101
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Vcelakova J, Blatny R, Halbhuber Z, Kolar M, Neuwirth A, Petruzelkova L, Ulmannova T, Kolouskova S, Sumnik Z, Pithova P, Krivjanska M, Filipp D, Stechova K. The effect of diabetes-associated autoantigens on cell processes in human PBMCs and their relevance to autoimmune diabetes development. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:589451. [PMID: 23841104 PMCID: PMC3694381 DOI: 10.1155/2013/589451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is considered to be a T-helper- (Th-) 1 autoimmune disease; however, T1D pathogenesis likely involves many factors, and sufficient tools for autoreactive T cell detection for the study of this disease are currently lacking. In this study, using gene expression microarrays, we analysed the effect of diabetes-associated autoantigens on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with the purpose of identifying (pre)diabetes-associated cell processes. Twelve patients with recent onset T1D, 18 first-degree relatives of the TD1 patients (DRL; 9/18 autoantibody positive), and 13 healthy controls (DV) were tested. PBMCs from these individuals were stimulated with a cocktail of diabetes-associated autoantigens (proinsulin, IA-2, and GAD65-derived peptides). After 72 hours, gene expression was evaluated by high-density gene microarray. The greatest number of functional differences was observed between relatives and controls (69 pathways), from which 15% of the pathways belonged to "immune response-related" processes. In the T1D versus controls comparison, more pathways (24%) were classified as "immune response-related." Important pathways that were identified using data from the T1D versus controls comparison were pathways involving antigen presentation by MHCII, the activation of Th17 and Th22 responses, and cytoskeleton rearrangement-related processes. Genes involved in Th17 and TGF-beta cascades may represent novel, promising (pre)diabetes biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vcelakova
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic.
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102
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Ramming A, Schulze-Koops H, Skapenko A. [Th9 cells. Functionally important or just an epiphenomenon?]. Z Rheumatol 2012; 71:417-9. [PMID: 22772887 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-011-0942-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Development of the recently described Th9 cells is selectively and dynamically controlled by epigenetic modifications. The selective epigenetic inactivation of the PU.1 promoter associated with diminished Th9 cell differentiation by naive CD4 T cells allows the assumption of a special physiologic role of IL-9. Once deregulated, IL-9 seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramming
- Rheumaeinheit, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Innenstadt, Pettenkoferstr. 8a, 80336, München, Deutschland.
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103
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Ye ZJ, Zhou Q, Yin W, Yuan ML, Yang WB, Xiong XZ, Zhang JC, Shi HZ. Differentiation and Immune Regulation of IL-9−Producing CD4+T Cells in Malignant Pleural Effusion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186:1168-79. [PMID: 23065014 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201207-1307oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Ye
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, PR China
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104
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Marwaha AK, Leung NJ, McMurchy AN, Levings MK. TH17 Cells in Autoimmunity and Immunodeficiency: Protective or Pathogenic? Front Immunol 2012; 3:129. [PMID: 22675324 PMCID: PMC3366440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2005 a newly discovered T helper cell subset that secreted interleukin (IL)-17 became the center of attention in immunology. Initial studies painted Th17 cells as the culprit for destruction in many different autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases. Subsequently, the discovery of patients with primary immunodeficiencies in the IL-17 pathway taught us that Th17 cells have a critical role in defense against certain fungal and bacterial infections. Moreover, the paradoxical exacerbation of Crohn's disease in the clinical trials of a Secukinumab (AIN457), a fully human neutralizing antibody to IL-17A, has cast into doubt a universal pro-inflammatory and harmful role for Th17 cells. Evidence now suggests that depending on the environment Th17 cells can alter their differentiation program, ultimately giving rise to either protective or pro-inflammatory cells. In this review we will summarize the evidence from patients with immunodeficiencies, autoimmune, or auto-inflammatory diseases that teaches us how the pro-inflammatory versus protective function of Th17 cells varies within the context of different human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Marwaha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
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105
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Bogiatzi SI, Guillot-Delost M, Cappuccio A, Bichet JC, Chouchane-Mlik O, Donnadieu MH, Barillot E, Hupé P, Chlichlia K, Efremidou EI, Aractingi S, Bayrou O, Soumelis V. Multiple-checkpoint inhibition of thymic stromal lymphopoietin-induced TH2 response by TH17-related cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:233-40.e5. [PMID: 22664159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interplay between allergy and autoimmunity has been a matter of long debate. Epidemiologic studies point to a decreased frequency of allergy in patients with autoimmune diseases. However, recent studies suggest that IL-17 and related cytokines, which play a central role in autoimmunity, might also promote allergy. OBJECTIVE To address this controversy, we systematically studied the interactions between T(H)17-related cytokines and the thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)-mediated proallergic pathway. METHODS We used human primary dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, and skin explants. A novel geometric representation and multivariate ANOVA were used to analyze the T(H) cytokine profile. RESULTS We show that IL-17A specifically inhibits TSLP production but increases proinflammatory IL-8 production in human skin explants exposed to TNF-α and IL-4. This inhibitory activity was confirmed in cultured skin explants of atopic dermatitis lesions. At the T-cell level, T(H)17-polarizing cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β, and IL-23) inhibited T(H)2 differentiation induced by TSLP-activated DCs. This led to a global dominance of a T(H)17-polarizing environment over TSLP-activated DCs, as revealed by clustering and computational analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that T(H)17-related cytokines are negative regulators of the TSLP immune pathway. This might explain the decreased frequency of allergy in patients with autoimmunity and suggests new means of manipulating proallergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia I Bogiatzi
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
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106
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Bengsch B, Seigel B, Flecken T, Wolanski J, Blum HE, Thimme R. Human Th17 cells express high levels of enzymatically active dipeptidylpeptidase IV (CD26). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5438-47. [PMID: 22539793 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidylpeptidase IV (CD26) is a multifunctional ectoenzyme involved in T cell activation that has been implicated in autoimmune pathophysiology. Because IL-17-producing CD4(+) T cells (Th17 cells) are important mediators of autoimmune disease, we analyzed the expression of CD26 and its enzymatic function on human Th17 cells. Analysis of CD26 expression on different CD4(+) T helper subsets showed that CD26 expression is highest on CD4(+) T cells producing type 17 cytokines (e.g., IL-22, IL-17, GM-CSF, or TNF) compared with Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cells. Phenotypic analysis revealed that CD26(++)CD4(+) T cells express the type 17 differentiation molecules CD161, CCR6, lL-23R, and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-γt. Furthermore, sorted CD26(++)CD4(+) T cells contain >90-98% of Th17 cells, indicating that CD26(++) T cells harbor the Th17 lineage. A comparison with CD161 and CCR6 indicated that analysis of CD26 coexpression may improve the phenotypic characterization of Th17 cells. Of note, CD26(++) Th17 cells are enriched in the inflamed tissue of patients with hepatitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Functional analysis in migration assays revealed that CD26 expressed on Th17 cells is enzymatically active. Indeed, CD26 negatively regulates the chemotactic CD4(+) T cell response to the inflammatory chemokines CXCL9-12 that can be restored by pharmacological blockade of the enzymatic center of CD26. In summary, these results strongly suggest that CD26 may contribute to the orchestration of the immune response by Th17 cells in human inflammatory diseases. They also suggest that the phenotypic analysis of Th17 cells may be facilitated by determination of CD26 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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107
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Notch receptors and Smad3 signaling cooperate in the induction of interleukin-9-producing T cells. Immunity 2012; 36:623-34. [PMID: 22503540 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 9 (IL-9) is a pleiotropic cytokine that can regulate autoimmune responses by enhancing regulatory CD4(+)FoxP3(+) T regulatory (Treg) cell survival and T helper 17 (Th17) cell proliferation. Here, we analyzed the costimulatory requirements for the induction of Th9 cells, and demonstrated that Notch pathway cooperated with TGF-β signaling to induce IL-9. Conditional ablation of Notch1 and Notch2 receptors inhibited the development of Th9 cells. Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD1) recruited Smad3, downstream of TGF-β cytokine signaling, and together with recombining binding protein (RBP)-Jκ bound the Il9 promoter and induced its transactivation. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), Jagged2 ligation regulated clinical disease in an IL-9-dependent fashion. Signaling through Jagged2 expanded Treg cells and suppressed EAE when administered before antigen immunization, but worsened EAE when administered concurrently with immunization by favoring Th17 cell expansion. We propose that Notch and Smad3 cooperate to induce IL-9 and participate in regulating the immune response.
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108
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Maturation-related histone modifications in the PU.1 promoter regulate Th9-cell development. Blood 2012; 119:4665-74. [PMID: 22446486 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-392589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic histone modifications are thought to underlie the rapid memory immune response to recall antigen that develops after vaccination. However, histone-modification patterns in genes encoding transcription factors regulating cytokine production have not been investigated in either memory and naive T cells or as the immune system matures to understand the differences in cytokine response patterns. In the present study, we analyzed histone modifications in promoter regions of T-bet, GATA-3, PU.1, IRF4, and RORC in neonatal naive T cells and in adult naive and memory CD4 T cells, and found a unique and dynamic histone-modification pattern in the PU.1 promoter that was related to age and the naive/memory status of a T cell. Naive T cells required more intense stimulation to switch the chromatin pattern in the PU.1 promoter from a repressive to permissive state, and therefore to produce IL-9 than did memory T cells. Inhibition of repressive histone methylation by the specific inhibitor 3-deazaneplanocin induced Th9-specific PU.1 expression, even in conditions that would normally yield only Th0 cytokines. Conversely, prevention of histone acetylation by the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor curcumin diminished PU.1 expression after IL-9-inducing stimulation. Our findings identify age- and differentiation-status-related epigenetic modifications of PU.1 as a unique regulator of Th9 memory acquisition and Th9 immunity.
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109
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Jabeen R, Kaplan MH. The symphony of the ninth: the development and function of Th9 cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:303-7. [PMID: 22365614 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T helper cells are obligate regulators of inflammatory disease. An expanding cadre of T helper (Th) subsets, specialized for promoting particular types of inflammation, function through the secretion of a restricted set of cytokines. The latest addition to the list of subsets is the Th9 cell that secretes IL-9 as a signature cytokine and contributes to several classes of inflammatory disease. In this review we focus on recent advances in understanding the development of Th9 cells, and how Th9 cells contribute to the orchestration of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Jabeen
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
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110
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Ye ZJ, Yuan ML, Zhou Q, Du RH, Yang WB, Xiong XZ, Zhang JC, Wu C, Qin SM, Shi HZ. Differentiation and recruitment of Th9 cells stimulated by pleural mesothelial cells in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31710. [PMID: 22363712 PMCID: PMC3282767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly discovered IL-9–producing CD4+ helper T cells (Th9 cells) have been reported to contribute to tissue inflammation and immune responses, however, differentiation and immune regulation of Th9 cells in tuberculosis remain unknown. In the present study, our data showed that increased Th9 cells with the phenotype of effector memory cells were found to be in tuberculous pleural effusion as compared with blood. TGF-β was essential for Th9 cell differentiation from naïve CD4+ T cells stimulated with PMA and ionomycin in vitro for 5 h, and addition of IL-1β, IL-4 or IL-6 further augmented Th9 cell differentiation. Tuberculous pleural effusion and supernatants of cultured pleural mesothelial cells were chemotactic for Th9 cells, and this activity was partly blocked by anti-CCL20 antibody. IL-9 promoted the pleural mesothelial cell repairing and inhibited IFN-γ-induced pleural mesothelial cell apoptosis. Moreover, pleural mesothelial cells promoted Th9 cell differentiation by presenting antigen. Collectively, these data provide new information concerning Th9 cells, in particular the collaborative immune regulation between Th9 cells and pleural mesothelial cells in human M. tuberculosis infection. In particular, pleural mesothelial cells were able to function as antigen-presenting cells to stimulate Th9 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Ye
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Li Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong-Hui Du
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wuhan Institute of Tuberculosis Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Zhi Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Chu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Wu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shou-Ming Qin
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Huan-Zhong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Health Ministry, Department of Respiratory Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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111
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Guillot-Delost M, Le Gouvello S, Mesel-Lemoine M, Cheraï M, Baillou C, Simon A, Levy Y, Weiss L, Louafi S, Chaput N, Berrehar F, Kerbrat S, Klatzmann D, Lemoine FM. Human CD90 identifies Th17/Tc17 T cell subsets that are depleted in HIV-infected patients. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:981-91. [PMID: 22184726 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
By revisiting CD90, a GPI-anchored glycoprotein, we show that CD90 is expressed by a subset of CD4(+) and CD8(+) human T cells. CD4(+)CD90(+) cells share similarities with Th17 cells because they express the Th17-specific transcription factor RORC2 and produce IL-17A. CD4(+)CD90(+) cells are activated memory T cells that express the gut mucosal markers CCR6, CD161, and the α(4) and β(7) integrins. Compared with CD90-depleted CCR6(+) memory Th17 cells, CD4(+)CD90(+) cells express higher levels of IL-22 and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and GM-CSF), but they produce lower levels of IL-21 and no IL-9. Analyses of CD8(+)CD90(+) cells reveal that they express RORC2 and are able to produce higher levels of IL-17A, IL-22, and CCL20 compared with CD90-depleted CD8(+) cells. These data show that CD90 identifies Th17 and Tc17 cells with a peculiar cytokine profile. Studies of circulating CD90(+) cells in HIV patients show that CD90(+) cells are decreased with an imbalance of the CD4(+)CD90(+)/regulatory T cell ratio in nontreated patients compared with treated patients and healthy donors. Overall, human CD90 identifies a subset of Th17 and Tc17 cells within CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, respectively, which are depleted during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Guillot-Delost
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Université Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7211/INSERM 959, 75005 Paris, France
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112
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Upregulation of IL-17, but not of IL-9, in circulating cells of CIS and relapsing MS patients. Impact of corticosteroid therapy on the cytokine network. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 243:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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113
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Abstract
In type 1 diabetes, insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas are destroyed by immune-mediated mechanisms. The manifestation of the disease is preceded by the so-called pre-diabetic period that may last several years and is characterized by the appearance of circulating autoantibodies against beta-cell antigens. The role of the gut as a regulator of type 1 diabetes was suggested in animal studies, in which changes affecting the gut immune system modulated the incidence of diabetes. Dietary interventions, alterations in the intestinal microbiota and exposure to enteric pathogens, regulate the development of autoimmune diabetes in animal models. It has been demonstrated that these modulations affect the gut barrier mechanisms and intestinal immunity. Because the pancreas and the gut belong to the same intestinal immune system, the link between autoimmune diabetes and the gut is not unexpected. The gut hypothesis in the development of type 1 diabetes is also supported by the observations made in human type 1 diabetes. Early diet could modulate the development of beta-cell autoimmunity; weaning to hydrolysed casein formula decreased the risk of beta-cell autoimmunity by age 10 in the infants at genetic risk. Increased gut permeability, intestinal inflammation with impaired regulatory mechanisms and dysregulated oral tolerance have been observed in children with type 1 diabetes. The factors that contribute to these intestinal alterations are not known, but interest is focused on the microbial stimuli and function of innate immunity. It is likely that our microbial environment does not support the healthy maturation of the gut and tolerance in the gut, and this leads to the increasing type 1 diabetes as well as other immune-mediated diseases regulated by intestinal immune system. Thus, the interventions, aiming to prevent or treat type 1 diabetes in humans, should be targeting the gut immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Vaarala
- Department of Vaccination and Immune Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
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114
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Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9), cloned more than 20 years ago, was initially thought to be a Th2-specific cytokine. This assumption was initially confirmed by functional analyses showing that both IL-9 and Th2 cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma, IgE class switch recombination, and resolution of parasitic infections. However, recently it was shown that IL-9-producing CD4(+) T cells represent the discrete T helper subset Th9 cells. Herein, we will review the cytokines and transcription factors known to promote the development of Th9 cells and their potential functional properties in relation to the biological activities of IL-9. In addition, we will discuss how Th9 cells are related to Th2, Th17, and T(reg) cells, as both an alternative source of IL-9 and in view of the fact that plasticity of CD4(+) T cell differentiation is currently a strong matter of debate in immunologic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stassen
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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115
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Hundorfean G, Neurath MF, Mudter J. Functional relevance of T helper 17 (Th17) cells and the IL-17 cytokine family in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:180-6. [PMID: 21381156 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery and characterization of T helper 17 cells (Th17) and their signature cytokines (IL-17) represents a hallmark in T-cell immunobiology by providing a new distinctive pathway for the communication between adaptive and innate immunity. From the six members of the IL-17 cytokine family presently known, at least two have evident proinflammatory qualities and are involved in several chronic inflammatory disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IL-17A and IL-17F are abundantly found in inflamed IBD mucosa, suggesting their pivotal role in IBD. However, the precise implication of IL-17 cytokine family members in IBD pathogenesis and the mechanisms regulating their secretion are incompletely understood. Importantly, recent findings suggest that beyond IL-17 production-Th17 cells may secret a plethora of other effector cytokines such as IL-21, IL-22, and IL-9- which is in part induced by its own IL-9 production. However, the use of anti-IL-17 therapeutic strategies in experimental models of chronic inflammation results in disease-ameliorating effects suggesting their potential use in IBD patients. In this review article we discuss the latest findings on the role of Th17 cells and IL-17 family members in IBD immunopathology, as well as research perspectives.
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116
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Th17 cell cytokine secretion profile in host defense and autoimmunity. Inflamm Res 2011; 61:87-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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117
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Joseph J, Bittner S, Kaiser FMP, Wiendl H, Kissler S. IL-17 Silencing Does Not Protect Nonobese Diabetic Mice from Autoimmune Diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:216-21. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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118
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Monteleone I, Pallone F, Monteleone G. Th17-related cytokines: new players in the control of chronic intestinal inflammation. BMC Med 2011; 9:122. [PMID: 22082127 PMCID: PMC3239315 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the main forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in man, are thought to be caused by an excessive and poorly controlled immune response that is directed against components of the normal microflora. The exact sequence of events by which this pathological process is triggered and maintained is not fully understood, but studies in experimental models of IBD and data emerging from recent clinical trials indicate that T cell-derived cytokines are crucial mediators of the tissue damage. Although CD and UC have been traditionally considered two typical examples of T helper (Th)1 or Th2-associated disease respectively, it is now known that CD- and UC-related inflammation is also marked by enhanced production of cytokines made by a distinct subset of Th cells, termed Th17 cells. Th17 cytokines can have both tissue-protective and inflammatory effects in the gut and there is evidence that Th17 cells can alter their cytokine program according to the stimuli received and convert into Th1-producing cells. These novel findings have contributed to advancing our understanding of mechanisms of gut tissue damage and open new avenues for development of therapeutic strategies in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Monteleone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, Rome, Italy.
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119
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Sehrawat S, Rouse BT. Tregs and infections: on the potential value of modifying their function. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:1079-87. [PMID: 21914856 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0611271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells, which express a master transcription factor, Foxp3, have been recognized as bona fide Tregs. These cells are essential to maintain immune homeostasis in healthy as well as infected mice and humans. Extensive investigations in the last decade have provided ways to manipulate the Foxp3(+) Treg response therapeutically so the role of such cells in microbe-induced inflammatory reactions can be evaluated. This review focuses on our current understanding of the mechanisms required for the generation and sustenance of Tregs in vivo and the potential value of modulating Tregs to control microbe-induced immunopathological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharvan Sehrawat
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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120
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Current understanding of Th2 cell differentiation and function. Protein Cell 2011; 2:604-11. [PMID: 21904976 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Helper T cell (Th) has been identified as a critical immune cell for regulating immune response since 1980s. The type 2 helper Tcell (Th2), characterized by the production of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, plays a critical role in immune response against helminths invading cutaneous or mucosal sites. It also has a functional role in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic diarrhea. Currently, most studies have shed light on Th2 cell function and behavior in specific diseases, such as asthma and helminthes inflammation, but not on Th2 cell itself and its differentiation. Based on different cytokines and specific behavior in recent research, Th2 cell is also regarded as new subtypes of T cell, such as IL-9 secreting T cell (Th9) and CXCR5(+) T follicular helper cells. Here, we will discuss the latest view of Th2 cell towards their function and the involvement of Th2 cell in diseases.
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Ghoreschi K, Laurence A, Yang XP, Hirahara K, O'Shea JJ. T helper 17 cell heterogeneity and pathogenicity in autoimmune disease. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:395-401. [PMID: 21782512 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
T helper (Th)17 cells have been proposed to represent a new CD4(+) T cell lineage that is important for host defense against fungi and extracellular bacteria, and the development of autoimmune diseases. Precisely how these cells arise has been the subject of some debate, with apparent species-specific differences in mice and humans. Here, we describe evolving views of Th17 specification, highlighting the contribution of transforming growth factor-β and the opposing roles of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 and STAT5. Increasing evidence points to heterogeneity and inherent phenotypic instability in this subset. Ideally, better understanding of expression and action of key transcription factors and the epigenetic landscape of Th17 can help explain the flexibility and diversity of interleukin-17-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Ghoreschi
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Li H, Nourbakhsh B, Cullimore M, Zhang GX, Rostami A. IL-9 is important for T-cell activation and differentiation in autoimmune inflammation of the central nervous system. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2197-206. [PMID: 21674475 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is generally believed to be an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by myelin-specific Th1 and/or Th17 effector cells. The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, however, are not fully understood. Using mice deficient in IL-9 (IL-9(-/-) ), we showed that IL-9 plays a critical role in EAE. Specifically, IL-9(-/-) mice developed significantly less severe EAE than their WT counterparts following both immunization with myelin proteolipid protein (PLP)(180-199) peptide in the presence of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA), and adoptive transfer of PLP(180-199) peptide-specific effector T cells from WT littermates. EAE-resistant IL-9(-/-) mice exhibited considerably fewer infiltrating immune cells in the CNS, with lower levels of IL-17 and IFN-γ expression, than their WT littermates. Further studies revealed that null mutation of the IL-9 gene resulted in significantly lower levels of PLP(180-199) peptide-specific IL-17 and IFN-γ production. Moreover, IL-9(-/-) memory/activated T cells exhibited decreased C-C chemokine receptors (CCR)2, CCR5, and CCR6 expression. Interestingly, IL-10 was significantly increased in IL-9(-/-) mice compared with WT littermates. Importantly, we found that IL-9-mediated Th17-cell differentiation triggers complex STAT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Blom L, Poulsen BC, Jensen BM, Hansen A, Poulsen LK. IL-33 induces IL-9 production in human CD4+ T cells and basophils. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21695. [PMID: 21765905 PMCID: PMC3130774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-33, an IL-1 family member and ligand for the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2, has been associated with induction of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Here, we report that IL-33 can initiate IL-9 protein secretion in vitro in human CD4+ T cells and basophils isolated from peripheral blood. TGF-β has been described as a critical factor for IL-9 induction in Th2 cells; however, we found that TGF-β also induces co-production of IL-9 in purified, naïve (>99%) CD4+CD45RA+CD45RO−CD25− T cells differentiated towards a Th1 profile. Subsequently, it was demonstrated that TGF-β is important, although not an absolute requirement, for IL-9 production in CD4+ T cells. IL-9 production by purified (>95%) human basophils, cultured for 24 h with IL-3 or IL-33, was found, with a strong synergy between the two, likely to be explained by the IL-3 upregulated ST2 expression. Collectively, these data indicate that barrier functioning cells are important for the regulation of IL-9 production by immune cells in inflamed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Blom
- Dermato-Allergological Department K, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark.
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Qing K, Weifeng W, Fan Y, Yuluan Y, Yu P, Yanlan H. Distinct different expression of Th17 and Th9 cells in coxsackie virus B3-induced mice viral myocarditis. Virol J 2011; 8:267. [PMID: 21635745 PMCID: PMC3315794 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, a new subset of CD4+T helper(Th) cell that predominantly secret cytokine interleukin-9(IL-9) is identified, termed Th9 cell. It has been reported to participate in tissue inflammation and autoimmune responses, and induce disease which differed from Th17 cells. Th17 cells have been shown to play a critical role in viral myocarditis (VMC), but whether Th9 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of VMC remains unclear. Results BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally (i.p) injected with coxsackie virus B3(CVB3) for establishing VMC models. Control mice were treated with phosphate-buffered saline i.p. On day 0,7,14,21,28,35,42 after injection, myocardial histopathological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Splenic Th17 and Th9 cells subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. And cardiac IL-17, IL-9 mRNA were measured by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and nested PCR, respectively. Results showed the levels of Th17 cells and IL-17 mRNA obviously increased in VMC mice on 7 day after infection, peaked on day 28, and highly persisted to at least day 42 (p < 0.05). While the frequencies of Th9 cells and IL-9 mRNA showed no significant difference between VMC and control group throughout the course of the experiment(p > 0.05). Conclusions It was differentiated Th17 but not Th9 cells significantly elevated in the development of CVB3-induced VMC. The microenvironment of VMC seemed to contribute to the differentiation and proliferation of Th17 rather than Th9 cells. Our preliminary data implied Th9 cells could not protect against VMC nor promote the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Qing
- Guangxi Cardiovascular Institute, Shuang-Yong Road, Nanning, China
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125
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Abstract
IL-9 was first described in the late 1980s as a member of a growing number of cytokines that had pleiotropic functions in the immune system. Although many biological functions have been attributed to IL-9, it remains an understudied cytokine. A resurgence of interest in IL-9 has been spurred by recent work demonstrating a role for IL-9 in regulating inflammatory immunity and defining the transcription factors that activate the Il9 gene in cells that most efficiently produce IL-9. In this review, we summarize the characterization of IL-9 biological activities, highlight roles for the cytokine that are clearly defined, and outline questions regarding IL-9 functions that still require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritobrata Goswami
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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126
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Miller SA, Weinmann AS. Molecular mechanisms by which T-bet regulates T-helper cell commitment. Immunol Rev 2011; 238:233-46. [PMID: 20969596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Current research suggests that a number of newly identified T-helper cell subsets retain a degree of context-dependent plasticity in their signature cytokine expression patterns. To understand this process, a major challenge is to determine the molecular mechanisms by which lineage-defining transcription factors regulate gene expression profiles in T-helper cells. This mechanistic information will aid in our interpretation of whether a T-helper cell state that expresses or retains the capacity to re-express a combination of lineage-defining transcription factors will have a stable or more flexible gene expression profile. Studies examining the developmental T-box transcription factor T-bet demonstrate the powerful information that is gained from combining in vivo analysis with basic biochemical and molecular mechanism approaches. Significantly, T-bet's ability to physically recruit epigenetic modifying complexes, in particular a Jmjd3 H3K27-demethylase and a Set7/9 H3K4-methyltransferase complex, to its target genes allows T-bet to effectively reverse and establish new epigenetic states. This observation suggests that until T-bet is permanently extinguished, T-helper cells will retain some plasticity toward a T-helper 1-like program. Therefore, insight into the complexity of T-helper cell commitment decisions will be aided by determining the molecular mechanisms for lineage-defining transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Miller
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Stephens GL, Swerdlow B, Benjamin E, Coyle AJ, Humbles A, Kolbeck R, Fung M. IL-9 is a Th17-derived cytokine that limits pathogenic activity in organ-specific autoimmune disease. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:952-62. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zhou Y, Sonobe Y, Akahori T, Jin S, Kawanokuchi J, Noda M, Iwakura Y, Mizuno T, Suzumura A. IL-9 promotes Th17 cell migration into the central nervous system via CC chemokine ligand-20 produced by astrocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4415-21. [PMID: 21346235 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Newly discovered IL-9-producing helper T cells (Th9) reportedly exert both aggravating and suppressive roles on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. However, it is still unclear whether Th9 is a distinct Th cell subset and how IL-9 functions in the CNS. In this study, we show that IL-9 is produced by naive CD4(+) T cells that were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 Abs under the conditions of Th2-, inducible regulatory T cell-, Th17-, and Th9-polarizing conditions and that IL-9 production is significantly suppressed in the absence of IL-4, suggesting that IL-4 is critical for the induction of IL-9 by each producing cell. The IL-9 receptor complex, IL-9R and IL-2Rγ, is constitutively expressed on astrocytes. IL-9 induces astrocytes to produce CCL-20 but not other chemokines, including CCL-2, CCL-3, and CXCL-2 by astrocytes. The conditioned medium of IL-9-stimulated astrocytes induces Th17 cell migration in vitro, which is cancelled by adding anti-CCL-20 neutralizing Abs. Treating with anti-IL-9 neutralizing Abs attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, decreases the number of infiltrating Th17 cells, and reduces CCL-20 expression in astrocytes. These results suggest that IL-9 is produced by several Th cell subsets in the presence of IL-4 and induces CCL-20 production by astrocytes to induce the migration of Th17 cells into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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130
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Abstract
The production of interleukin-9 (IL-9) by CD4 T cells has gathered renewed interest as the result of the observation that its expression is broader than originally thought. This includes the production of IL-9 by a recently characterized subset of CD4 helper T (Th) cells that are termed Th9 as well as production by additional T-cell subsets including Th17 cells. There is an incomplete understanding as to which IL-9-producing T-cell subsets develop under physiological conditions. We describe the conditions used to generate IL-9 in Th17 cells in vitro. We also summarize conditions where both IL-9 and IL-17 are found in vivo and propose that Th17 cells producing IL-9 may co-exist and interact with Th9 cells during conditions of autoimmunity, allergy and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Nowak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Schwander S, Dheda K. Human lung immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: insights into pathogenesis and protection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 183:696-707. [PMID: 21075901 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201006-0963pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of human pulmonary immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) provides a unique window into the biological interactions between the human host and M.tb within the broncho-alveolar microenvironment, the site of natural infection. Studies of bronchoalveolar cells (BACs) and lung tissue evaluate innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune mechanisms that collectively contribute to immunological protection or its failure. In aerogenically M.tb-exposed healthy persons lung immune responses reflect early host pathogen interactions that may contribute to sterilization, the development of latent M.tb infection, or progression to active disease. Studies in these persons may allow the identification of biomarkers of protective immunity before the initiation of inflammatory and disease-associated immunopathological changes. In healthy close contacts of patients with tuberculosis (TB) and during active pulmonary TB, immune responses are compartmentalized to the lungs and characterized by an exuberant helper T-cell type 1 response, which as suggested by recent evidence is counteracted by local suppressive immune mechanisms. Here we discuss how exploring human lung immunity may provide insights into disease progression and mechanisms of failure of immunological protection at the site of the initial host-pathogen interaction. These findings may also aid in the identification of new biomarkers of protective immunity that are urgently needed for the development of new and the improvement of current TB vaccines, adjuvant immunotherapies, and diagnostic technologies. To facilitate further work in this area, methodological and procedural approaches for bronchoalveolar lavage studies and their limitations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schwander
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, UMDNJ-School of Public Health, 683 Hoes Lane West, Room 305, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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T(H)2 heterogeneity: Does function follow form? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:1094-8. [PMID: 20951419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T(H)2 immune responses are required for the 2 fundamental pathological processes characteristic of allergic disease: IgE-mediated hypersensitivity and eosinophilic inflammation. The 3 established T(H)2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, each play a nonredundant role in allergic disease pathology. The recent explosion of T(H) subpopulations combined with the wide availability of polychromatic cytokine staining has facilitated the discovery of T(H)2 lineage heterogeneity. In this article we review T(H)2 heterogeneity and ask the following question: At what point do these subpopulations graduate from in vitro curiosities to immunologically robust therapeutic targets? We propose criteria to establish a T-cell subset as a biologically relevant entity and address the evidence to support these T(H)2 subpopulations having a unique function or specific contribution to allergic pathology or host defense.
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133
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Noelle RJ, Nowak EC. Cellular sources and immune functions of interleukin-9. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:683-7. [PMID: 20847745 DOI: 10.1038/nri2848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9) has attracted renewed interest owing to the identification of its expression by multiple T helper (T(H)) cell subsets, including T(H)2 cells, T(H)9 cells, T(H)17 cells and regulatory T (T(Reg)) cells. Here, we provide a broad overview of the conditions that are required for cells to produce IL-9 and describe the cellular targets and nature of the immune responses that are induced by IL-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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