101
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Nair MG, Guild KJ, Artis D. Novel effector molecules in type 2 inflammation: lessons drawn from helminth infection and allergy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1393-9. [PMID: 16849442 PMCID: PMC1780267 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meera G Nair
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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102
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Van Ginderachter JA, Movahedi K, Hassanzadeh Ghassabeh G, Meerschaut S, Beschin A, Raes G, De Baetselier P. Classical and alternative activation of mononuclear phagocytes: Picking the best of both worlds for tumor promotion. Immunobiology 2006; 211:487-501. [PMID: 16920488 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes often function as control switches of the immune system, securing the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory reactions. For this purpose and depending on the activating stimuli, these cells can develop into different subsets: classically (M1) or alternatively (M2) activated mononuclear phagocytes, the molecular and functional characterization of which is a current topic of investigation. Accumulating evidence suggests that cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage can be hijacked by tumors for their own benefit. Either as immature cells in the periphery, or as mature macrophages at the tumor site, mononuclear phagocytes are able to influence the behavior of cancer cells, shape the tumor microenvironment and subvert anti-tumor immunity, thereby contributing to tumor growth and progression. This review focuses on the mechanisms behind monocyte/macrophage-mediated tumor promotion and interprets the available data within the M1/M2 conceptual frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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103
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Edwards JP, Zhang X, Frauwirth KA, Mosser DM. Biochemical and functional characterization of three activated macrophage populations. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80:1298-307. [PMID: 16905575 PMCID: PMC2642590 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0406249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated three populations of macrophages (Mphi) in vitro and characterized each. Classically activated Mphi (Ca-Mphi) were primed with IFN-gamma and stimulated with LPS. Type II-activated Mphi (Mphi-II) were similarly primed but stimulated with LPS plus immune complexes. Alternatively activated Mphi (AA-Mphi) were primed overnight with IL-4. Here, we present a side-by-side comparison of the three cell types. We focus primarily on differences between Mphi-II and AA-Mphi, as both have been classified as M2 Mphi, distinct from Ca-Mphi. We show that Mphi-II more closely resemble Ca-Mphi than they are to AA-Mphi. Mphi-II and Ca-Mphi, but not AA-Mphi, produce high levels of NO and have low arginase activity. AA-Mphi express FIZZ1, whereas neither Mphi-II nor Ca-Mphi do. Mphi-II and Ca-Mphi express relatively high levels of CD86, whereas AA-Mphi are virtually devoid of this costimulatory molecule. Ca-Mphi and Mphi-II are efficient APC, whereas AA-Mphi fail to stimulate efficient T cell proliferation. The differences between Ca-Mphi and Mphi-II are more subtle. Ca-Mphi produce IL-12 and give rise to Th1 cells, whereas Mphi-II produce high levels of IL-10 and thus, give rise to Th2 cells secreting IL-4 and IL-10. Mphi-II express two markers that may be used to identify them in tissue. These are sphingosine kinase-1 and LIGHT (TNF superfamily 14). Thus, Ca-Mphi, Mphi-II, and AA-Mphi represent three populations of cells with different biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David M. Mosser
- Correspondence: Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Mary-land, College Park, MD 20742. E-mail:
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104
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Singh V, Agrewala JN. Regulatory role of pro-Th1 and pro-Th2 cytokines in modulating the activity of Th1 and Th2 cells when B cell and macrophages are used as antigen presenting cells. BMC Immunol 2006; 7:17. [PMID: 16889674 PMCID: PMC1550426 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-7-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presence of antigen presenting cells, expression of costimulatory molecules, the strength of first signal and cytokine milieu are quite important in influencing the reactivation of differentiated Th1 and Th2 cells. RESULTS In the present study, we have analyzed the concerted action of pro-Th1 and pro-Th2 cytokines in the presence of B cells, peritoneal and splenic macrophages as antigen presenting cells and varied concentration of first (anti-CD3 Ab) and second (B7-1 transfectant) signals on the proliferation and cytokine secretion by Th1 and Th2 cells. Interesting observations were made that IFN-gamma significantly augmented the secretion of IL-4 by Th2 cells when either B cells or splenic or peritoneal macrophages were used as APC. Further, IFN-gamma significantly inhibited the proliferation of Th1 cells only in the presence of peritoneal macrophages. We have also observed that B cells could significantly respond to cytokines to further enhance the proliferation and cytokine release by Th1 and Th2 cells. But not much effect on addition of exogenous cytokines IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12 was observed on the proliferation of Th1 and Th2 cells in the presence of macrophages. In contrast, both IFN-gamma and IL-2 significantly enhanced the production of IL-4 and IL-5 respectively, by Th2 cells in presence of B cells, splenic and peritoneal macrophages. Another important observation was that the addition of B7-1 transfectants in the cultures, which were stimulated with low dose of anti-CD3 Ab significantly, enhanced the proliferation and cytokine secretion. CONCLUSION This study indicates involvement of different type of APCs, cytokine milieu, dose of first and second signals in a concerted manner in the outcome of the immune response. The significance of this study is that the immunization with antigen along with costimulatory molecules may significantly reduce the dose of antigen and can generate better immune response than antigen alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Singh
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh-160036, India
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105
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Taylor MD, Harris A, Nair MG, Maizels RM, Allen JE. F4/80+Alternatively Activated Macrophages Control CD4+T Cell Hyporesponsiveness at Sites Peripheral to Filarial Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6918-27. [PMID: 16709852 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both T cells and APC have been strongly implicated in the immune suppression observed during filarial nematode infections, but their relative roles are poorly understood, particularly in regard to timing and locality of action. Using Litomosoides sigmodontis infection of susceptible BALB/c mice, we have studied the progression of filarial immunosuppression leading to patent infection with blood microfilaremia. Patent infection is associated with decreased immune responsiveness in the draining thoracic lymph nodes (tLN) and intrinsically hyporesponsive CD4+ T cells at the infection site. We now show that we are able to separate, both in time and space, different suppressive mechanisms and cell populations that contribute to filarial hyporesponsiveness. L. sigmodontis infection recruited a F4/80+ population of alternatively activated macrophages that potently inhibited Ag-specific CD4+ T cell proliferative responses even in the presence of competent naive APC. T cell responsiveness was partially restored by neutralizing TGF-beta, but not by blocking IL-10 or CTLA-4 signaling. During prepatent infection, the macrophage population was restricted to the infection site. However, once infection became patent with systemic release of microfilariae, the suppressive macrophage activity extended peripherally into the tLN. In contrast, the hyporesponsive CD4+ T cell phenotype remained localized at the infection site, and the tLN CD4+ T cell population recovered full Ag responsiveness in the absence of suppressive macrophages. Filarial immunosuppression, therefore, evolves over time at sites increasingly distal to infection, and the mechanisms of filarial down-regulation are dependent on proximity to the infection site.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/parasitology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/pathology
- Antigens, Differentiation/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/parasitology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Filariasis/immunology
- Filariasis/parasitology
- Filariasis/pathology
- Filarioidea/growth & development
- Filarioidea/immunology
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/parasitology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pleural Cavity/immunology
- Pleural Cavity/parasitology
- Pleural Cavity/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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106
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Matlack R, Yeh K, Rosini L, Gonzalez D, Taylor J, Silberman D, Pennello A, Riggs J. Peritoneal macrophages suppress T-cell activation by amino acid catabolism. Immunology 2006; 117:386-95. [PMID: 16476058 PMCID: PMC1782234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T-lymphocyte activation triggered by anti-CD3, endogenous or exogenous superantigen, and mitogens was suppressed in a cell-dose-dependent fashion by peritoneal cavity (PerC) leucocytes. Study of lymphocyte-deficient mice and the use of multiparameter fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyses revealed that macrophages were responsible for this form of immune regulation. Interferon-gamma was essential to trigger suppression, which, by enzyme inhibition studies, was shown to be the result of tryptophan and arginine catabolism. These results illustrate that macrophages, which are classically defined by their innate effector function as antigen-presenting cells, have the potential to temper adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matlack
- Department of Biology, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648-3099, USA
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107
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Hölscher C, Arendse B, Schwegmann A, Myburgh E, Brombacher F. Impairment of alternative macrophage activation delays cutaneous leishmaniasis in nonhealing BALB/c mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:1115-21. [PMID: 16394000 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expressed on various cell types, the IL-4Ralpha is a component of both receptors for IL-4 and IL-13. Susceptibility of BALB/c mice to Leishmania major is believed to be dependent on the development of IL-4- and IL-13-producing Th2 cells, while IFN-gamma secretion by Th1 cells is related to resistance. Despite a sustained development of Th2 cells, IL-4Ralpha-deficient BALB/c mice are able to control acute cutaneous leishmaniasis, suggesting that IL-4Ralpha-bearing cells other than Th2 cells contribute to susceptibility. To analyze the contribution of the IL-4Ralpha on macrophages, recently generated macrophage/neutrophil-specific IL-4Ralpha-deficient mice on a susceptible BALB/c genetic background were infected with L. major. Strikingly, macrophage/neutrophil-specific IL-4Ralpha-deficient mice showed a significantly delayed disease progression with normal Th2 and type 2 Ab responses but improved macrophage leishmanicidal effector functions and reduced arginase activity. Together, these results suggest that alternative macrophage activation contributes to susceptibility in cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hölscher
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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108
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Van Ginderachter JA, Meerschaut S, Liu Y, Brys L, De Groeve K, Hassanzadeh Ghassabeh G, Raes G, De Baetselier P. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) ligands reverse CTL suppression by alternatively activated (M2) macrophages in cancer. Blood 2006; 108:525-35. [PMID: 16527895 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors may escape from immune control by the induction of CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) myeloid suppressor cells in the spleen. In this study, we demonstrate that this cell population can be subdivided into a CD11b(hi)Gr-1(int)SSC(lo)Ly6G(neg)M-CSFR(int) immature monocytic fraction and a CD11b(hi+)Gr-1(hi)SSC(hi)Ly6G(hi)M-CSFR(neg) granulocytic fraction. Upon in vitro culture, the monocytic CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) cell fraction is sufficient for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) suppression, which is linked to the gradual differentiation of these monocytic cells into mature F4/80(+) CD68(+) macrophages. These CTL-suppressive macrophages are alternatively activated (M2), as demonstrated by the expression of known and novel M2 signature genes. In search of M2-associated genes involved in the suppressive activity, it is shown that stimulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and inhibition of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity cooperate to alleviate CTL suppression. Of importance, purified tumor-associated macrophages display a similar M2 phenotype and are suppressive for antitumor CTLs, via a mechanism that can be almost completely reversed by PPARgamma ligands. Overall, our data identify PLA(2) and especially PPARgamma as new potential therapeutic targets to subvert macrophage-mediated CTL suppression in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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109
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Gómez-García L, López-Marín LM, Saavedra R, Reyes JL, Rodríguez-Sosa M, Terrazas LI. Intact glycans from cestode antigens are involved in innate activation of myeloid suppressor cells. Parasite Immunol 2005; 27:395-405. [PMID: 16179033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2005.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During helminthic infections, strong Th2 type-biased responses concomitant with impaired cell-proliferative responses to parasitic and unrelated antigens are major immunological hallmarks. Parasite glycan structures have been proposed to play a role in modulating these responses. To understand early events related to immune modulation during cestode infection, we have examined the role of intact glycans of antigens from Taenia crassiceps in the recruitment of innate cells. Soluble antigens from this cestode contained higher levels of carbohydrates than proteins. Intraperitoneal injection of the antigens rapidly recruited a cell population expressing F4/80(+)/Gr-1(+)surface markers, which adoptively suppressed naïve T-cell proliferation in vitro in response to anti-CD3/CD28 MAb stimulation in a cell-contact dependent manner. Soluble antigens with altered glycans by treatment with sodium periodate significantly reduced the recruitment of F4/80(+)/Gr1(+)cells, concomitantly their suppressive activity was abrogated, indicating that glycans have a role in the early activation of these suppressor cells. Using C3H/HeJ and STAT6-KO mice, we found that expansion and suppressive activity of F4/80(+)Gr1(+)cells induced by T. crassiceps intact antigens was TLR4 and Th2-type cytokine independent. Together with previous studies on nematode and trematode parasites, our data support the hypothesis that glycans can be involved on a similar pathway in the immunoregulation by helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gómez-García
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico
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110
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Abstract
L-Arginine is an essential amino acid for birds and young mammals, and it is a conditionally essential amino acid for adult mammals, as it is important in situations in which requirements exceed production, such as pregnancy. Recent findings indicate that increased metabolism of L-arginine by myeloid cells can result in the impairment of lymphocyte responses to antigen during immune responses and tumour growth. Two enzymes that compete for L-arginine as a substrate - arginase and nitric-oxide synthase - are crucial components of this lymphocyte-suppression pathway, and the metabolic products of these enzymes are important moderators of T-cell function. This Review article focuses on the relevance of L-arginine metabolism by myeloid cells for immunity under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Bronte
- Cancer Center of Veneto Region, Department of Oncological and Surgical Sciences, Padua University, Via Gattamelata 64, Padua, Italy.
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