101
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Hu M, Wang YM, Wang Y, Zhang GY, Zheng G, Yi S, O'Connell PJ, Harris DCH, Alexander SI. Regulatory T cells in kidney disease and transplantation. Kidney Int 2016; 90:502-14. [PMID: 27263492 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to be important in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune disease, including autoimmune kidney disease. It is also likely that they play a role in limiting kidney transplant rejection and potentially in promoting transplant tolerance. Although other subsets of Tregs exist, the most potent and well-defined Tregs are the Foxp3 expressing CD4(+) Tregs derived from the thymus or generated peripherally. These CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs limit autoimmune renal disease in animal models, especially chronic kidney disease, and kidney transplantation. Furthermore, other subsets of Tregs, including CD8 Tregs, may play a role in immunosuppression in kidney disease. The development and protective mechanisms of Tregs in kidney disease and kidney transplantation involve multiple mechanisms of suppression. Here we review the development and function of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs. We discuss the specific application of Tregs as a therapeutic strategy to prevent kidney disease and to limit kidney transplant rejection and detail clinical trials in this area of transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuan Min Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoff Y Zhang
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guoping Zheng
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shounan Yi
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip J O'Connell
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David C H Harris
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
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102
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Goropevšek A, Holcar M, Avčin T. The Role of STAT Signaling Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 52:164-181. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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103
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Talme T, Bergdahl E, Sundqvist KG. Methotrexate and its therapeutic antagonists caffeine and theophylline, target a motogenic T-cell mechanism driven by thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1279-90. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toomas Talme
- Department of Medicine; Division of Dermatology; Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Eva Bergdahl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Division of Clinical Immunology; Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karl-Gösta Sundqvist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Division of Clinical Immunology; Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Division of Therapeutic Immunology; Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
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104
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Raker VK, Becker C, Steinbrink K. The cAMP Pathway as Therapeutic Target in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2016; 7:123. [PMID: 27065076 PMCID: PMC4814577 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide signaling molecules contribute to the regulation of cellular pathways. In the immune system, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is well established as a potent regulator of innate and adaptive immune cell functions. Therapeutic strategies to interrupt or enhance cAMP generation or effects have immunoregulatory potential in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Here, we provide an overview of the cyclic AMP axis and its role as a regulator of immune functions and discuss the clinical and translational relevance of interventions with these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Katharina Raker
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Christian Becker
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
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105
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106
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Avni B, Grisariu S, Shapira MY. Interleukin-2: a double-edge sword in allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:241-3. [PMID: 26860186 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Batia Avni
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation & Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sigal Grisariu
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation & Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Y Shapira
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation & Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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107
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Perdigoto AL, Chatenoud L, Bluestone JA, Herold KC. Inducing and Administering Tregs to Treat Human Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 6:654. [PMID: 26834735 PMCID: PMC4722090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) control unwanted immune responses, including those that mediate tolerance to self as well as to foreign antigens. Their mechanisms of action include direct and indirect effects on effector T cells and important functions in tissue repair and homeostasis. Tregs express a number of cell surface markers and transcriptional factors that have been instrumental in defining their origins and potentially their function. A number of immune therapies, such as rapamycin, IL-2, and anti-T cell antibodies, are able to induce Tregs and are being tested for their efficacy in diverse clinical settings with exciting preliminary results. However, a balance exists with the use of some, such as IL-2, that may have effects on unwanted populations as well as promoting expansion and survival of Tregs requiring careful selection of dose for clinical use. The use of cell surface markers has enabled investigators to isolate and expand ex vivo Tregs more than 500-fold routinely. Clinical trials have begun, administering these expanded Tregs to patients as a means of suppressing autoimmune and alloimmune responses and potentially inducing immune tolerance. Studies in the future are likely to build on these initial technical achievements and use combinations of agents to improve the survival and functional capacity of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Perdigoto
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75475, Paris, France; INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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108
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Li C, Zhou X, Zhong Y, Li C, Dong A, He Z, Zhang S, Wang B. A Recombinant G Protein Plus Cyclosporine A-Based Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Elicits Humoral and Regulatory T Cell Responses against Infection without Vaccine-Enhanced Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1721-31. [PMID: 26792805 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can cause severe disease in the lower respiratory tract of infants and older people. Vaccination with a formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine (FI-RSV) and subsequent RSV infection has led to mild to severe pneumonia with two deaths among vaccinees. The vaccine-enhanced disease (VED) was recently demonstrated to be due to an elevated level of Th2 cell responses following loss of regulatory T (Treg) cells from the lungs. To induce high levels of neutralizing Abs and minimize pathogenic T cell responses, we developed a novel strategy of immunizing animals with a recombinant RSV G protein together with cyclosporine A. This novel vaccine induced not only a higher level of neutralizing Abs against RSV infection, but, most importantly, also significantly higher levels of Treg cells that suppressed VED in the lung after RSV infection. The induced responses provided protection against RSV challenge with no sign of pneumonia or bronchitis. Treg cell production of IL-10 was one of the key factors to suppress VED. These finding indicate that G protein plus cyclosporine A could be a promising vaccine against RSV infection in children and older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yiwei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Changgui Li
- Division for Respiratory Viral Vaccines of National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China; and
| | - Aihua Dong
- Beijing Advaccine Biotechnology Company, Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhonghuai He
- Beijing Advaccine Biotechnology Company, Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shuren Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China;
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109
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Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells that express the transcription factor FoxP3 play a key role in self-tolerance and the control of inflammation. In mice and humans, there is a wide interindividual range in Treg frequency, but little is known about the underlying genetic or epigenetic mechanisms. We explored this issue in inbred strains of mice, with a special focus on the low proportion of Treg cells found in NZW mice. Mixed bone marrow chimera experiments showed this paucity to be intrinsic to NZW Treg cells, a dearth that could be tied to poor stability of the Treg pool and of FoxP3 expression. This instability was not a consequence of differential epigenetic marks, because Treg-specific CpG hypomethylation profiles at the Foxp3 locus were similar in all strains tested. It was also unrelated to the high expression of IFN signature genes in NZW, as shown by intercross to mice with an Ifnar1 knockout. NZW Tregs were less sensitive to limiting doses of trophic cytokines, IL-2 and -33, for population homeostasis and for maintenance of FoxP3 expression. Gene-expression profiles highlighted specific differences in the transcriptome of NZW Tregs compared with those of other strains, but no single defect could obviously account for the instability. Rather, NZW Tregs showed a general up-regulation of transcripts normally repressed in Treg cells, and we speculate that this network-level bias may account for NZW Treg instability.
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110
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Reduced interleukin-2 responsiveness impairs the ability of Treg cells to compete for IL-2 in nonobese diabetic mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:509-19. [PMID: 26763864 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enhancement of regulatory T cell (Treg cell) frequency and function is the goal of many therapeutic strategies aimed at treating type 1 diabetes (T1D). The interleukin-2 (IL-2) pathway, which has been strongly implicated in T1D susceptibility in both humans and mice, is a master regulator of Treg cell homeostasis and function. We investigated how IL-2 pathway defects impact Treg cells in T1D-susceptible nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice in comparison with protected C57BL/6 and NOD congenic mice. NOD Treg cells were reduced in frequency specifically in the lymph nodes and expressed lower levels of CD25 and CD39/CD73 immunosuppressive molecules. In the spleen and blood, Treg cell frequency was preserved through expansion of CD25(low), effector phenotype Treg cells. Reduced CD25 expression led to decreased IL-2 signaling in NOD Treg cells. In vivo, treatment with IL-2-anti-IL-2 antibody complexes led to effective upregulation of suppressive molecules on NOD Treg cells in the spleen and blood, but had reduced efficacy on lymph node Treg cells. In contrast, NOD CD8(+) and CD4(+) effector T cells were not impaired in their response to IL-2 therapy. We conclude that NOD Treg cells have an impaired responsiveness to IL-2 that reduces their ability to compete for a limited supply of IL-2.
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111
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The crossroads of autoimmunity and immunodeficiency: Lessons from polygenic traits and monogenic defects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:3-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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112
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Campbell DJ. Control of Regulatory T Cell Migration, Function, and Homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2507-13. [PMID: 26342103 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for preventing autoimmunity and uncontrolled inflammation, and they modulate immune responses during infection and the development of cancer. Accomplishing these tasks requires the widespread distribution of Tregs in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues, and the selective recruitment of Tregs to different tissue sites has emerged as a key checkpoint that controls tissue inflammation in autoimmunity, infection, and cancer development, as well as in the context of allograft acceptance or rejection. Additionally, Tregs are functionally diverse, and it has become clear that some of this diversity segregates with Treg localization to particular tissue sites. In this article, I review the progress in understanding the mechanisms of Treg trafficking and discuss factors controlling their homeostatic maintenance and function in distinct tissue sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Campbell
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; and Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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113
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Zinc enhances the number of regulatory T cells in allergen-stimulated cells from atopic subjects. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:557-567. [PMID: 26589301 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The trace element zinc is essential for immune function and its regulation. Since zinc deficiency and allergic hyperresponsive reactions are often accompanied, the influence of zinc on allergen-induced cell growth, CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cell numbers and cytokine expression during allergic immune reactions was investigated. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-atopic and atopic subjects were treated with timothy grass allergen pre-incubated with or without zinc. Proliferation was determined by analyzing the incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Intracellular zinc and Foxp3 levels and cell surface antigens were measured by FACS, cytokine expression by ELISA and real-time PCR. RESULTS Incubation with 50 μM zinc sulfate (Zn50) enhances cytosolic zinc concentrations in CD3+ T cells. The data also reveal that the combination of Zn50 plus allergen significantly reduces PBMC proliferation of atopic subjects. Additionally, Zn50 plus allergen enhances Th1 cytokine responses shown by increased interferon (IFN)-γ/interleukin (IL)-10 ratios as well as enhanced tumor necrosis factor-α release. In response to allergen, zinc increases Treg cells and upregulates the mRNA expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 in atopic subjects. Interestingly, Zn50 alone leads to an increase of CD4+CD25high(hi)+ cells in atopic and non-atopic subjects. CONCLUSIONS Zinc may regulate unwanted hyperresponsive immune reactions by suppressing proliferation through a significant shift from IL-10 to the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ, and enhanced regulatory T cell numbers. Therefore, zinc supplementation may be a promising tool for the therapy of allergies, without negatively affecting the immune system.
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114
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Interleukin-2 critically regulates bone marrow erythropoiesis and prevents anemia development. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3362-74. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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115
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CHEN LIWEN, GUAN SHIHE, ZHOU QIANG, SHENG SHOUQIN, ZHONG FEI, WANG QIN. Continuous expression of CD83 on activated human CD4⁺ T cells is correlated with their differentiation into induced regulatory T cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3309-3314. [PMID: 25997495 PMCID: PMC4526085 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD83 is a widely recognized surface marker for mature dendritic cells, which are essential for priming naïve CD4+ T cells into effector cells. However, CD83 is also expressed on activated CD4+ T cells, which remains an enigma in T‑cell mediated immunity. Therefore, the identification of the biological features and regulation of the expression of CD83 on activated CD4+ T cells is important in understanding the function of CD83 in the adaptive immune response. The present study revealed a time‑dependent manner of the expression of CD83 on anti‑CD3/CD28‑stimulated human CD4+ T cells, which is characterized by the maximum expression at day 2 and a significant decrease at day 3. The reduced expression is not a result of a reduced rate of cell proliferation. The activation of interleukin‑2 and secretion of interferon‑γ accumulated progressively from day 1 to 3. Of note, sustained expression of CD83 was observed when CD4+ T cells were induced by transforming growth factor-β to differentiate into CD4+CD25+ forkhead box P3+ regulatory T (iTreg) cells. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy analysis demonstrated that CD83 was highly co‑localized with CD25 on activated CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that the continuous expression of CD83 on activated human CD4+ T cells is correlated with their differentiation into iTreg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- LIWEN CHEN
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - SHIHE GUAN
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - QIANG ZHOU
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - SHOUQIN SHENG
- Medical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - FEI ZHONG
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - QIN WANG
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
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116
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Raynor J, Karns R, Almanan M, Li KP, Divanovic S, Chougnet CA, Hildeman DA. IL-6 and ICOS Antagonize Bim and Promote Regulatory T Cell Accrual with Age. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:944-52. [PMID: 26109645 PMCID: PMC4506860 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs), a subset of CD4(+) T cells, dramatically accumulate with age in humans and mice and contribute to age-related immune suppression. Recently, we showed that a majority of accumulating Tregs in aged mice expressed low levels of CD25, and their accrual is associated with declining levels of IL-2 in aged mice. In this study, we further investigated the origin of CD25(lo) Tregs in aged mice. First, aged Tregs had high expression of neuropilin-1 and Helios, and had a broad Vβ repertoire. Next, we analyzed the gene expression profile of Tregs, naive T cells, and memory T cells in aged mice. We found that the gene expression profile of aged CD25(lo) Tregs were more related to young CD25(lo) Tregs than to either naive or memory T cells. Further, the gene expression profile of aged Tregs was consistent with recently described "effector" Tregs (eTregs). Additional analysis revealed that nearly all Tregs in aged mice were of an effector phenotype (CD44(hi)CD62L(lo)) and could be further characterized by high levels of ICOS and CD69. ICOS contributed to Treg maintenance in aged mice, because in vivo Ab blockade of ICOSL led to a loss of eTregs, and this loss was rescued in Bim-deficient mice. Further, serum levels of IL-6 increased with age and contributed to elevated expression of ICOS on aged Tregs. Finally, Treg accrual was significantly blunted in aged IL-6-deficient mice. Together, our data show a role for IL-6 in promoting eTreg accrual with age likely through maintenance of ICOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Raynor
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Maha Almanan
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Kun-Po Li
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Claire A Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - David A Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
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117
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Keohane C, Kordasti S, Seidl T, Perez Abellan P, Thomas NSB, Harrison CN, McLornan DP, Mufti GJ. JAK inhibition induces silencing of T Helper cytokine secretion and a profound reduction in T regulatory cells. Br J Haematol 2015; 171:60-73. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clodagh Keohane
- Department of Haematology; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- Department of Haematological Medicine; Kings College London; London UK
| | - Shahram Kordasti
- Department of Haematological Medicine; Kings College London; London UK
- Department of Haematological Medicine; Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Thomas Seidl
- Department of Haematological Medicine; Kings College London; London UK
| | | | | | - Claire N. Harrison
- Department of Haematology; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Donal P. McLornan
- Department of Haematology; Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- Department of Haematological Medicine; Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Ghulam J. Mufti
- Department of Haematological Medicine; Kings College London; London UK
- Department of Haematological Medicine; Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
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118
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Bluestone JA, Bour-Jordan H, Cheng M, Anderson M. T cells in the control of organ-specific autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2250-60. [PMID: 25985270 DOI: 10.1172/jci78089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune tolerance is critical to the avoidance of unwarranted immune responses against self antigens. Multiple, non-redundant checkpoints are in place to prevent such potentially deleterious autoimmune responses while preserving immunity integral to the fight against foreign pathogens. Nevertheless, a large and growing segment of the population is developing autoimmune diseases. Deciphering cellular and molecular pathways of immune tolerance is an important goal, with the expectation that understanding these pathways will lead to new clinical advances in the treatment of these devastating diseases. The vast majority of autoimmune diseases develop as a consequence of complex mechanisms that depend on genetic, epigenetic, molecular, cellular, and environmental elements and result in alterations in many different checkpoints of tolerance and ultimately in the breakdown of immune tolerance. The manifestations of this breakdown are harmful inflammatory responses in peripheral tissues driven by innate immunity and self antigen-specific pathogenic T and B cells. T cells play a central role in the regulation and initiation of these responses. In this Review we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in these fundamental checkpoints, the pathways that are defective in autoimmune diseases, and the therapeutic strategies being developed with the goal of restoring immune tolerance.
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119
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Klatzmann D, Abbas AK. The promise of low-dose interleukin-2 therapy for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:283-94. [PMID: 25882245 DOI: 10.1038/nri3823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Depletion of regulatory T (TReg) cells in otherwise healthy individuals leads to multi-organ autoimmune disease and inflammation. This indicates that in a normal immune system, there are self-specific effector T cells that are ready to attack normal tissue if they are not restrained by TReg cells. The data imply that there is a balance between effector T cells and TReg cells in health and suggest a therapeutic potential of TReg cells in diseases in which this balance is altered. Proof-of-concept clinical trials, now supported by robust mechanistic studies, have shown that low-dose interleukin-2 specifically expands and activates TReg cell populations and thus can control autoimmune diseases and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Klatzmann
- 1] Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), F-75651 Paris, France. [2] INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), F-75005 Paris, France. [3] Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy and Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), F-75651 Paris, France
| | - Abul K Abbas
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, California 94143-0511, USA
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120
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Abstract
Induction of specific immune tolerance to grafts remains the sought-after standard following transplantation. Defined by expression of the Foxp3 (forkhead box protein 3) transcription factor, the regulatory T-cell (Treg) lineage has been noted to exert potent immunoregulatory functions that contribute to specific graft tolerance. In this review, we discuss the known signals and pathways which govern Treg development, both in the thymus and in peripheral sites, as well as lineage maintenance and homeostasis. In particular, we highlight the roles of T-cell receptor signaling, CD28 costimulation, and signals through phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and related metabolic pathways in multiple aspects of Treg biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Huynh
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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121
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Ohl K, Tenbrock K. Regulatory T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:344-55. [PMID: 25378177 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease, develops when immunologic self-tolerance fails. Treg cells are a subset of CD4(+) T cells that maintain self-tolerance by suppressing autoreactive lymphocytes. Defects in Treg cells are therefore considered to be an aspect of SLE pathogenesis. Nevertheless, reports on the numbers and function of Treg cells in SLE are contradictory and the definitive role of Treg cells in SLE remains unclear. In this review, we summarize findings from murine models and ex vivo experiments, which provide insights into the mechanisms that result in the breakdown of tolerance. We also include recent findings about Treg-cell subsets and their markers in human SLE. The identification of unique markers to identify bona fide Treg cells, as well as therapies to reconstitute the balance between Treg cells and autoreactive T cells in SLE, are the future challenges for SLE research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ohl
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; IZKF Aachen, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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122
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Smigiel KS, Srivastava S, Stolley JM, Campbell DJ. Regulatory T-cell homeostasis: steady-state maintenance and modulation during inflammation. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:40-59. [PMID: 24712458 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a vital role in the prevention of autoimmunity and the maintenance of self-tolerance, but these cells also have an active role in inhibiting immune responses during viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. Although excessive Treg activity can lead to immunodeficiency, chronic infection, and cancer, too little Treg activity results in autoimmunity and immunopathology and impairs the quality of pathogen-specific responses. Recent studies have helped define the homeostatic mechanisms that support the diverse pool of peripheral Treg cells under steady-state conditions and delineate how the abundance and function of Treg cells changes during inflammation. These findings are highly relevant for developing effective strategies to manipulate Treg cell activity to promote allograft tolerance and treat autoimmunity, chronic infection, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Smigiel
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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123
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Bin Dhuban K, Kornete M, S Mason E, Piccirillo CA. Functional dynamics of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells in mice and humans. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:140-58. [PMID: 24712464 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3)(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical mediators for the establishment of self-tolerance and immune homeostasis and for the control of pathology in various inflammatory responses. While Foxp3(+) Treg cells often control immune responses in secondary lymphoid tissues, they must also traffic to and persist within non-lymphoid tissues, where they integrate various environmental cues to coordinate and adapt their effector acitvities in these sites. In recent years, our group has made use of several mouse models, including the non-obese diabetic model of type 1 diabetes, to characterize the factors, which impact the homeostasis, function, and reprogramming potential of Foxp3(+) Treg cells in situ. In addition, our recent work shows that Foxp3(+) Treg cells possess distinct post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene regulation, namely mRNA translation, to modulate tissue-specific inflammatory responses. In humans, there is a pressing need for reliable markers of FOXP3(+) Treg cells and their related function in blood and tissue. Experimental progress in our group has enabled us to discover novel markers of FOXP3(+) Treg cell (dys)function and unique gene signatures that discriminate effector and Treg cells, as well as functional and dysfunctional FOXP3(+) Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Bin Dhuban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, FOCIS Center of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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124
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Gratz IK, Campbell DJ. Organ-specific and memory treg cells: specificity, development, function, and maintenance. Front Immunol 2014; 5:333. [PMID: 25076948 PMCID: PMC4098124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are essential for establishing and maintaining self-tolerance, and also inhibit immune responses to innocuous environmental antigens. Imbalances and dysfunction in Treg cells lead to a variety of immune-mediated diseases, as deficits in Treg cell function contribute to the development autoimmune disease and pathological tissue damage, whereas overabundance of Treg cells can promote chronic infection and tumorigenesis. Recent studies have highlighted the fact that Treg cells themselves are a diverse collection of phenotypically and functionally specialized populations, with distinct developmental origins, antigen-specificities, tissue-tropisms, and homeostatic requirements. The signals directing the differentiation of these populations, their specificities and the mechanisms by which they combine to promote organ-specific and systemic tolerance, and how they embody the emerging property of regulatory memory are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris K Gratz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria ; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA ; Division of Molecular Dermatology and EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Daniel J Campbell
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute , Seattle, WA , USA ; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, WA , USA
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125
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Liu C, Wang HC, Yu S, Jin R, Tang H, Liu YF, Ge Q, Sun XH, Zhang Y. Id1 expression promotes T regulatory cell differentiation by facilitating TCR costimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:663-672. [PMID: 24920844 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T regulatory (Treg) cells play crucial roles in the regulation of cellular immunity. The development of Treg cells depends on signals from TCRs and IL-2Rs and is influenced by a variety of transcription factors. The basic helix-loop-helix proteins are known to influence TCR signaling thresholds. Whether this property impacts Treg differentiation is not understood. In this study, we interrogated the role of basic helix-loop-helix proteins in the production of Treg cells using the CD4 promoter-driven Id1 transgene. We found that Treg cells continued to accumulate as Id1 transgenic mice aged, resulting in a significant increase in Treg cell counts in the thymus as well as in the periphery compared with wild-type controls. Data from mixed bone marrow assays suggest that Id1 acts intrinsically on developing Treg cells. We made a connection between Id1 expression and CD28 costimulatory signaling because Id1 transgene expression facilitated the formation of Treg precursors in CD28(-/-) mice and the in vitro differentiation of Treg cells on thymic dendritic cells despite the blockade of costimulation by anti-CD80/CD86. Id1 expression also allowed in vitro Treg differentiation without anti-CD28 costimulation, which was at least in part due to enhanced production of IL-2. Notably, with full strength of costimulatory signals, however, Id1 expression caused modest but significant suppression of Treg induction. Finally, we demonstrate that Id1 transgenic mice were less susceptible to the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, thus illustrating the impact of Id1-mediated augmentation of Treg cell levels on cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | | | - Sen Yu
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Feng Liu
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Sun
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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126
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Attridge K, Walker LSK. Homeostasis and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vivo: lessons from TCR-transgenic Tregs. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:23-39. [PMID: 24712457 PMCID: PMC4237543 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The identification of CD25 and subsequently Forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) as markers for regulatory T cells (Tregs) has revolutionized our ability to explore this population experimentally. In a similar vein, our understanding of antigen-specific Treg responses in vivo owes much to the fortuitous generation of T-cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic Tregs. This has permitted tracking of Tregs with a defined specificity in vivo, facilitating analysis of how encounter with cognate antigen shapes Treg homeostasis and function. Here, we review the key lessons learned from a decade of analysis of TCR-transgenic Tregs and set this in the broader context of general progress in the field. Use of TCR-transgenic Tregs has led to an appreciation that Tregs are a highly dynamic proliferative population in vivo, rather than an anergic population as they were initially portrayed. It is now clear that Treg homeostasis is positively regulated by encounter with self-antigen expressed on peripheral tissues, which is likely to be relevant to the phenomenon of peripheral repertoire reshaping that has been described for Tregs and the observation that the Treg TCR specificities vary by anatomical location. Substantial evidence has also accumulated to support the role of CD28 costimulation and interleukin-2 in Treg homeostasis. The availability of TCR-transgenic Tregs has enabled analysis of Treg populations that are sufficient or deficient in particular genes, without the comparison being confounded by repertoire alterations. This approach has yielded insights into genes required for Treg function in vivo, with particular progress being made on the role of ctla-4 in this context. As the prospect of manipulating Treg populations in the clinic becomes reality, a full appreciation of the rules governing their homeostasis will prove increasingly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesley Attridge
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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127
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Sebode M, Peiseler M, Franke B, Schwinge D, Schoknecht T, Wortmann F, Quaas A, Petersen BS, Ellinghaus E, Baron U, Olek S, Wiegard C, Weiler-Normann C, Lohse AW, Herkel J, Schramm C. Reduced FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis are associated with IL2RA gene polymorphisms. J Hepatol 2014; 60:1010-6. [PMID: 24412607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Recently, genome wide association studies in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) revealed associations with gene polymorphisms that potentially could affect the function of regulatory T cells (Treg). The aim of this study was to investigate Treg in patients with PSC and to associate their numbers with relevant gene polymorphisms. METHODS Treg frequency in blood was assessed by staining for CD4(+)CD25(high)FOXP3(+)CD127(low) lymphocytes and determination of Treg-specific FOXP3 gene locus demethylation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the interleukin-2 receptor alpha (IL2RA), the interleukin-2 (IL2) and interleukin-21 (IL21) gene locus were analysed. Liver biopsies taken at the time of diagnosis were stained for FOXP3 and CD3. Treg function was assessed in a CFSE-based suppression assay. RESULTS The frequency of Treg in peripheral blood of PSC patients was significantly decreased. We confirmed this finding by demonstrating a reduction of non-methylated DNA in the Treg-specific demethylated FOXP3 gene region of peripheral blood cells in PSC patients. Reduced peripheral Treg numbers were significantly associated with homozygosity for the major allele of the SNP "rs10905718" in the IL2RA gene. Intrahepatic FOXP3(+) cell numbers at the time of initial diagnosis were decreased in PSC as compared to PBC. In addition to reduced numbers, the suppressive capacity of Treg isolated from PSC patients seemed to be impaired as compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that Treg impairment may play a role in the immune dysregulation observed in PSC. Reduced Treg numbers in patients with PSC are associated with polymorphisms in the IL2RA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcial Sebode
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Peiseler
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Franke
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Schwinge
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Schoknecht
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederike Wortmann
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Britt-Sabina Petersen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Christiane Wiegard
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ansgar W Lohse
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Herkel
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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128
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Bergström SE, Bergdahl E, Sundqvist KG. A cytokine-controlled mechanism for integrated regulation of T-lymphocyte motility, adhesion and activation. Immunology 2014; 140:441-55. [PMID: 23866045 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-ordination of T-cell motility, adhesion and activation remains poorly understood. It is also unclear how these functions are co-ordinated with external stimuli. Here we unveil a series of molecular interactions in cis at the surface of T lymphocytes with potent effects on motility and adhesion in these cells, and communicating with proliferative responses. These interactions were controlled by the signature cytokines of T helper subsets interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) was found to play a key role for T-cell motility by promoting development of polarized cell shape and cell movement. Endogenous thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) enhanced cell surface expression of LRP1 through CD47. Cell surface expressed LRP1 induced motility and processing of TSP-1 while inhibiting adhesion to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and fibronectin. Interleukin-2, but not IL-4, stimulated synthesis of TSP-1 and motility through TSP-1 and LRP1. Stimulation of the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex inhibited TSP-1 expression. Inhibitor studies indicated that LRP1 regulated TSP-1 expression and promoted motility through JAK signalling. This LRP1-mediated motogenic signalling was connected to CD47/Gi protein signalling and IL-2-induced signalling through TSP-1. The motogenic TSP-1/LRP1 mechanism antagonized TCR/CD3-induced T-cell proliferation. These results indicate that LRP1 in collaboration with TSP-1 directs a counter-adhesive and counter-proliferative motogenic cascade. T cells seem programmed to prioritize movement before adhesion through this cascade. In conclusion, vital decision-making in T lymphocytes regulating motility, adhesive interactions and proliferation, are integrated through a molecular mechanism connecting different cell surface receptors and their signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten-Erik Bergström
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden; Division of Clinical Immunology, Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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129
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Angin M, Klarenbeek PL, King M, Sharma SM, Moodley ES, Rezai A, Piechocka-Trocha A, Toth I, Chan AT, Goulder PJ, Ndung'u T, Kwon DS, Addo MM. Regulatory T cells expanded from HIV-1-infected individuals maintain phenotype, TCR repertoire and suppressive capacity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86920. [PMID: 24498287 PMCID: PMC3911933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While modulation of regulatory T cell (Treg) function and adoptive Treg transfer are being explored as therapeutic modalities in the context of autoimmune diseases, transplantation and cancer, their role in HIV-1 pathogenesis remains less well defined. Controversy persists regarding their beneficial or detrimental effects in HIV-1 disease, which warrants further detailed exploration. Our objectives were to investigate if functional CD4+ Tregs can be isolated and expanded from HIV-1-infected individuals for experimental or potential future therapeutic use and to determine phenotype and suppressive capacity of expanded Tregs from HIV-1 positive blood and tissue. Tregs and conventional T cell controls were isolated from blood and gut-associated lymphoid tissue of individuals with HIV-1 infection and healthy donors using flow-based cell-sorting. The phenotype of expanded Tregs was assessed by flow-cytometry and quantitative PCR. T-cell receptor ß-chain (TCR-β) repertoire diversity was investigated by deep sequencing. Flow-based T-cell proliferation and chromium release cytotoxicity assays were used to determine Treg suppressive function. Tregs from HIV-1 positive individuals, including infants, were successfully expanded from PBMC and GALT. Expanded Tregs expressed high levels of FOXP3, CTLA4, CD39 and HELIOS and exhibited a highly demethylated TSDR (Treg-specific demethylated region), characteristic of Treg lineage. The TCRß repertoire was maintained following Treg expansion and expanded Tregs remained highly suppressive in vitro. Our data demonstrate that Tregs can be expanded from blood and tissue compartments of HIV-1+ donors with preservation of Treg phenotype, function and TCR repertoire. These results are highly relevant for the investigation of potential future therapeutic use, as currently investigated for other disease states and hold great promise for detailed studies on the role of Tregs in HIV-1 infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- DNA Methylation/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Tract/immunology
- Gastrointestinal Tract/virology
- Gene Expression/immunology
- HIV Infections/blood
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/immunology
- HIV-1/physiology
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Infant
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Angin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul L. Klarenbeek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie King
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Siddhartha M. Sharma
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eshia S. Moodley
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute and KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ashley Rezai
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Ildiko Toth
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Gastrointestinal Unit, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Goulder
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute and KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute and KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Douglas S. Kwon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marylyn M. Addo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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130
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Bailey-Bucktrout SL, Martinez-Llordella M, Zhou X, Anthony B, Rosenthal W, Luche H, Fehling HJ, Bluestone JA. Self-antigen-driven activation induces instability of regulatory T cells during an inflammatory autoimmune response. Immunity 2014; 39:949-62. [PMID: 24238343 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Stable Foxp3 expression is crucial for regulatory T (Treg) cell function. We observed that antigen-driven activation and inflammation in the CNS promoted Foxp3 instability selectively in the autoreactive Treg cells that expressed high amounts of Foxp3 before experimental autoimmune encephalitis induction. Treg cells with a demethylated Treg-cell-specific demethylated region in the Foxp3 locus downregulated Foxp3 transcription in the inflamed CNS during the induction phase of the response. Stable Foxp3 expression returned at the population level with the resolution of inflammation or was rescued by IL-2-anti-IL-2 complex treatment during the antigen priming phase. Thus, a subset of fully committed self-antigen-specific Treg cells lost Foxp3 expression during an inflammatory autoimmune response and might be involved in inadequate control of autoimmunity. These results have important implications for Treg cell therapies and give insights into the dynamics of the Treg cell network during autoreactive CD4(+) T cell effector responses in vivo.
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131
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The phenotype and activation status of regulatory T cells during Friend retrovirus infection. Virol Sin 2014; 29:48-60. [PMID: 24452537 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-014-3396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been extensively studied and is well established for many diseases. The expansion, accumulation, and activation of Tregs in viral infections are of major interest in order to find ways to alter Treg functions for therapeutic benefit. Tregs are able to dampen effector T cell responses to viral infections and thereby contribute to the establishment of a chronic infection. In the Friend retrovirus (FV) mouse model, Tregs are known to expand in all infected organs. To better understand the characteristics of these Treg populations, their phenotype was analyzed in detail. During acute FV-infection, Tregs became activated in the spleen and bone marrow, as indicated by various T cell activation markers, such as CD43 and CD103. Interestingly, Tregs in the bone marrow, which contains the highest viral loads during acute infection, displayed greater levels of activation than Tregs from the spleen. Treg expansion was driven by proliferation but no FV-specific Tregs could be detected. Activated Tregs in FV-infection did not produce Granzyme B (GzmB) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), which are thought to be a potential mechanism for their suppressive activity. Furthermore, Tregs expressed inhibitory markers, such as TIM3, PD-1 and PD-L1. Blocking TIM3 and PD-L1 with antibodies during chronic FV-infection increased the numbers of activated Tregs. These data may have important implications for the understanding of Treg functions during chronic viral infections.
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132
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Smigiel KS, Richards E, Srivastava S, Thomas KR, Dudda JC, Klonowski KD, Campbell DJ. CCR7 provides localized access to IL-2 and defines homeostatically distinct regulatory T cell subsets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 211:121-36. [PMID: 24378538 PMCID: PMC3892972 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD44loCD62Lhi regulatory T cells preferentially access IL-2 in T cell zones due to expression of CCR7 Immune tolerance and activation depend on precise control over the number and function of immunosuppressive Foxp3+ regulatory T (T reg) cells, and the importance of IL-2 in maintaining tolerance and preventing autoimmunity is clear. However, the homeostatic requirement for IL-2 among specific populations of peripheral T reg cells remains poorly understood. We show that IL-2 selectively maintains a population of quiescent CD44loCD62Lhi T reg cells that gain access to paracrine IL-2 produced in the T cell zones of secondary lymphoid tissues due to their expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7. In contrast, CD44hiCD62LloCCR7lo T reg cells that populate nonlymphoid tissues do not access IL-2–prevalent regions in vivo and are insensitive to IL-2 blockade; instead, their maintenance depends on continued signaling through the co-stimulatory receptor ICOS (inducible co-stimulator). Thus, we define a fundamental homeostatic subdivision in T reg cell populations based on their localization and provide an integrated framework for understanding how T reg cell abundance and function are controlled by unique signals in different tissue environments.
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133
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Ellis SDP, Carthy ER, Notley CA. Advances on regulatory T cells from the 15th International Congress of Immunology. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 10:203-5. [PMID: 24345216 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.871203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The International Congress of Immunology is the largest congregation of immunologists and meets every three years. This year, the congress was held in Milan and included talks on both basic and translational aspects of immunology. Talks on the field of regulatory T cell biology and function are highlighted in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D P Ellis
- Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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134
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Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) and IPEX-related disorders: an evolving web of heritable autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Pediatr 2013; 25:708-14. [PMID: 24240290 PMCID: PMC4047515 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent progress in our understanding of immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) and IPEX-related disorders. RECENT FINDINGS A number of Mendelian disorders of immune dysregulation and autoimmunity have been noted to result from defects in T regulatory cell, development and function. The best characterized of these is IPEX, resulting from mutations affecting FOXP3. A number of other gene defects that affect T regulatory cell function also give rise to IPEX-related phenotypes, including loss-of-function mutations in CD25, STAT5b and ITCH. Recent progress includes the identification of gain-of-function mutations in STAT1 as a cause of an IPEX-like disease, emerging FOXP3 genotype/phenotype relationships in IPEX, and the elucidation of a role for the microbiota in the immune dysregulation associated with regulatory T cell deficiency. SUMMARY An expanding spectrum of genetic defects that compromise T regulatory cell function underlies human disorders of immune dysregulation and autoimmunity. Collectively, these disorders offer novel insights into pathways of peripheral tolerance and their disruption in autoimmunity.
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135
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Advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of Type 1 diabetes: lessons from the NOD mouse. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 126:1-18. [PMID: 24020444 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
T1D (Type 1 diabetes) is an autoimmune disease caused by the immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Studies in T1D patients have been limited by the availability of pancreatic samples, a protracted pre-diabetic phase and limitations in markers that reflect β-cell mass and function. The NOD (non-obese diabetic) mouse is currently the best available animal model of T1D, since it develops disease spontaneously and shares many genetic and immunopathogenic features with human T1D. Consequently, the NOD mouse has been extensively studied and has made a tremendous contribution to our understanding of human T1D. The present review summarizes the key lessons from NOD mouse studies concerning the genetic susceptibility, aetiology and immunopathogenic mechanisms that contribute to autoimmune destruction of β-cells. Finally, we summarize the potential and limitations of immunotherapeutic strategies, successful in NOD mice, now being trialled in T1D patients and individuals at risk of developing T1D.
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136
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Matsuoka KI, Koreth J, Kim HT, Bascug G, McDonough S, Kawano Y, Murase K, Cutler C, Ho VT, Alyea EP, Armand P, Blazar BR, Antin JH, Soiffer RJ, Ritz J. Low-dose interleukin-2 therapy restores regulatory T cell homeostasis in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:179ra43. [PMID: 23552371 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a central role in the maintenance of immune tolerance after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We recently reported that daily administration of low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) induces selective expansion of functional Tregs and clinical improvement of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). To define the mechanisms of action of IL-2 therapy, we examined the immunologic effects of this treatment on homeostasis of CD4(+) T cell subsets after transplant. We first demonstrated that chronic GVHD is characterized by constitutive phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5) in conventional CD4(+) T cells (Tcons) associated with elevated amounts of IL-7 and IL-15 and relative functional deficiency of IL-2. IL-2 therapy resulted in the selective increase of Stat5 phosphorylation in Tregs and a decrease of phosphorylated Stat5 in Tcons. Over an 8-week period, IL-2 therapy induced a series of changes in Treg homeostasis, including increased proliferation, increased thymic export, and enhanced resistance to apoptosis. Low-dose IL-2 had minimal effects on Tcons. These findings define the mechanisms whereby low-dose IL-2 therapy restores the homeostasis of CD4(+) T cell subsets and promotes the reestablishment of immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Matsuoka
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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137
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Eric Gershwin M, Shoenfeld Y. Abul Abbas: An epitome of scholarship. J Autoimmun 2013; 45:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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138
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Wang YM, Alexander SI. IL-2/anti-IL-2 complex: a novel strategy of in vivo regulatory T cell expansion in renal injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1503-4. [PMID: 23949795 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013070718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Min Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
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139
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Jeker LT, Bour-Jordan H, Bluestone JA. Breakdown in peripheral tolerance in type 1 diabetes in mice and humans. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a007807. [PMID: 22393537 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), also called juvenile diabetes because of its classically early onset, is considered an autoimmune disease targeting the insulin-producing β cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. T1D reflects a loss of tolerance to tissue self-antigens caused by defects in both central tolerance, which aims at eliminating potentially autoreactive lymphocytes developing in the thymus, and peripheral tolerance, which normally controls autoreactive T cells that escaped the thymus. Like in other autoimmune diseases, the mechanisms leading to T1D are multifactorial and depend on a complex combination of genetic, epigenetic, molecular, and cellular elements that result in the breakdown of peripheral tolerance. In this article, we discuss the contribution of these factors in the development of the autoimmune response targeting pancreatic islets in T1D and the therapeutic strategies currently being explored to correct these defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas T Jeker
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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140
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Gravano DM, Hoyer KK. Promotion and prevention of autoimmune disease by CD8+ T cells. J Autoimmun 2013; 45:68-79. [PMID: 23871638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, little was known about the importance of CD8+ T effectors in promoting and preventing autoimmune disease development. CD8+ T cells can oppose or promote autoimmune disease through activities as suppressor cells and as cytotoxic effectors. Studies in several distinct autoimmune models and data from patient samples are beginning to establish the importance of CD8+ T cells in these diseases and to define the mechanisms by which these cells influence autoimmunity. CD8+ effectors can promote disease via dysregulated secretion of inflammatory cytokines, skewed differentiation profiles and inappropriate apoptosis induction of target cells, and work to block disease by eliminating self-reactive cells and self-antigen sources, or as regulatory T cells. Defining the often major contribution of CD8+ T cells to autoimmune disease and identifying the mechanisms by which they alter the pathogenesis of disease is a rapidly expanding area of study and will add valuable information to our understanding of the kinetics, pathology and biology of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Gravano
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
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141
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de Kouchkovsky D, Esensten JH, Rosenthal WL, Morar MM, Bluestone JA, Jeker LT. microRNA-17-92 regulates IL-10 production by regulatory T cells and control of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1594-605. [PMID: 23858035 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNA) are essential for regulatory T cell (Treg) function but little is known about the functional relevance of individual miRNA loci. We identified the miR-17-92 cluster as CD28 costimulation dependent, suggesting that it may be key for Treg development and function. Although overall immune homeostasis was maintained in mice with miR-17-92-deficient Tregs, expression of the miR-17-92 miRNA cluster was critical for Treg accumulation and function during an acute organ-specific autoimmune disease in vivo. Treg-specific loss of miR-17-92 expression resulted in exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalitis and failure to establish clinical remission. Using peptide-MHC tetramers, we demonstrate that the miR-17-92 cluster was specifically required for the accumulation of activated Ag-specific Treg and for differentiation into IL-10-producing effector Treg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri de Kouchkovsky
- Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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142
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Dooms H. Interleukin-7: Fuel for the autoimmune attack. J Autoimmun 2013; 45:40-8. [PMID: 23831438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a critical survival factor for lymphocytes and recent studies suggest targeting the IL-7/IL-7Rα pathway holds promise for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Several lines of evidence, genetic as well as functional, indicate an important role for this cytokine in autoimmune inflammation: polymorphisms in the IL-7Rα have been associated with increased risk for autoimmune disease and blocking IL-7/IL-7Rα with antibodies showed therapeutic efficacy in several autoimmune mouse models. Insights are starting to emerge about the mechanisms underlying IL-7's role in autoimmunity and tolerance, revealing surprising novel functions beyond its traditional activity as a T cell survival factor. In the first part of this review, the functions of IL-7 in the immune system are concisely described, providing a basis for understanding their potential role in promoting autoimmune responses. In the second part, current knowledge about the role of IL-7 in various autoimmune conditions is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Dooms
- Department of Medicine, Arthritis Center/Rheumatology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, E519, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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143
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Tai X, Erman B, Alag A, Mu J, Kimura M, Katz G, Guinter T, McCaughtry T, Etzensperger R, Feigenbaum L, Singer DS, Singer A. Foxp3 transcription factor is proapoptotic and lethal to developing regulatory T cells unless counterbalanced by cytokine survival signals. Immunity 2013; 38:1116-28. [PMID: 23746651 PMCID: PMC3700677 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune tolerance requires regulatory T (Treg) cells to prevent autoimmune disease, with the transcription factor Foxp3 functioning as the critical regulator of Treg cell development and function. We report here that Foxp3 was lethal to developing Treg cells in the thymus because it induced a unique proapoptotic protein signature (Puma⁺⁺⁺p-Bim⁺⁺p-JNK⁺⁺DUSP6⁻) and repressed expression of prosurvival Bcl-2 molecules. However, Foxp3 lethality was prevented by common gamma chain (γc)-dependent cytokine signals that were present in the thymus in limiting amounts sufficient to support only ∼1 million Treg cells. Consequently, most newly arising Treg cells in the thymus were deprived of this signal and underwent Foxp3-induced death, with Foxp3⁺CD25⁻ Treg precursor cells being the most susceptible. Thus, we identify Foxp3 as a proapoptotic protein that requires developing Treg cells to compete with one another for limiting amounts of γc-dependent survival signals in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Tai
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Batu Erman
- Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956 Turkey
| | - Amala Alag
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jie Mu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Motoko Kimura
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gil Katz
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Terry Guinter
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tom McCaughtry
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruth Etzensperger
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lionel Feigenbaum
- SAIC-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dinah S. Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alfred Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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144
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Raynor J, Sholl A, Plas DR, Bouillet P, Chougnet CA, Hildeman DA. IL-15 Fosters Age-Driven Regulatory T Cell Accrual in the Face of Declining IL-2 Levels. Front Immunol 2013; 4:161. [PMID: 23805138 PMCID: PMC3690359 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others have shown that regulatory T cells (Treg) accumulate dramatically with age in both humans and mice. Such Treg accrual contributes to age-related immunosenescence as they reduce the response to tumors and parasite infection. While we reported earlier that aged Treg have decreased expression of the pro-apoptotic molecule Bim and germline deletion of Bim promoted earlier accumulation of Treg, it remains unclear whether the effects of Bim are: (i) Treg intrinsic and (ii) dominant to other BH3-only pro-apoptotic molecules. Further, the mechanism(s) controlling Bim expression in aged Treg remain unclear. Here we show that Treg-specific loss of Bim is sufficient to drive Treg accrual with age and that additional loss of the downstream apoptotic effectors Bax and Bak did not exacerbate Treg accumulation. Further, our results demonstrate that a subpopulation of Treg expands with age and is characterized by lower expression of CD25 (IL-2Rα) and Bim. Mechanistically, we found that IL-2 levels decline with age and likely explain the emergence of CD25(lo)Bim(lo) Treg because Treg in IL-2(-/-) mice are almost entirely comprised of CD25(lo)Bim(lo) cells, and IL-2 neutralization increases CD25(lo)Bim(lo) Treg in both young and middle-aged mice. Interestingly, the Treg population in aged mice had increased expression of CD122 (IL-2/IL-15Rβ) and neutralization or genetic loss of IL-15 led to less Treg accrual with age. Further, the decreased Treg accrual in middle-aged IL-15(-/-) mice was restored by the additional loss of Bim (IL-15(-/-)Bim(-/-)). Together, our data show that aging favors the accrual of CD25(lo) Treg whose homeostasis is supported by IL-15 as IL-2 levels become limiting. These data have implications for manipulating Treg to improve immune responses in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Raynor
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Allyson Sholl
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - David R. Plas
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Philippe Bouillet
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Claire A. Chougnet
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - David A. Hildeman
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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145
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Khanolkar A, Williams MA, Harty JT. Antigen experience shapes phenotype and function of memory Th1 cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65234. [PMID: 23762323 PMCID: PMC3676405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary and secondary (boosted) memory CD8 T cells exhibit differences in gene expression, phenotype and function. The impact of repeated antigen stimulations on memory CD4 T cells is largely unknown. To address this issue, we utilized LCMV and Listeria monocytogenes infection of mice to characterize primary and secondary antigen (Ag)-specific Th1 CD4 T cell responses. Ag-specific primary memory CD4 T cells display a CD62LloCCR7hi CD27hi CD127hi phenotype and are polyfunctional (most produce IFNγ, TNFα and IL-2). Following homologous prime-boost immunization we observed pathogen-specific differences in the rate of CD62L and CCR7 upregulation on memory CD4 T cells as well as in IL-2+IFNγco-production by secondary effectors. Phenotypic and functional plasticity of memory Th1 cells was observed following heterologous prime-boost immunization, wherein secondary memory CD4 T cells acquired phenotypic and functional characteristics dictated by the boosting agent rather than the primary immunizing agent. Our data also demonstrate that secondary memory Th1 cells accelerated neutralizing Ab formation in response to LCMV infection, suggesting enhanced capacity of this population to provide quality help for antibody production. Collectively these data have important implications for prime-boost vaccination strategies that seek to enhance protective immune responses mediated by Th1 CD4 T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaruni Khanolkar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JTH); (MAW)
| | - John T. Harty
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JTH); (MAW)
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146
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Gratz IK, Truong HA, Yang SHY, Maurano MM, Lee K, Abbas AK, Rosenblum MD. Cutting Edge: memory regulatory t cells require IL-7 and not IL-2 for their maintenance in peripheral tissues. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4483-7. [PMID: 23543753 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thymic Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells are activated by peripheral self-antigen to increase their suppressive function, and a fraction of these cells survive as memory regulatory T cells (mTregs). mTregs persist in nonlymphoid tissue after cessation of Ag expression and have enhanced capacity to suppress tissue-specific autoimmunity. In this study, we show that murine mTregs express specific effector memory T cell markers and localize preferentially to hair follicles in skin. Memory Tregs express high levels of both IL-2Rα and IL-7Rα. Using a genetic-deletion approach, we show that IL-2 is required to generate mTregs from naive CD4(+) T cell precursors in vivo. However, IL-2 is not required to maintain these cells in the skin and skin-draining lymph nodes. Conversely, IL-7 is essential for maintaining mTregs in skin in the steady state. These results elucidate the fundamental biology of mTregs and show that IL-7 plays an important role in their survival in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris K Gratz
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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147
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Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory disease of the colon, characterized clinically by bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. UC has been a clinical challenge due to its increasing incidence and prevalence, unknown etiology and pathogenesis, and the lack of effective treatment. Animal models have been widely used to investigate the pathogenesis of various diseases. So far, many animal models of UC have been developed, which play a crucial role in studying the pathogenesis of UC and finding new potential treatments. This article reviews the recent progress in the development of animal models of UC.
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148
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Cheng G, Yu A, Dee MJ, Malek TR. IL-2R signaling is essential for functional maturation of regulatory T cells during thymic development. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:1567-75. [PMID: 23315074 PMCID: PMC3563871 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an independent cell lineage, and their developmental progression during thymic development depends on IL-2R signaling. However, the role of IL-2R signaling during thymic Treg development remains only partially understood. The current study assessed the contribution of IL-2 to the expansion and functional programming of developing Tregs. In the absence of IL-2Rβ signaling, predominantly CD4(+) CD25(-) Foxp3(lo) T cells were found, and these cells exhibited somewhat lower expression of the proliferative marker Ki67. These immature Tregs, which represent products of failed development, were also found in normal mice and were characterized by markedly lower expression of several Treg functional molecules. Therefore, IL-2R is required for the progression, functional programming, and expansion of Tregs during thymic development. An IL-2R-signaling mutant that lowers STAT5 activation readily supported Treg functional programming, but Treg proliferation remained somewhat impaired. The requirement for IL-2 during thymic Treg expansion was best illustrated in mixed chimeras where the Tregs with mutant IL-2Rs were forced to compete with wild-type Tregs during their development. Tregs with impaired IL-2R signaling were more prevalent in the thymus than spleen in these competitive experiments. The general effectiveness of mutant IL-2Rs to support thymic Treg development is partially accounted for by a heightened capacity of thymic Tregs to respond to IL-2. Overall, our data support a model in which limiting IL-2R signaling is amplified by thymic Tregs to readily support their development and functional programming, whereas these same conditions are not sufficient to support peripheral Treg homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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149
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abul K. Abbas
- Department of Pathology; University of California San Francisco-School of Medicine; San Francisco; California
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150
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Baine I, Basu S, Ames R, Sellers RS, Macian F. Helios induces epigenetic silencing of IL2 gene expression in regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:1008-16. [PMID: 23275607 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune disease. Tregs express the transcription factor Foxp3, which acts as a master regulator of their differentiation and controls their capacity to suppress T cell responses. Tregs have an intrinsically anergic phenotype and do not produce IL-2 or proliferate upon stimulation ex vivo. Recent studies identified that Helios, a member of the Ikaros family of transcription factors, is expressed in Tregs. However, its specific function is not fully understood. In this study, we show that Helios regulates IL-2 production in Tregs by suppressing Il2 gene transcription. Loss of Helios in Tregs breaks their anergic phenotype and results in derepression of the Il2 locus, allowing Tregs to display increased baseline proliferation and to produce IL-2 following stimulation. Conversely, forced expression of Helios in CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells results in a loss of their normal ability to produce IL-2. Helios acts by binding to the Il2 promoter and inducing epigenetic modifications that include histone deacetylation. We also show that loss of Helios in Tregs results in decreased Foxp3 binding to the Il2 promoter, indicating that Helios promotes binding of Foxp3 to the Il2 promoter. Interestingly, the loss of Helios in Tregs also causes a decrease in suppressive capacity. Our results identify Helios as a key regulator of Il2 expression in Tregs, contributing to the maintenance of the anergic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Baine
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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