of measuring AEBS-OH down to 0.5 μM with good accuracy and precision, which was then applied for process clearance studies. The results demonstrated that a Protein A purification step in conjunction with a mock ultrafiltration/diafiltration (UF/DF) step could remove AEBSF-related impurities below the detection level. Overall, this study is the first to provide a unique approach for monitoring the clearance of free AEBSF and its related degradant, AEBS-OH, in support of the bNAb research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy X Cai
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Nicole A Schneck
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Doug Harris
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Blackstock
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Vera B Ivleva
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kuang-Chuan Cheng
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Adam Charlton
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Frank J Arnold
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan W Cooper
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Q Paula Lei
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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114
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A new approach for downstream purification of rhamnolipid biosurfactants. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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115
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Fisher AC, Kamga MH, Agarabi C, Brorson K, Lee SL, Yoon S. The Current Scientific and Regulatory Landscape in Advancing Integrated Continuous Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:253-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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116
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Clavijo V, Torres-Acosta MA, Vives-Flórez MJ, Rito-Palomares M. Aqueous two-phase systems for the recovery and purification of phage therapy products: Recovery of salmonella bacteriophage ϕSan23 as a case study. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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117
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118
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Accelerating Biologics Manufacturing by Modeling or: Is Approval under the QbD and PAT Approaches Demanded by Authorities Acceptable Without a Digital-Twin? Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Innovative biologics, including cell therapeutics, virus-like particles, exosomes,recombinant proteins, and peptides, seem likely to substitute monoclonal antibodies as the maintherapeutic entities in manufacturing over the next decades. This molecular variety causes agrowing need for a general change of methods as well as mindset in the process development stage,as there are no platform processes available such as those for monoclonal antibodies. Moreover,market competitiveness demands hyper-intensified processes, including accelerated decisionstoward batch or continuous operation of dedicated modular plant concepts. This indicates gaps inprocess comprehension, when operation windows need to be run at the edges of optimization. Inthis editorial, the authors review and assess potential methods and begin discussing possiblesolutions throughout the workflow, from process development through piloting to manufacturingoperation from their point of view and experience. Especially, the state-of-the-art for modeling inred biotechnology is assessed, clarifying differences and applications of statistical, rigorousphysical-chemical based models as well as cost modeling. “Digital-twins” are described and effortsvs. benefits for new applications exemplified, including the regulation-demanded QbD (quality bydesign) and PAT (process analytical technology) approaches towards digitalization or industry 4.0based on advanced process control strategies. Finally, an analysis of the obstacles and possiblesolutions for any successful and efficient industrialization of innovative methods from processdevelopment, through piloting to manufacturing, results in some recommendations. A centralquestion therefore requires attention: Considering that QbD and PAT have been required byauthorities since 2004, can any biologic manufacturing process be approved by the regulatoryagencies without being modeled by a “digital-twin” as part of the filing documentation?
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119
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Yang O, Prabhu S, Ierapetritou M. Comparison between Batch and Continuous Monoclonal Antibody Production and Economic Analysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ou Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8058, United States
| | - Siddharth Prabhu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8058, United States
| | - Marianthi Ierapetritou
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8058, United States
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120
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Yang O, Qadan M, Ierapetritou M. Economic Analysis of Batch and Continuous Biopharmaceutical Antibody Production: A Review. J Pharm Innov 2019; 14:1-19. [PMID: 30923586 PMCID: PMC6432653 DOI: 10.1007/s12247-018-09370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a growing interest in continuous biopharmaceutical processing due to the advantages of small footprint, increased productivity, consistent product quality, high process flexibility and robustness, facility cost-effectiveness, and reduced capital and operating cost. To support the decision making of biopharmaceutical manufacturing, comparisons between conventional batch and continuous processing are provided. METHODS Various process unit operations in different operating modes are summarized. Software implementation, as well as computational methods used, are analyzed pointing to the advantages and disadvantages that have been highlighted in the literature. Economic analysis methods and their applications in different parts of the processes are also discussed with examples from publications in the last decade. RESULTS The results of the comparison between batch and continuous process operation alternatives are discussed. Possible improvements in process design and analysis are recommended. The methods used here do not reflect Lilly's cost structures or economic evaluation methods. CONCLUSION This paper provides a review of the work that has been published in the literature on computational process design and economic analysis methods on continuous biopharmaceutical antibody production and its comparison with a conventional batch process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8058, United States
| | - Maen Qadan
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Marianthi Ierapetritou
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8058, United States
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121
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Williams KL. The Biologics Revolution and Endotoxin Test Concerns. ENDOTOXIN DETECTION AND CONTROL IN PHARMA, LIMULUS, AND MAMMALIAN SYSTEMS 2019. [PMCID: PMC7123716 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-17148-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The advent of “at will” production of biologics in lieu of harvesting animal proteins (i.e. insulin) or human cadaver proteins (i.e. growth hormone) has revolutionized the treatment of disease. While the fruits of the biotechnology revolution are widely acknowledged, the realization of the differences in the means of production and changes in the manner of control of potential impurities and contaminants in regard to the new versus the old are less widely appreciated. This chapter is an overview of the biologics revolution in terms of the rigors of manufacturing required to produce them, their mechanism of action, and caveats of endotoxin control. It is a continulation of the previous chapter that established a basic background knowledge of adaptive immune principles necessary to understand the mode of action of both disease causation and biologics therapeutic treatment via immune modulation.
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122
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Downstream Processing for Biopharmaceuticals Recovery. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01881-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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123
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Challenges to industrial mAb bioprocessing—removal of host cell proteins in CHO cell bioprocesses. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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124
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Pothakos V, Debeer N, Debonne I, Rodriguez A, Starr JN, Anderson T. Fermentation Titer Optimization and Impact on Energy and Water Consumption during Downstream Processing. Chem Eng Technol 2018; 41:2358-2365. [PMID: 31007402 PMCID: PMC6472596 DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201800279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A common focus of fermentation process optimization is the product titer. Different strategies to boost fermentation titer target whole-cell biocatalyst selection, process control, and medium composition. Working at higher product concentrations reduces the water that needs to be removed in the case of aqueous systems and, therefore, lowers the cost of downstream separation and purification. Different approaches to achieve higher titer in fermentation are examined. Energy and water consumption data collected from different Cargill fermentation plants, i.e., ethanol, lactic acid, and 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, confirm that improvements in fermentation titer play a decisive role in downstream economics and environmental footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadine Debeer
- Cargill R&D Centre Europe BVBAHavenstraat 841800VilvoordeBelgium
| | - Ignace Debonne
- Cargill R&D Centre Europe BVBAHavenstraat 841800VilvoordeBelgium
| | - Asier Rodriguez
- Cargill R&D Centre Europe BVBAHavenstraat 841800VilvoordeBelgium
| | - John N. Starr
- Engineering R&D, Cargill, IncP.O. Box 9300MN 55440MinneapolisUSA
| | - Todd Anderson
- Cargill R&D Centre Europe BVBAHavenstraat 841800VilvoordeBelgium
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125
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Gilliland WM, Ramsey JM. Development of a Microchip CE-HPMS Platform for Cell Growth Monitoring. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13000-13006. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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126
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Madabhushi SR, Gavin J, Xu S, Cutler C, Chmielowski R, Rayfield W, Tugcu N, Chen H. Quantitative assessment of environmental impact of biologics manufacturing using process mass intensity analysis. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1566-1573. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sri R. Madabhushi
- Upstream Process Development and Engineering, Biologics Process Development and Clinical ManufacturingMerck & Co., Inc. (USA) 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth New Jersey, 07033
| | - John Gavin
- Environmental Sustainability COEMerck & Co., Inc. 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth New Jersey, 07033
| | - Sen Xu
- Upstream Process Development and Engineering, Biologics Process Development and Clinical ManufacturingMerck & Co., Inc. (USA) 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth New Jersey, 07033
| | - Collette Cutler
- Downstream Process Development and Engineering, Biologics Process Development and Clinical ManufacturingMerck & Co., Inc. (USA) 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth New Jersey, 07033
| | - Rebecca Chmielowski
- Downstream Process Development and Engineering, Biologics Process Development and Clinical ManufacturingMerck & Co., Inc. (USA) 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth New Jersey, 07033
| | - William Rayfield
- Downstream Process Development and Engineering, Biologics Process Development and Clinical ManufacturingMerck & Co., Inc. (USA) 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth New Jersey, 07033
| | - Nihal Tugcu
- Downstream Process Development and Engineering, Biologics Process Development and Clinical ManufacturingMerck & Co., Inc. (USA) 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth New Jersey, 07033
| | - Hao Chen
- Upstream Process Development and Engineering, Biologics Process Development and Clinical ManufacturingMerck & Co., Inc. (USA) 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth New Jersey, 07033
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127
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Schmidt A, Strube J. Process Development and Scale-up of Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction as Clarification and Capture Step in the Manufacturing of Biologics. CHEM-ING-TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201855216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology; Institute for Separation and Process Technology; Leibnizstraße 15 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - J. Strube
- Clausthal University of Technology; Institute for Separation and Process Technology; Leibnizstraße 15 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
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128
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Richardson D, Itkonen J, Nievas J, Urtti A, Casteleijn MG. Accelerated pharmaceutical protein development with integrated cell free expression, purification, and bioconjugation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11967. [PMID: 30097621 PMCID: PMC6086869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of living cells for the synthesis of pharmaceutical proteins, though state-of-the-art, is hindered by its lengthy process comprising of many steps that may affect the protein’s stability and activity. We aimed to integrate protein expression, purification, and bioconjugation in small volumes coupled with cell free protein synthesis for the target protein, ciliary neurotrophic factor. Split-intein mediated capture by use of capture peptides onto a solid surface was efficient at 89–93%. Proof-of-principle of light triggered release was compared to affinity chromatography (His6 fusion tag coupled with Ni-NTA). The latter was more efficient, but more time consuming. Light triggered release was clearly demonstrated. Moreover, we transferred biotin from the capture peptide to the target protein without further purification steps. Finally, the target protein was released in a buffer-volume and composition of our choice, omitting the need for protein concentration or changing the buffer. Split-intein mediated capture, protein trans splicing followed by light triggered release, and bioconjugation for proteins synthesized in cell free systems might be performed in an integrated workflow resulting in the fast production of the target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Richardson
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Itkonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Nievas
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg State University, Petergoff, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Marco G Casteleijn
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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129
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Laustsen AH, Dorrestijn N. Integrating Engineering, Manufacturing, and Regulatory Considerations in the Development of Novel Antivenoms. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E309. [PMID: 30065185 PMCID: PMC6115708 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease that requires immediate attention. Conventional plasma-derived snakebite antivenoms have existed for more than 120 years and have been instrumental in saving thousands of lives. However, both a need and an opportunity exist for harnessing biotechnology and modern drug development approaches to develop novel snakebite antivenoms with better efficacy, safety, and affordability. For this to be realized, though, development approaches, clinical testing, and manufacturing must be feasible for any novel treatment modality to be brought to the clinic. Here, we present engineering, manufacturing, and regulatory considerations that need to be taken into account for any development process for a novel antivenom product, with a particular emphasis on novel antivenoms based on mixtures of monoclonal antibodies. We highlight key drug development challenges that must be addressed, and we attempt to outline some of the important shifts that may have to occur in the ways snakebite antivenoms are designed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hougaard Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Netty Dorrestijn
- Utrecht Center for Affordable Biotherapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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130
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Kruljec N, Molek P, Hodnik V, Anderluh G, Bratkovič T. Development and Characterization of Peptide Ligands of Immunoglobulin G Fc Region. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2763-2775. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nika Kruljec
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedicine, Ljubljana, SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Peter Molek
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Hodnik
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Bratkovič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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131
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Awwad S, Angkawinitwong U. Overview of Antibody Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E83. [PMID: 29973504 PMCID: PMC6161251 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most important classes of therapeutic proteins, which are used to treat a wide number of diseases (e.g., oncology, inflammation and autoimmune diseases). Monoclonal antibody technologies are continuing to evolve to develop medicines with increasingly improved safety profiles, with the identification of new drug targets being one key barrier for new antibody development. There are many opportunities for developing antibody formulations for better patient compliance, cost savings and lifecycle management, e.g., subcutaneous formulations. However, mAb-based medicines also have limitations that impact their clinical use; the most prominent challenges are their short pharmacokinetic properties and stability issues during manufacturing, transport and storage that can lead to aggregation and protein denaturation. The development of long acting protein formulations must maintain protein stability and be able to deliver a large enough dose over a prolonged period. Many strategies are being pursued to improve the formulation and dosage forms of antibodies to improve efficacy and to increase the range of applications for the clinical use of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Awwad
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1 V9EL, UK.
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132
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Goey CH, Alhuthali S, Kontoravdi C. Host cell protein removal from biopharmaceutical preparations: Towards the implementation of quality by design. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1223-1237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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133
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Gädke J, Thies JW, Kleinfeldt L, Schulze T, Biedendieck R, Rustenbeck I, Garnweitner G, Krull R, Dietzel A. Selective manipulation of superparamagnetic nanoparticles for product purification and microfluidic diagnostics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 126:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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134
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Wittkopp F, Peeck L, Hafner M, Frech C. Modeling and simulation of protein elution in linear pH and salt gradients on weak, strong and mixed cation exchange resins applying an extended Donnan ion exchange model. J Chromatogr A 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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135
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Lee YF, Jöhnck M, Frech C. Evaluation of differences between dual salt-pH gradient elution and mono gradient elution using a thermodynamic model: Simultaneous separation of six monoclonal antibody charge and size variants on preparative-scale ion exchange chromatographic resin. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:973-986. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng Lee
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology; University of Applied Sciences Mannheim; Mannheim Germany
| | - Matthias Jöhnck
- Department of Process Solutions, Actives & Formulation; Merck KGaA; Darmstadt Germany
| | - Christian Frech
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology; University of Applied Sciences Mannheim; Mannheim Germany
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136
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Process Analytical Technology for Advanced Process Control in Biologics Manufacturing with the Aid of Macroscopic Kinetic Modeling. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:bioengineering5010025. [PMID: 29547557 PMCID: PMC5874891 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Productivity improvements of mammalian cell culture in the production of recombinant proteins have been made by optimizing cell lines, media, and process operation. This led to enhanced titers and process robustness without increasing the cost of the upstream processing (USP); however, a downstream bottleneck remains. In terms of process control improvement, the process analytical technology (PAT) initiative, initiated by the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA), aims to measure, analyze, monitor, and ultimately control all important attributes of a bioprocess. Especially, spectroscopic methods such as Raman or near-infrared spectroscopy enable one to meet these analytical requirements, preferably in-situ. In combination with chemometric techniques like partial least square (PLS) or principal component analysis (PCA), it is possible to generate soft sensors, which estimate process variables based on process and measurement models for the enhanced control of bioprocesses. Macroscopic kinetic models can be used to simulate cell metabolism. These models are able to enhance the process understanding by predicting the dynamic of cells during cultivation. In this article, in-situ turbidity (transmission, 880 nm) and ex-situ Raman spectroscopy (785 nm) measurements are combined with an offline macroscopic Monod kinetic model in order to predict substrate concentrations. Experimental data of Chinese hamster ovary cultivations in bioreactors show a sufficiently linear correlation (R2 ≥ 0.97) between turbidity and total cell concentration. PLS regression of Raman spectra generates a prediction model, which was validated via offline viable cell concentration measurement (RMSE ≤ 13.82, R2 ≥ 0.92). Based on these measurements, the macroscopic Monod model can be used to determine different process attributes, e.g., glucose concentration. In consequence, it is possible to approximately calculate (R2 ≥ 0.96) glucose concentration based on online cell concentration measurements using turbidity or Raman spectroscopy. Future approaches will use these online substrate concentration measurements with turbidity and Raman measurements, in combination with the kinetic model, in order to control the bioprocess in terms of feeding strategies, by employing an open platform communication (OPC) network—either in fed-batch or perfusion mode, integrated into a continuous operation of upstream and downstream.
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137
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Farys M, Gibson D, Lewis AP, Lewis W, Kucia-Tran R. Isotype dependent on-column non-reversible aggregation of monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1279-1287. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Farys
- Biopharm Process Development; GlaxoSmithKline; GSK Medicine Research Centre; Stevenage United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Gibson
- Biopharm Process Development; GlaxoSmithKline; GSK Medicine Research Centre; Stevenage United Kingdom
| | - Alan P. Lewis
- Biopharm Process Development; GlaxoSmithKline; GSK Medicine Research Centre; Stevenage United Kingdom
| | - Will Lewis
- Biopharm Process Development; GlaxoSmithKline; GSK Medicine Research Centre; Stevenage United Kingdom
| | - Richard Kucia-Tran
- Biopharm Process Development; GlaxoSmithKline; GSK Medicine Research Centre; Stevenage United Kingdom
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138
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Yoshizawa S, Oki S, Arakawa T, Shiraki K. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a counteracting solute of benzyl alcohol for multi-dose formulation of immunoglobulin. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:984-989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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139
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Abstract
Fed-batch culture is the most commonly used upstream process in industry today for recombinant monoclonal antibody production using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Developing and optimizing this process in the lab is crucial for establishing process knowledge, which enables rapid and predictable tech-transfer to manufacturing scale. In this chapter, we describe stepwise how to carry out fed-batch CHO cell culture for lab-scale antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Fan
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniel Ley
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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140
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Parker SA, Amarikwa L, Vehar K, Orozco R, Godfrey S, Coffman J, Shamlou P, Bardliving CL. Design of a novel continuous flow reactor for low pH viral inactivation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:606-616. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Linus Amarikwa
- Keck Graduate Institute; Amgen Bioprocessing Center; Claremont California
- Boehringer Ingelheim; Department of Process Science; Fremont California
| | - Kevin Vehar
- Keck Graduate Institute; Amgen Bioprocessing Center; Claremont California
| | - Raquel Orozco
- Boehringer Ingelheim; Department of Process Science; Fremont California
| | - Scott Godfrey
- Boehringer Ingelheim; Department of Process Science; Fremont California
| | - Jon Coffman
- Boehringer Ingelheim; Department of Global Innovation and Technology; Fremont California
| | - Parviz Shamlou
- Keck Graduate Institute; Amgen Bioprocessing Center; Claremont California
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141
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Integration of Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction as Cell Harvest and Capture Operation in the Manufacturing Process of Monoclonal Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2017; 6:antib6040021. [PMID: 31548537 PMCID: PMC6698824 DOI: 10.3390/antib6040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial improvements have been made to cell culturing processes (e.g., higher product titer) in recent years by raising cell densities and optimizing cultivation time. However, this has been accompanied by an increase in product-related impurities and therefore greater challenges in subsequent clarification and capture operations. Considering the paradigm shift towards the design of continuously operating dedicated plants at smaller scales—with or without disposable technology—for treating smaller patient populations due to new indications or personalized medicine approaches, the rising need for new, innovative strategies for both clarification and capture technology becomes evident. Aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) is now considered to be a feasible unit operation, e.g., for the capture of monoclonal antibodies or recombinant proteins. However, most of the published work so far investigates the applicability of ATPE in antibody-manufacturing processes at the lab-scale and for the most part, only during the capture step. This work shows the integration of ATPE as a combined harvest and capture step into a downstream process. Additionally, a model is applied that allows early prediction of settler dimensions with high prediction accuracy. Finally, a reliable process development concept, which guides through the necessary steps, starting from the definition of the separation task to the final stages of integration and scale-up, is presented.
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142
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DiLeo M, Ley A, Nixon AE, Chen J. Choices of capture chromatography technology in antibody manufacturing processes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1068-1069:136-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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143
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Papathanasiou MM, Steinebach F, Morbidelli M, Mantalaris A, Pistikopoulos EN. Intelligent, model-based control towards the intensification of downstream processes. Comput Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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144
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Gädke J, Thies JW, Kleinfeldt L, Kalinin A, Starke G, Lakowitz A, Biedendieck R, Garnweitner G, Dietzel A, Krull R. Integrated in situ -purification of recombinant proteins from Bacillus megaterium cultivation using SPION in stirred tank reactors. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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145
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Rajamanickam V, Krippl M, Herwig C, Spadiut O. An automated data-driven DSP development approach for glycoproteins from yeast. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2886-2891. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Rajamanickam
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering; TU Wien Vienna Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses; Institute of Chemical; Environmental and Biological Engineering; TU Wien Vienna Austria
| | - Maximillian Krippl
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering; TU Wien Vienna Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering; TU Wien Vienna Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses; Institute of Chemical; Environmental and Biological Engineering; TU Wien Vienna Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering; TU Wien Vienna Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses; Institute of Chemical; Environmental and Biological Engineering; TU Wien Vienna Austria
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146
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Host Cell Proteins in Biologics Manufacturing: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Antibodies (Basel) 2017; 6:antib6030013. [PMID: 31548528 PMCID: PMC6698861 DOI: 10.3390/antib6030013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant progress in the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals has been made by increasing the overall titers in the USP (upstream processing) titers without raising the cost of the USP. In addition, the development of platform processes led to a higher process robustness. Despite or even due to those achievements, novel challenges are in sight. The higher upstream titers created more complex impurity profiles, both in mass and composition, demanding higher separation capacities and selectivity in downstream processing (DSP). This creates a major shift of costs from USP to DSP. In order to solve this issue, USP and DSP integration approaches can be developed and used for overall process optimization. This study focuses on the characterization and classification of host cell proteins (HCPs) in each unit operation of the DSP (i.e., aqueous two-phase extraction, integrated countercurrent chromatography). The results create a data-driven feedback to the USP, which will serve for media and process optimizations in order to reduce, or even eliminate nascent critical HCPs. This will improve separation efficiency and may lead to a quantitative process understanding. Different HCP species were classified by stringent criteria with regard to DSP separation parameters into “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly” in terms of pI and MW using 2D-PAGE analysis depending on their positions on the gels. Those spots were identified using LC-MS/MS analysis. HCPs, which are especially difficult to remove and persistent throughout the DSP (i.e., “Bad” or “Ugly”), have to be evaluated by their ability to be separated. In this approach, HCPs, considered “Ugly,” represent proteins with a MW larger than 15 kDa and a pI between 7.30 and 9.30. “Bad” HCPs can likewise be classified using MW (>15 kDa) and pI (4.75–7.30 and 9.30–10.00). HCPs with a MW smaller than 15 kDa and a pI lower than 4.75 and higher than 10.00 are classified as “Good” since their physicochemical properties differ significantly from the product. In order to evaluate this classification scheme, it is of utmost importance to use orthogonal analytical methods such as IEX, HIC, and SEC.
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147
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Floris P, McGillicuddy N, Albrecht S, Morrissey B, Kaisermayer C, Lindeberg A, Bones J. Untargeted LC-MS/MS Profiling of Cell Culture Media Formulations for Evaluation of High Temperature Short Time Treatment Effects. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9953-9960. [PMID: 28823148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An untargeted LC-MS/MS platform was implemented for monitoring variations in CHO cell culture media upon exposure to high temperature short time (HTST) treatment, a commonly used viral clearance upstream strategy. Chemically defined (CD) and hydrolysate-supplemented media formulations were not visibly altered by the treatment. The absence of solute precipitation effects during media treatment and very modest shifts in pH values observed indicated sufficient compatibility of the formulations evaluated with the HTST-processing conditions. Unsupervised chemometric analysis of LC-MS/MS data, however, revealed clear separation of HTST-treated samples from untreated counterparts as observed from analysis of principal components and hierarchical clustering sample grouping. An increased presence of Maillard products in HTST-treated formulations contributed to the observed differences which included organic acids, observed particularly in chemically defined formulations, and furans, pyridines, pyrazines, and pyrrolidines which were determined in hydrolysate-supplemented formulations. The presence of Maillard products in media did not affect cell culture performance with similar growth and viability profiles observed for CHO-K1 and CHO-DP12 cells when cultured using both HTST-treated and untreated media formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Floris
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Nicola McGillicuddy
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Simone Albrecht
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Brian Morrissey
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Christian Kaisermayer
- Biomarin International Limited , Shanbally, Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork, P43 R298, Ireland
| | - Anna Lindeberg
- Biomarin International Limited , Shanbally, Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork, P43 R298, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1 W8, Ireland
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148
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Kiss R, Fizil Á, Szántay C. What NMR can do in the biopharmaceutical industry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:367-377. [PMID: 28760370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has a unique capability to probe the primary and higher order molecular structure and the structural dynamics of biomolecules at an atomic resolution, and this capability has been greatly fortified over the last five decades by an astonishing NMR instrumental and methodological development. Because of these factors, NMR has become a primary tool for the structure investigation of biomolecules, spawning a whole scientific subfield dedicated to the subject. This role of NMR is by now well established and broadly appreciated, especially in the context of academic research dealing with proteins that are purified and isotope-labeled in order to facilitate the necessary sophisticated multidimensional NMR measurements. However, the more recent industrial development, manufacturing, and quality control of biopharmaceuticals provide a different framework for NMR. For example, protein drug substances are not isotope-labeled and are present in a medium of excipients, which make structural NMR measurements much more difficult. On the other hand, biotechnology involves many other analytical requirements that can be efficiently addressed by NMR. In this respect the scope and limitations of NMR are less well understood. Having the non-expert reader in mind, herein we wish to highlight the ways in which modern NMR can effectively support biotechnological developments. Our focus will be on biosimilar proteins, pointing out certain cases where its use is probably essential. Based partly on literature data, and partly on our own hands-on experience, this paper is intended to be a guide for choosing the proper NMR approach for analytical questions concerning the structural comparability of therapeutic proteins, monitoring technology-related impurities, protein quantification, analysis of spent media, identification of extractable and leachable components, etc. Also, we focus on critical considerations, particularly those coming from drug authority guidelines, which limit the use of the well-established NMR tools in everyday practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Kiss
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary; Spectroscopic Research Department, Hungary
| | - Ádám Fizil
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary; Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szántay
- Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary; Spectroscopic Research Department, Hungary.
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149
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Kent JA, Bommaraju TV, Barnicki SD, Kyung YS, Zhang GG. Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins: Cell Lines, Cell Culture, and Purification. HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [PMCID: PMC7121293 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52287-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A central pillar of the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries continues to be the development of biological drug products manufactured from engineered mammalian cell lines. Since the hugely successful launch of human tissue plasminogen activator in 1987 and erythropoietin in 1988, the biopharmaceutical market has grown immensely. In 2014, biotherapeutics made up a significant portion of global drug sales as 7 of the top 10 and 21 of top 50 selling pharmaceuticals in the world were biologics with over US$100 billion in global sales (Table 1, [1]).
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150
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Papathanasiou MM, Quiroga-Campano AL, Steinebach F, Elviro M, Mantalaris A, Pistikopoulos EN. Advanced model-based control strategies for the intensification of upstream and downstream processing in mAb production. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:966-988. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Papathanasiou
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Centre for Process Systems Engineering (CPSE), Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ U.K
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering; Texas A&M University, College Station; TX 77843
| | - Ana L. Quiroga-Campano
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Centre for Process Systems Engineering (CPSE), Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ U.K
| | - Fabian Steinebach
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; ETH Zurich; olfgang-Pauli-Str. 10/HCI F 129, W Zurich CH-8093 Switzerland
| | - Montaña Elviro
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Centre for Process Systems Engineering (CPSE), Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ U.K
| | - Athanasios Mantalaris
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Centre for Process Systems Engineering (CPSE), Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ U.K
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