Hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis: A case-based review

The inflammatory cascade in acute pancreatitis: relevance to clinical disease

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory condition that is initiated by the intra pancreatic activation of proteases. Pancreatic enzyme activation triggers a local and systemic inflammatory response that is associated with recruitment of inflammatory cells into the pancreas and a widespread up-regulation of inflammatory markers in distant tissues.

Recommendations for lipid testing and reporting by Australian pathology laboratories

The importance of measuring blood lipids in determining the absolute risk of a cardiovascular event is now well established. In Australia, the National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (NHFA/CSANZ) have done much to educate doctors. In recent years the recommendations of the NHFA/CSANZ have been based on values for Low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) as well as High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and Triglyceride (TG). This change has been reflected in requests to pathology laboratories. However the interpretation of these results may be difficult and the NHFA guidelines outline desirable values for patients at high risk only. There are no formal recommendations for reference intervals or interpretive comments. With the availability of expert systems, some pathology laboratories are now in a better position to provide specific comments to assist with the interpretation of test results. An ad hoc committee of private and public chemical pathologists met to draft recommendations for lipid testing and reporting by Australian pathology providers, on the basis of current guidelines and their own expertise. Provisions in the current Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) for lipid testing were reviewed, and the indications for lipid testing, recommended tests, the logistics of managing specimens, methods of analysis and availability of specialised tests have been documented. Recommendations are made on the provision of desirable values for lipid tests. Suggestions are provided on interpretive comments which could accompany reports of lipid test results, including categorisation of the likely associated lipoprotein abnormalities, their causes, contribution to risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and targets for treatment. Current and future approaches to the assessment of risk for CVD are discussed.