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Naturapolyceutics: The Science of Utilizing Natural Polymers for Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6051312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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102
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Barak S, Mudgil D. Locust bean gum: Processing, properties and food applications—A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 66:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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103
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Zhang K, Xu ZP, Lu J, Tang ZY, Zhao HJ, Good DA, Wei MQ. Potential for layered double hydroxides-based, innovative drug delivery systems. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7409-28. [PMID: 24786098 PMCID: PMC4057680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs)-based drug delivery systems have, for many years, shown great promises for the delivery of chemical therapeutics and bioactive molecules to mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. This system offers high efficiency and drug loading density, as well as excellent protection of loaded molecules from undesired degradation. Toxicological studies have also found LDHs to be biocompatible compared with other widely used nanoparticles, such as iron oxide, silica, and single-walled carbon nanotubes. A plethora of bio-molecules have been reported to either attach to the surface of or intercalate into LDH materials through co-precipitation or anion-exchange reaction, including amino acid and peptides, ATPs, vitamins, and even polysaccharides. Recently, LDHs have been used for gene delivery of small molecular nucleic acids, such as antisense, oligonucleotides, PCR fragments, siRNA molecules or sheared genomic DNA. These nano-medicines have been applied to target cells or organs in gene therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes current progress of the development of LDHs nanoparticle drug carriers for nucleotides, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer drugs and recent LDH application in medical research. Ground breaking studies will be highlighted and an outlook of the possible future progress proposed. It is hoped that the layered inorganic material will open up new frontier of research, leading to new nano-drugs in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- School of Medical Science & Griffith Health Institute, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institutes for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Ji Lu
- Australian Institutes for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Zhi Yong Tang
- National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Hui Jun Zhao
- Griffith Schools of Environment, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - David A Good
- School of Medical Science & Griffith Health Institute, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Ming Qian Wei
- School of Medical Science & Griffith Health Institute, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
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104
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Xiong Z, Zhou W, Sun L, Li X, Zhao D, Chen Y, Li J, Ma G, Su Z. Konjac glucomannan microspheres for low-cost desalting of protein solution. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:56-62. [PMID: 25037329 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, low-cost konjac glucomannan (KGM) microspheres used for desalting were developed by an inverse dispersion method. High concentration of KGM was pretreated to reduce viscosity by acid hydrolysis method under the condition of high temperature and pressure. The selectivity of the obtained cross-linked KGM gels with different degree of crosslinking was studied by constructing calibration curves (K(av)) of standard molecular weight substances. The stability of the gels was investigated, which showed that the KGM microspheres are tolerant to a wide range of pH and stable in all commonly used aqueous buffers, and insensitive to autoclaving as well. Furthermore, protein-desalting performances of GM-1250, a cross-linked KGM microsphere, were evaluated with two proteins, bovine serum albumin and filamentous hemagglutinin, which turned out that GM-1250 is comparable to the widely used commercial product--Sephadex G25 Fine. From economic considerations, KGM gel is a prospective alternative for dextran gels in protein desalting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Weiqing Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Lijing Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xiunan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Dawei Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
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105
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FDA-Approved Natural Polymers for Fast Dissolving Tablets. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS 2014; 2014:952970. [PMID: 26556207 PMCID: PMC4590815 DOI: 10.1155/2014/952970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral route is the most preferred route for administration of different drugs because it is regarded as safest, most convenient, and economical route. Fast disintegrating tablets are very popular nowadays as they get dissolved or facilely disintegrated in mouth within few seconds of administration without the need of water. The disadvantages of conventional dosage form, especially dysphagia (arduousness in swallowing), in pediatric and geriatric patients have been overcome by fast dissolving tablets. Natural materials have advantages over synthetic ones since they are chemically inert, non-toxic, less expensive, biodegradable and widely available. Natural polymers like locust bean gum, banana powder, mango peel pectin, Mangifera indica gum, and Hibiscus rosa-sinenses mucilage ameliorate the properties of tablet and utilized as binder, diluent, and superdisintegrants increase the solubility of poorly water soluble drug, decrease the disintegration time, and provide nutritional supplement. Natural polymers are obtained from the natural origin and they are cost efficacious, nontoxic, biodegradable, eco-friendly, devoid of any side effect, renewable, and provide nutritional supplement. It is proved from the studies that natural polymers are more safe and efficacious than the synthetic polymers. The aim of the present article is to study the FDA-approved natural polymers utilized in fast dissolving tablets.
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106
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Basanta MF, de Escalada Plá MF, Raffo MD, Stortz CA, Rojas AM. Cherry fibers isolated from harvest residues as valuable dietary fiber and functional food ingredients. J FOOD ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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107
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Rahim H, Khan MA, Badshah A, Chishti KA, Khan S, Junaid M. Evaluation of Prunus domestica gum as a novel tablet binder. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502011000100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate binding potential of Prunus domestica gum in tablets formulations. Six tablet batches (F-1B to F-6B) were prepared by wet granulation method, containing Avicel pH 101 as diluent, sodium diclofenac as model drug using 10, 15 and 20 mg of Prunus domestica gum as binder and PVP K30 was used as standard binder. Magnesium stearate was used as lubricant. Flow properties of granules like bulk density, tapped density, Carr index, Hausner’s ratio, angle of repose as well as physical parameters of the compressed tablets including hardness, friability, thickness and disintegration time were determined and found to be satisfactory. The FTIR spectroscopic analysis showed that the formulation containing plant gum is compatible with the drug and other excipients used in tablets formulation. Hence the plant gum has role as a potential binder in tablets formulations. The dissolution profile showed that tablets formulations containing Prunus domestica gum 15 mg/200 mg of total weight of tablet as binder showed better results as compared to PVP K30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Rahim
- Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
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108
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109
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Broderick AH, Stacy DM, Tal-Gan Y, Kratochvil MJ, Blackwell HE, Lynn DM. Surface coatings that promote rapid release of peptide-based AgrC inhibitors for attenuation of quorum sensing in Staphylococcus aureus. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:97-105. [PMID: 23813683 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen responsible for a variety of life-threatening infections. The pathogenicity of this organism is attributed to its ability to produce a range of virulence factors and toxins, including the superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). While many S. aureus infections can be treated using conventional antibiotics, strains resistant to these bactericidal agents have emerged. Approaches that suppress pathogenicity through mechanisms that are nonbactericidal (i.e., antivirulence approaches) could provide new options for treating infections, including those caused by resistant strains. Here, we report a nonbactericidal approach to suppressing pathogenicity based on the release of macrocyclic peptides (1 and 2) that inhibit the agr quorum sensing (QS) circuit in group-III S. aureus. It is demonstrated that these peptides can be immobilized on planar and complex objects (on glass slides, nonwoven meshes, or within absorbent tampons) using the rapidly dissolving polymer carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Peptide-loaded CMC films released peptide rapidly (<5 min) and promoted strong (>95%) inhibition of the agr QS circuit without inducing cell death when incubated in the presence of a group-III S. aureus gfp-reporter strain. Peptide 1 is among the most potent inhibitors of QS in S. aureus reported to date, and the group-III QS circuit regulates production of TSST-1, the primary cause of toxic shock syndrome (TSS). These results thus suggest approaches to treat the outer covers of tampons, wound dressings, or other objects to suppress toxin production and reduce the severity of TSS in clinical and personal care contexts. Because peptide 1 also inhibits QS in S. aureus groups-I, -II, and -IV, this approach could also provide a pathway for attenuation of QS and associated virulence phenotypes in a broader range of contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Broderick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 1415 Engineering Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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110
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Singh AV, Nath LK. Evaluation of microwave assisted grafted sago starch as controlled release polymeric carrier. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 60:62-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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111
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Pinho E, Grootveld M, Soares G, Henriques M. Cyclodextrin-based hydrogels toward improved wound dressings. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:328-37. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.794413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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112
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Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Blanco-Fernandez B, Puga AM, Concheiro A. Crosslinked ionic polysaccharides for stimuli-sensitive drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1148-71. [PMID: 23639519 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are gaining increasing attention as components of stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems, particularly since they can be obtained in a well characterized and reproducible way from the natural sources. Ionic polysaccharides can be readily crosslinked to render hydrogel networks sensitive to a variety of internal and external variables, and thus suitable for switching drug release on-off through diverse mechanisms. Hybrids, composites and grafted polymers can reinforce the responsiveness and widen the range of stimuli to which polysaccharide-based systems can respond. This review analyzes the state of the art of crosslinked ionic polysaccharides as components of delivery systems that can regulate drug release as a function of changes in pH, ion nature and concentration, electric and magnetic field intensity, light wavelength, temperature, redox potential, and certain molecules (enzymes, illness markers, and so on). Examples of specific applications are provided. The information compiled demonstrates that crosslinked networks of ionic polysaccharides are suitable building blocks for developing advanced externally activated and feed-back modulated drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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113
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Use of supercritical fluid technology for the production of tailor-made aerogel particles for delivery systems. J Supercrit Fluids 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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114
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Prajapati VD, Jani GK, Moradiya NG, Randeria NP, Nagar BJ, Naikwadi NN, Variya BC. Galactomannan: a versatile biodegradable seed polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 60:83-92. [PMID: 23707734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides have been finding, in the last decades, very interesting and useful applications in the biomedical and, specifically, in the biopharmaceutical field. Galactomannans are a group of storage polysaccharides from various plant seeds that reserve energy for germination in the endosperm. There are four major sources of seed galactomannans: locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua), guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), tara (Caesalpinia spinosa Kuntze), and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Through keen references of reported literature on galactomannans, in this review, we have described occurrence of various galactomannans, its physicochemical properties, characterization, applications, and overview of some major galactomannans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul D Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutics, S.S.R. College of Pharmacy, Saily-Silvassa Road, Saily, Silvassa, U.T. of Dadra and Nagar Haveli 396230, India.
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115
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Planinšek T, Kladnik A, Pohar-Marinšek Ž, Fležar MS. Vegetable cells in urinary samples of patients with bricker ileal conduit. Diagn Cytopathol 2013; 42:120-4. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Planinšek
- Department of Cytopathology; Institute of Oncology Ljubljana; Zaloška 2 SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Aleš Kladnik
- Department of Biology; Biotechnical Faculty; University of Ljubljana; Večna pot 111 SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Živa Pohar-Marinšek
- Department of Cytopathology; Institute of Oncology Ljubljana; Zaloška 2 SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Margareta Strojan Fležar
- Institute of Pathology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Ljubljana; Korytkova 2 SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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116
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Pullulan-based nanoparticles as carriers for transmucosal protein delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:102-13. [PMID: 23624352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles have revealed very effective in transmucosal delivery of proteins. Polysaccharides are among the most used materials for the production of these carriers, owing to their structural flexibility and propensity to evidence biocompatibility and biodegradability. In parallel, there is a preference for the use of mild methods for their production, in order to prevent protein degradation, ensure lower costs and easier procedures that enable scaling up. In this work we propose the production of pullulan-based nanoparticles by a mild method of polyelectrolyte complexation. As pullulan is a neutral polysaccharide, sulfated and aminated derivatives of the polymer were synthesized to provide pullulan with a charge. These derivatives were then complexed with chitosan and carrageenan, respectively, to produce the nanocarriers. Positively charged nanoparticles of 180-270 nm were obtained, evidencing ability to associate bovine serum albumin, which was selected as model protein. In PBS pH 7.4, pullulan-based nanoparticles were found to have a burst release of 30% of the protein, which maintained up to 24h. Nanoparticle size and zeta potential were preserved upon freeze-drying in the presence of appropriate cryoprotectants. A factorial design was approached to assess the cytotoxicity of raw materials and nanoparticles by the metabolic test MTT. Nanoparticles demonstrated to not cause overt toxicity in a respiratory cell model (Calu-3). Pullulan has, thus, demonstrated to hold potential for the production of nanoparticles with an application in protein delivery.
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117
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Raft forming system-an upcoming approach of gastroretentive drug delivery system. J Control Release 2013; 168:151-65. [PMID: 23500062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent era various technologies have been made in research and development of controlled release oral drug delivery system to overcome various physiological difficulties such as variation in gastric retention and emptying time. To overcome this drawback and to maximize the oral absorption of various drugs, novel drug delivery systems have been developed. Gastroretentive drug delivery system is facing many challenges which can be overcome by upcoming newly emerging approach i.e. raft forming system. The purpose of writing this review is to focus on recent development of stomach specific floating drug delivery system to circumvent the difficulties associated with formulation design. Various gastroretentive approaches that have been developed till now are also discussed. The present study provides valuable information & highlights advances in this raft forming system. This review attempts to discuss various factors like physiological factors, physicochemical factors and formulation factors to be considered in the development of the raft forming system. Different types of smart polymers used for their formulation have also been summarized. The review focuses on the mechanism, formulation and development of the raft forming system. This review also summarizes the studies to evaluate the performance and application of these systems. The study finally highlights advantages, disadvantages, and marketed preparation of the raft forming system.
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118
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Prajapati VD, Jani GK, Moradiya NG, Randeria NP, Nagar BJ. Locust bean gum: a versatile biopolymer. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 94:814-21. [PMID: 23544637 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biopolymers or natural polymers are an attractive class of biodegradable polymers since they are derived from natural sources, easily available, relatively cheap and can be modified by suitable reagent. Locust bean gum is one of them that have a wide potentiality in drug formulations due to its extensive application as food additive and its recognized lack of toxicity. It can be tailored to suit its demands of applicants in both the pharmaceutical and biomedical areas. Locust bean gum has a wide application either in the field of novel drug delivery system as rate controlling excipients or in tissue engineering as scaffold formation. Through keen references of reported literature on locust bean gum, in this review, we have described critical aspects of locust bean gum, its manufacturing process, physicochemical properties and applications in various drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul D Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutics, S.S.R. College of Pharmacy, Saily-Silvassa Road, Saily, Silvassa, U.T. of D.N.H. 396 230, India.
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119
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Prajapati VD, Jani GK, Moradiya NG, Randeria NP. Pharmaceutical applications of various natural gums, mucilages and their modified forms. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 92:1685-99. [PMID: 23399207 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A large number of plant based pharmaceutical excipients are available today. Gums and mucilages are the most commonly available plant ingredients with a wide range of applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. They are being used due to their abundance in nature, safety and economy. They have been extensively explored as pharmaceutical excipients. They are biocompatible, cheap and easily available. Natural materials have advantages over synthetic ones since they are chemically inert, nontoxic, less expensive, biodegradable and widely available. They can also be modified in different ways to obtain tailor-made materials for drug delivery systems and thus can compete with the available synthetic excipients. Recent trend toward the use of plant based and natural products demands the replacement of synthetic additives with natural ones. In this review, we describe the pharmaceutical applications of various natural gums, mucilages and their modified forms for the development of various drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul D Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, SSR College of Pharmacy, Sayli-Silvassa Road, U.T. of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Sayli, Silvassa 396 230, India.
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120
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Dionísio M, Grenha A. Locust bean gum: Exploring its potential for biopharmaceutical applications. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2012; 4:175-85. [PMID: 22923958 PMCID: PMC3425165 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.99013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides have been finding, in the last decades, very interesting and useful applications in the biomedical and, specifically, in the biopharmaceutical field. Locust bean gum is a polysaccharide belonging to the group of galactomannans, being extracted from the seeds of the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua). This polymer displays a number of appealing characteristics for biopharmaceutical applications, among which its high gelling capacity should be highlighted. In this review, we describe critical aspects of locust bean gum, contributing for its role in biopharmaceutical applications. Physicochemical properties, as well as strong and effective synergies with other biomaterials are described. The potential for in vivo biodegradation is explored and the specific biopharmaceutical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Dionísio
- CBME - Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine/IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
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122
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Ngwuluka NC, Kyari J, Taplong J, Uwaezuoke OJ. Application and Characterization of Gum from Bombax buonopozense Calyxes as an Excipient in Tablet Formulation. Pharmaceutics 2012; 4:354-65. [PMID: 24300296 PMCID: PMC3834922 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics4030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to explore gum from Bombax buonopozense calyxes as a binding agent in formulation of immediate release dosage forms using wet granulation method. The granules were characterized to assess the flow and compression properties and when compressed, non-compendial and compendial tests were undertaken to assess the tablet properties for tablets prepared with bombax gum in comparison with those prepared with tragacanth and acacia gums. Granules prepared with bombax exhibited good flow and compressible properties with angle of repose 28.60°, Carr's compressibility of 21.30% and Hausner's quotient of 1.27. The tablets were hard, but did not disintegrate after one hour. Furthermore, only 52.5% of paracetamol was released after one hour. The drug release profile followed zero order kinetics. Tablets prepared with bombax gum have the potential to deliver drugs in a controlled manner over a prolonged period at a constant rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndidi C. Ngwuluka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, 930001, Nigeria; (J.K.); (J.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +234-7361-0936
| | - Jehu Kyari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, 930001, Nigeria; (J.K.); (J.T.)
| | - John Taplong
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, 930001, Nigeria; (J.K.); (J.T.)
| | - Onyinye J. Uwaezuoke
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, 120005, Nigeria;
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123
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Sonia T, Sharma CP. An overview of natural polymers for oral insulin delivery. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:784-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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124
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Mohd Amin MCI, Ahmad N, Halib N, Ahmad I. Synthesis and characterization of thermo- and pH-responsive bacterial cellulose/acrylic acid hydrogels for drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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125
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Pahwa R, Saini N, Kumar V, Kohli K. Chitosan-based gastroretentive floating drug delivery technology: an updated review. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:525-39. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.673581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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126
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Basanta MF, Ponce NMA, Rojas AM, Stortz CA. Effect of extraction time and temperature on the characteristics of loosely bound pectins from Japanese plum. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:230-5. [PMID: 24750628 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall composition of Japanese plums (Prunus salicina) at six developmental stages was previously evaluated (Ponce et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 2562-2570). This fruit is an interesting source of pectins, polysaccharides of valuable functionality for pharmaceutical and food formulations. In the present work it was investigated how the different conditions for the aqueous extraction of pectins from Japanese plums affect the yield as well as their chemical and rheological characteristics. It has been determined that extraction with water at room temperature for periods longer than 2h did not produce additional increment of yield (12%) but decreased the average molecular weights of the extracted pectins. Pectins with a degree of methylation ≈40% with high viscosity in water and with adequate molecular weights (≈72,000) were obtained. Conversely, utilization of boiling water for extraction increased considerably the yields (33-38%) but the extracted pectins showed significant lower viscosity in water in spite of their higher molecular weights. The poorer thickening ability was associated to the lower proportion of arabinose residues present in the hairy regions of the pectin macromolecules extracted by hot water, which led the polymers to interact more transiently in a 2% w/v water solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Basanta
- Departamento de Química Orgánica-CIHIDECAR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora M A Ponce
- Departamento de Química Orgánica-CIHIDECAR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M Rojas
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Stortz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica-CIHIDECAR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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127
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Singh AV, Nath LK. Evaluation of acrylamide grafted moth bean starch as controlled release excipient. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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128
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Flores-Céspedes F, Figueredo-Flores CI, Daza-Fernández I, Vidal-Peña F, Villafranca-Sánchez M, Fernández-Pérez M. Preparation and characterization of imidacloprid lignin-polyethylene glycol matrices coated with ethylcellulose. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:1042-51. [PMID: 22224401 DOI: 10.1021/jf2037483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid, a systemic insecticide that has a water solubility of 610 mg L(-1), has been formulated in lignin-polyethylene glycol matrices by a melting process. This formulation was coated in a Wurster type fluidized-bed equipment using ethylcellulose and dibutyl sebacate. Imidacloprid has been entrapped, with an entrapment efficiency higher than 87% in all cases. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy studies indicate the stability and compatibility of polymers and imidacloprid. Scanning electron microscopy images show a homogeneous film of ethylcellulose in coated formulations. From T(50) values (the time taken for 50% of the active ingredient to be released into water), the release rate of imidacloprid is controlled by changing the thickness of the coating film and modifying its surface properties by adding a plasticizer. T(50) values, ranging from 3.02 to 168.6 h, allow supplying the appropriate amount of imidacloprid in each specific agronomic practice to increase the efficiency of this bioactive material and minimize the risk of environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Flores-Céspedes
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Almería, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), La Cañada de San Urbano s/n, Almería
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129
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Tan WX, Lin ZT, Bu HT, Tian Y, Jiang GB. Nano-micelles based on a rosin derivative as potent sorbents and sinking agents with high absorption capabilities for the removal of metal ions. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20767b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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130
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Hamman J, Steenekamp J. Excipients with specialized functions for effective drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 9:219-30. [PMID: 22196483 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.647907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a growing need for the development of pharmaceutical excipients that could improve product performance and overcome the shortcomings of new drug moieties, such as their poor solubility and membrane permeability, as well as to aid with modern manufacturing processes. AREAS COVERED Different types of functional excipients are discussed in this paper, in terms of their roles in modern dosage forms to optimize drug delivery and manufacturability. Functions of specialized excipients that are covered in this article include the enhancement of drug membrane permeability, the improvement of drug solubility and stability, the regulation of drug release in response to feedback mechanisms and assistance with the production of dosage forms. EXPERT OPINION Modern drug delivery systems rely on sophisticated excipients with multiple functions to improve overall product performance. The excipient market is expected to grow substantially with emerging trends in the development of these advanced drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josias Hamman
- North-West University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Unit for Drug Research and Development, Potchefstroom campus, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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131
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Villanova J, Ayres E, Oréfice R. Design of prolonged release tablets using new solid acrylic excipients for direct compression. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 79:664-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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132
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García-González C, Alnaief M, Smirnova I. Polysaccharide-based aerogels—Promising biodegradable carriers for drug delivery systems. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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133
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Morris G, Kök S, Harding S, Adams G. Polysaccharide drug delivery systems based on pectin and chitosan. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2011; 27:257-84. [PMID: 21415901 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2010.10648153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chitosans and pectins are natural polysaccharides which show great potential in drug delivery systems. Chitosans are a family of strongly polycationic derivatives of poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. This positive charge is very important in chitosan drug delivery systems as it plays a very important role in mucoadhesion (adhesion to the mucosal surface). Other chitosan based drug delivery systems involve complexation with ligands to form chitosan nanoparticles with can be used to encapsulate active compounds. Pectins are made of several structural elements the most important of which are the homogalacturonan (HG) and type I rhamnogalacturonan (RG-I) regions often described in simplified terms as the "smooth" and "hairy" regions respectively. Pectin HG regions consist of poly-glacturonic acid residues which can be partially methyl esterified. Pectins with a degree of methyl esterification (DM) > 50% are known as high methoxyl (HM) pectins and consequently low methoxyl (LM) pectins have a DM less than 50%. Low methoxyl pectins are of particular interest in drug delivery as they can form gels with calcium ion (Ca2+) which has potential applications especially in nasal formulations. In this chapter we will discuss the physicochemical properties of both chitosans and pectins and how these translate to current and potential drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Morris
- NCMH Laboratory, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
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134
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Il’ina AV, Mestechkina NM, Kurek DV, Levov AN, Semenyuk PI, Orlov VN, Shcherbukhin VD, Varlamov VP. Preparing, studying, and prospects of using nanoparticles based on chitosan and galactomannan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995078011010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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135
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Villanova JCO, Ayres E, Carvalho SM, Patrício PS, Pereira FV, Oréfice RL. Pharmaceutical acrylic beads obtained by suspension polymerization containing cellulose nanowhiskers as excipient for drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 42:406-15. [PMID: 21241802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Direct compression is one of the most popular techniques to prepare tablets but only a few commercial excipients are well adapted for this process into controlled release formulations. In the last years, the introduction of new materials for drug delivery matrix tablets has become more important. This paper evaluated the physicochemical and flow properties of new polymeric excipient of ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and butyl metacrylate, synthesized by suspension polymerization using cellulose nanowhiskers as co-stabilizer, to be used as direct compression for modified release tablets. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the success of the copolymerization reaction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that excipient was obtained how spherical beads. Thermal properties of the beads were characterized by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Particle size analysis of the beads with cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWB) indicated that the presence of the nanowhiskers led to a reduction of particle size and to a narrower size distribution. In vitro test showed that the nanowhiskers and beads produced are nontoxic. Parameters such as Hausner ratio, Carr's index and cotangent of angle α were employed to characterize the flow properties of CNWB beads. Furthermore, the beads are used to produce tablets by direct compression contained propranolol hydrochloride as model drug. Dissolution tests performed suggested that beads could be used as excipient in matrix tablets with a potential use in drug controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C O Villanova
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Faculdade de Engenharia, Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, sala 3551, Bloco 2, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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136
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Thakur L, Ghodasra U, Patel N, Dabhi M. Novel approaches for stability improvement in natural medicines. Pharmacogn Rev 2011; 5:48-54. [PMID: 22096318 PMCID: PMC3210007 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.79099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural product market has seen tremendous growth in the last few years. It results in the formulation of a number of proprietary herbal products, majority of them being multi-component formulations. With the advancement of herbal drug treatments, it has now been observed that many of the constituents present in the drug may react with each other, raising the serious concern about the stability of such formulations which is an important issue in the field of phytochemistry and natural medicines. Natural products are often prone to deterioration, especially during storage, leading to loss of active component, production of metabolites with no activity and, in extreme cases, production of toxic metabolites. This area needs to be addressed in order to determine the efficacy of the formulation. Understanding the problems related to natural product stability can give the idea of dealing with the stability issues. Modifications of the conventional herbal formulations can deal with the stability problems to a large extent. This article deals with the stability problems and is aimed to provide some tools and techniques to increase stability of natural medicines and herbal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovely Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India
| | - Umang Ghodasra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India
| | - Nilesh Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India
| | - Mahesh Dabhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Saurashtra University, Rajkot-360 005, Gujarat, India
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137
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Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Carboxymethyl Konjac Glucomannan Coated 5-Aminosalicylic Acid Tablets for Colonic Delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Konjac Glucomannan(KGM) was denatured by Carboxylmethylation to prepare Carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan(CMKGM) as coating material of 5-aminosalicylic acid(5-ASA) tablets. The 5-ASA release properties of the tablets were measured in vitro in the gastrointestinal tract simulation environment and in buffer solutions with β-mannase of pH 6.8 at 37 ± 0.5 degrees. The properties of the CMKGM were analyzed by FTIR spectra, viscosity measurement and swelling measurement. The integrality of the 5-ASA was investigated by ultraviolet spectrometry. The viscosity and swelling showed that CMKGM has lower swelling and lower viscosity compared to KGM. 5-ASA was released least in stimulating gastric environment and in pH 6.8 phosphate buffers,while the preparation was fast released in pH 6.8 phosphate buffers with β-mannase. The preparation was released 14% after 4 hours in pH 6.8 phosphate buffers , at the same time the preparation in pH 6.8 phosphate buffers with 0.2u ml-1 β-mannase was released 97% in 12 hours.The results suggested that CMKGM may be a useful carrier of 5 –ASA for colon-specific delivery. It has a potential use for advanced controlled release.
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138
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Hamman JH. Chitosan based polyelectrolyte complexes as potential carrier materials in drug delivery systems. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1305-22. [PMID: 20479980 PMCID: PMC2866488 DOI: 10.3390/md8041305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan has been the subject of interest for its use as a polymeric drug carrier material in dosage form design due to its appealing properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity and relatively low production cost from abundant natural sources. However, one drawback of using this natural polysaccharide in modified release dosage forms for oral administration is its fast dissolution rate in the stomach. Since chitosan is positively charged at low pH values (below its pK(a) value), it spontaneously associates with negatively charged polyions in solution to form polyelectrolyte complexes. These chitosan based polyelectrolyte complexes exhibit favourable physicochemical properties with preservation of chitosan's biocompatible characteristics. These complexes are therefore good candidate excipient materials for the design of different types of dosage forms. It is the aim of this review to describe complexation of chitosan with selected natural and synthetic polyanions and to indicate some of the factors that influence the formation and stability of these polyelectrolyte complexes. Furthermore, recent investigations into the use of these complexes as excipients in drug delivery systems such as nano- and microparticles, beads, fibers, sponges and matrix type tablets are briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josias H Hamman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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