101
|
Ozawa Y, Suda T, Nagata T, Hashimoto D, Nakamura Y, Enomoto N, Inui N, Koide Y, Nakamura H, Chida K. Mucosal Vaccine Using CTL Epitope-Pulsed Dendritic Cell Confers Protection for Intracellular Pathogen. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 41:440-8. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0446oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
|
102
|
Lewis DJM, Huo Z, Barnett S, Kromann I, Giemza R, Galiza E, Woodrow M, Thierry-Carstensen B, Andersen P, Novicki D, Del Giudice G, Rappuoli R. Transient facial nerve paralysis (Bell's palsy) following intranasal delivery of a genetically detoxified mutant of Escherichia coli heat labile toxin. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6999. [PMID: 19756141 PMCID: PMC2737308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An association was previously established between facial nerve paralysis (Bell's palsy) and intranasal administration of an inactivated influenza virosome vaccine containing an enzymatically active Escherichia coli Heat Labile Toxin (LT) adjuvant. The individual component(s) responsible for paralysis were not identified, and the vaccine was withdrawn. Methodology/Principal Findings Subjects participating in two contemporaneous non-randomized Phase 1 clinical trials of nasal subunit vaccines against Human Immunodeficiency Virus and tuberculosis, both of which employed an enzymatically inactive non-toxic mutant LT adjuvant (LTK63), underwent active follow-up for adverse events using diary-cards and clinical examination. Two healthy subjects experienced transient peripheral facial nerve palsies 44 and 60 days after passive nasal instillation of LTK63, possibly a result of retrograde axonal transport after neuronal ganglioside binding or an inflammatory immune response, but without exaggerated immune responses to LTK63. Conclusions/Significance While the unique anatomical predisposition of the facial nerve to compression suggests nasal delivery of neuronal-binding LT–derived adjuvants is inadvisable, their continued investigation as topical or mucosal adjuvants and antigens appears warranted on the basis of longstanding safety via oral, percutaneous, and other mucosal routes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J M Lewis
- St George's Vaccine Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate proteins plus CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides confer protection to Mycobacterium bovis BCG-primed mice by inhibiting interleukin-4 secretion. Infect Immun 2009; 77:5311-21. [PMID: 19752029 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00580-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Culture filtrate proteins (CFP) are potential targets for tuberculosis vaccine development. We previously showed that despite the high level of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production elicited by homologous immunization with CFP plus CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CFP/CpG), we did not observe protection when these mice were challenged with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In order to use the IFN-gamma-inducing ability of CFP antigens, in this study we evaluated a prime-boost heterologous immunization based on CFP/CpG to boost Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination in order to find an immunization schedule that could induce protection. Heterologous BCG-CFP/CpG immunization provided significant protection against experimental tuberculosis, and this protection was sustained during the late phase of infection and was even better than that conferred by a single BCG immunization. The protection was associated with high levels of antigen-specific IFN-gamma and interleukin-17 (IL-17) and low IL-4 production. The deleterious role of IL-4 was confirmed when IL-4 knockout mice vaccinated with CFP/CpG showed consistent protection similar to that elicited by BCG-CFP/CpG heterologous immunization. These findings show that a single dose of CFP/CpG can represent a new strategy to boost the protection conferred by BCG vaccination. Moreover, different immunological parameters, such as IFN-gamma and IL-17 and tightly regulated IL-4 secretion, seem to contribute to the efficacy of this tuberculosis vaccine.
Collapse
|
104
|
Hall LJ, Clare S, Pickard D, Clark SO, Kelly DLF, El Ghany MA, Hale C, Dietrich J, Andersen P, Marsh PD, Dougan G. Characterisation of a live Salmonella vaccine stably expressing the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B-ESAT6 fusion protein. Vaccine 2009; 27:6894-904. [PMID: 19755145 PMCID: PMC2789253 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) vaccine strain was constructed that stably expressed the Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion antigen Ag85B–ESAT6 from the chromosome. Live oral vaccination of mice with the Salmonella/Ag85B–ESAT6 strain generated a potent anti-Ag85B–ESAT6 TH1 response with high antibody titres with a IgG2a-bias and significant IFN-γ production lasting over a 120-day period. When mice primed with the Salmonella/Ag85B–ESAT6 vaccine were mucosally boosted with the Ag85B–ESAT6 antigen and adjuvant the IFN-γ responses increased markedly. To determine the protective efficacy of this vaccine strain, guinea pigs were immunised and followed for a 30-week period after aerosol challenge with M. tuberculosis. The heterologous prime-boost strategy of live Salmonella vaccine followed by a systemic boost of antigen and adjuvant reduced the levels of M. tuberculosis bacteria in the lungs and spleen to the same extent as BCG. Additionally, this vaccination regimen was observed to be statistically equivalent in terms of protection to immunisation with BCG. Thus, live oral priming with the recombinant Salmonella/Ag85B–ESAT6 and boosting with Ag85B–ESAT6 plus the adjuvant LTK63 represents an effective mucosal vaccination regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J Hall
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
Dou J, Tang Q, Zhao F, Chu L, Chen J, Cao M, Liu C, Wang Y, Li Y, Li JL. Comparison of Immune Responses Induced in Mice by Vaccination with DNA Vaccine Constructs Expressing Mycobacterial Antigen 85A and Interleukin-21 and Bacillus Galmette-Guérin. Immunol Invest 2009; 37:113-27. [DOI: 10.1080/08820130701690741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
106
|
Aagaard C, Hoang TTKT, Izzo A, Billeskov R, Troudt J, Arnett K, Keyser A, Elvang T, Andersen P, Dietrich J. Protection and polyfunctional T cells induced by Ag85B-TB10.4/IC31 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is highly dependent on the antigen dose. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5930. [PMID: 19529771 PMCID: PMC2691953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously we have shown that Ag85B-TB10.4 is a highly efficient vaccine against tuberculosis when delivered in a Th1 inducing adjuvant based on cationic liposomes. Another Th1 inducing adjuvant, which has shown a very promising profile in both preclinical and clinical trials, is IC31. In this study, we examined the potential of Ag85B-TB10.4 delivered in the adjuvant IC31 for the ability to induce protection against infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, we examined if the antigen dose could influence the phenotype of the induced T cells. METHODS AND FINDINGS We found that vaccination with the combination of Ag85B-TB10.4 and IC31 resulted in high numbers of polyfunctional CD4 T cells co-expressing IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. This correlated with protection against subsequent challenge with M.tb in the mouse TB model. Importantly, our results also showed that both the vaccine induced T cell response, and the protective efficacy, was highly dependent on the antigen dose. Thus, whereas antigen doses of 5 and 15 microg did not induce significant protection against M.tb, reducing the dose to 0.5 microg selectively increased the number of polyfunctional T cells and induced a strong protection against infection with M.tb. The influence of antigen dose was also observed in the guinea pig model of aerosol infection with M.tb. In this model a 2.5 fold increase in the antigen dose reduced the protection against infection with M.tb to the level observed in non-vaccinated animals. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Small changes in the antigen dose can greatly influence the induction of specific T cell subpopulations and the dose is therefore a crucial factor when testing new vaccines. However, the adjuvant IC31 can, with the optimal dose of Ag85B-TB10.4, induce strong protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This vaccine has now entered clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claus Aagaard
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Angelo Izzo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rolf Billeskov
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - JoLynn Troudt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kim Arnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Andrew Keyser
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tara Elvang
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Dietrich
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Rahman MJ, Fernández C. Neonatal vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG: potential effects as a priming agent shown in a heterologous prime-boost immunization protocol. Vaccine 2009; 27:4038-46. [PMID: 19379788 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In general prime-boost immunization including Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as a priming agent has been a recent successful strategy in animal models. However, the effects of BCG as a priming vaccine have not been investigated systematically. Thus, we modelled a heterologous prime-boost immunization in mice with BCG administered at the neonatal period and mycobacterial heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) at adult ages. Mice were challenged with a high dose of BCG (10(7) colony forming units) via intranasal (i.n.) route. We addressed whether the route of administration and addition of adjuvants could be of importance in HBHA-immunizations while animals were primed with BCG. Our results showed that prime-boost immunization induced significantly higher levels of protection in animals compared to the group vaccinated with BCG alone. Most importantly, the levels of protection were comparable between the i.n. and subcutaneous (s.c.) boostings with native (n) HBHA and the coadministration of adjuvant was not necessary. Moreover, priming with BCG improved also the protection promoted by the recombinant form of HBHA, even if to a lower degree to that observed after nHBHA boosting. In general, vaccination with BCG prior to the HBHA administration was found to contribute in two ways: it primed the immune system and provided adjuvant effect. We discuss the several outcomes following neonatal BCG priming and HBHA boosting for better protection against tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jubayer Rahman
- Department of Immunology, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
108
|
The European effort towards the development of mucosal vaccines for poverty-related diseases. Vaccine 2009; 27:2641-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
109
|
Immunization with a bivalent adenovirus-vectored tuberculosis vaccine provides markedly improved protection over its monovalent counterpart against pulmonary tuberculosis. Mol Ther 2009; 17:1093-100. [PMID: 19319120 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant virus-vectored vaccines hold great promise for tuberculosis (TB) vaccination strategies. However, there is a lack of side-by-side comparative investigations to dissect the functional differences and support the advantage of multivalent virus-vectored vaccine over its monovalent counterpart. We previously successfully developed a monovalent adenovirus (Ad)-vectored vaccine expressing Ag85a (AdAg85a) and demonstrated its superior protective efficacy in models of pulmonary TB. In this study, we have developed a bivalent Ad TB vaccine expressing Ag85a and TB10.4 antigens as a fusion protein (AdAg85a:TB10.4) and compared its T-cell-activating and immune protective efficacy with that by monovalent AdAg85a. A single intranasal (i.n.) administration of AdAg85a:TB10.4 induced robust T-cell responses toward the respective antigens within the airway lumen and spleen, although the level of Ag85a-specific T-cell responses in the airway lumen triggered by bivalent AdAg85a:TB10.4 was lower than that by its monovalent counterpart at earlier time points. Thus, a single i.n. delivery of AdAg85a:TB10.4 conferred a markedly improved and sustained level of protection in the lung against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) challenge over that by AdAg85a or by conventional BCG immunization with similarly induced levels of protection in the spleen. Our results indicate a unique advantage of multivalent viral-vectored TB vaccines for immunization against pulmonary TB.
Collapse
|
110
|
Shi C, Yuan S, Zhang H, Zhang T, Wang L, Xu Z. Cell-Mediated Immune Responses and Protective Efficacy against Infection withMycobacterium tuberculosisInduced by Hsp65 and hIL-2 Fusion Protein in Mice. Scand J Immunol 2009; 69:140-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
111
|
Beverley PCL, Tchilian EZ. Lessons for tuberculosis vaccines from respiratory virus infection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:1165-72. [PMID: 18844591 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.8.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is a worldwide epidemic of increasingly drug-resistant TB. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination provides partial protection against disseminated disease in infants but poor protection against later pulmonary TB. Cell-mediated protection against respiratory virus infections requires the presence of T cells in lung tissues, and the most effective prime-boost immunizations for Mycobacterium tuberculosis also induce lung-resident lymphocytes. These observations need to be taken into account when designing future vaccines against M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Charles Leonard Beverley
- The University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Vaccination of cattle with Mycobacterium bovis BCG by a combination of systemic and oral routes. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2008; 88:595-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
113
|
Badell E, Nicolle F, Clark S, Majlessi L, Boudou F, Martino A, Castello-Branco L, Leclerc C, Lewis DJM, Marsh PD, Gicquel B, Winter N. Protection against tuberculosis induced by oral prime with Mycobacterium bovis BCG and intranasal subunit boost based on the vaccine candidate Ag85B-ESAT-6 does not correlate with circulating IFN-gamma producing T-cells. Vaccine 2008; 27:28-37. [PMID: 18977269 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The potent IFN-gamma inducing fusion antigen Ag85B-ESAT-6 (85B6) is a lead subunit candidate to improve current vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The recombinant M. bovis BCG strain Myc3504 was constructed to secrete 85B6. It was based on commercial BCG strain Moreau Rio de Janeiro (BCG(MoWT)) which remains available for human oral administration. Myc 3504 induced higher levels of 85B6-specific IFN-gamma circulating T-cells as compared to BCG(MoWT). A novel needle-free mucosal immunization regimen combining oral prime with Myc3504 or BCG(MoWT) with intranasal boost with LTK-63-adjuvanted 85B6 was compared to subcutaneous prime-boost immunization. Strikingly whereas parenteral immunization induced sustained levels of 85B6-specific IFN-gamma secretion by circulating T-cells, mucosal regimens induced barely detectable IFN-gamma. Despite this, mice and guinea pigs immunized with the mucosal regimens were as efficiently protected against aerosol Mtb challenge as parenterally immunized animals. After Mtb challenge, anti-ESAT-6 IFN-gamma responses sharply increased in non-vaccinated mice as a hallmark of infection. Parenterally immunized mice that controlled Mtb infection, displayed anti-ESAT-6 IFN-gamma responses as high as non-immunized infected mice, compromising the possible use of ESAT-6 as a diagnostic tool. Interestingly, in mucosally immunized mice that were equally protected, post-challenge ESAT-6-specific IFN-gamma T-cell response remained low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Badell
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
Primary activation of antigen-specific naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells following intranasal vaccination with recombinant bacteria. Infect Immun 2008; 76:5817-25. [PMID: 18838521 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00793-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary activation of T-helper and T-cytotoxic cells following mucosal immunization with recombinant Streptococcus gordonii was studied in vivo by adoptive transfer of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific transgenic CD8(+) (OT-I) and CD4(+) (OT-II) T cells. A recombinant strain, expressing on the surface the vaccine antigen Ag85B-ESAT-6 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis fused to OVA T-helper and T-cytotoxic epitopes (peptides 323 to 339 and 257 to 264), was constructed and used to immunize C57BL/6 mice by the intranasal route. Recombinant, but not wild-type, bacteria induced OVA-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell clonal expansion in cervical lymph nodes, lung, and spleen. OVA-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell proliferation appeared first in cervical lymph nodes and later in the spleen, suggesting a possible migration of activated cells from the inductive site to the systemic district. A significant correlation between the percentages of CD4(+) and CD8(+) proliferating T cells was observed for each animal. The expression of CD69, CD44, and CD45RB on proliferating T lymphocytes changed as a function of the cell division number, confirming T-cell activation following the antigen encounter. These data indicate that intranasal immunization with recombinant S. gordonii is capable of inducing primary activation of naive antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, both locally and systemically.
Collapse
|
115
|
Jeyanathan M, Mu J, Kugathasan K, Zhang X, Damjanovic D, Small C, Divangahi M, Petrof BJ, Hogaboam CM, Xing Z. Airway Delivery of Soluble Mycobacterial Antigens Restores Protective Mucosal Immunity by Single Intramuscular Plasmid DNA Tuberculosis Vaccination: Role of Proinflammatory Signals in the Lung. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5618-26. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
116
|
Secreted transcription factor controls Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence. Nature 2008; 454:717-21. [PMID: 18685700 DOI: 10.1038/nature07219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens trigger specialized virulence factor secretion systems on encountering host cells. The ESX-1 protein secretion system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-the causative agent of the human disease tuberculosis-delivers bacterial proteins into host cells during infection and is critical for virulence, but how it is regulated is unknown. Here we show that EspR (also known as Rv3849) is a key regulator of ESX-1 that is required for secretion and virulence in mice. EspR activates transcription of an operon that includes three ESX-1 components, Rv3616c-Rv3614c, whose expression in turn promotes secretion of ESX-1 substrates. EspR directly binds to and activates the Rv3616c-Rv3614c promoter and, unexpectedly, is itself secreted from the bacterial cell by the ESX-1 system that it regulates. Efflux of the DNA-binding regulator results in reduced Rv3616c-Rv3614c transcription, and thus reduced ESX-1 secretion. Our results reveal a direct negative feedback loop that regulates the activity of a secretion system essential for virulence. As the virulence factors secreted by the ESX-1 system are highly antigenic, fine control of secretion may be critical to successful infection.
Collapse
|
117
|
Palma C, Iona E, Giannoni F, Pardini M, Brunori L, Fattorini L, Del Giudice G, Cassone A. The LTK63 adjuvant improves protection conferred by Ag85B DNA-protein prime-boosting vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by dampening IFN-γ response. Vaccine 2008; 26:4237-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
118
|
Newton SM, Brent AJ, Anderson S, Whittaker E, Kampmann B. Paediatric tuberculosis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2008; 8:498-510. [PMID: 18652996 PMCID: PMC2804291 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to cause an unacceptably high toll of disease and death among children worldwide, particularly in the wake of the HIV epidemic. Increased international travel and immigration have led to a rise in childhood tuberculosis rates even in traditionally low burden, industrialised settings, and threaten to promote the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant strains. Whereas intense scientific and clinical research efforts into novel diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive interventions have focused on tuberculosis in adults, childhood tuberculosis has been relatively neglected. However, children are particularly vulnerable to severe disease and death following infection, and those with latent infection become the reservoir for future transmission following disease reactivation in adulthood, fuelling future epidemics. Further research into the epidemiology, immune mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of childhood tuberculosis is urgently needed. Advances in our understanding of tuberculosis in children would provide insights and opportunities to enhance efforts to control this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Newton
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
119
|
|
120
|
Locht C. A common vaccination strategy to solve unsolved problems of tuberculosis and pertussis? Microbes Infect 2008; 10:1051-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
121
|
Damjanovic D, Zhang X, Mu J, Fe Medina M, Xing Z. Organ distribution of transgene expression following intranasal mucosal delivery of recombinant replication-defective adenovirus gene transfer vector. GENETIC VACCINES AND THERAPY 2008; 6:5. [PMID: 18261231 PMCID: PMC2259349 DOI: 10.1186/1479-0556-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is believed that respiratory mucosal immunization triggers more effective immune protection than parenteral immunization against respiratory infection caused by viruses and intracellular bacteria. Such understanding has led to the successful implementation of intranasal immunization in humans with a live cold-adapted flu virus vaccine. Furthermore there has been an interest in developing effective mucosal-deliverable genetic vaccines against other infectious diseases. However, there is a concern that intranasally delivered recombinant viral-based vaccines may disseminate to the CNS via the olfactory tissue. Initial experimental evidence suggests that intranasally delivered recombinant adenoviral gene transfer vector may transport to the olfactory bulb. However, there is a lack of quantitative studies to compare the relative amounts of transgene products in the respiratory tract, lung, olfactory bulb and brain after intranasal mucosal delivery of viral gene transfer vector. To address this issue, we have used fluorescence macroscopic imaging, luciferase quantification and PCR approaches to compare the relative distribution of transgene products or adenoviral gene sequences in the respiratory tract, lung, draining lymph nodes, olfactory bulb, brain and spleen. Intranasal mucosal delivery of replication-defective recombinant adenoviral vector results in gene transfer predominantly in the respiratory system including the lung while it does lead to a moderate level of gene transfer in the olfactory bulb. However, intranasal inoculation of adenoviral vector leads to little or no viral dissemination to the major region of the CNS, the brain. These experimental findings support the efficaciousness of intranasal adenoviral-mediated gene transfer for the purpose of mucosal immunization and suggest that it may not be of significant safety concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Damjanovic
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, and M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5 Canada
| | - Xizhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, and M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5 Canada
| | - Jingyu Mu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, and M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5 Canada
| | - Maria Fe Medina
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, and M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5 Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, and M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Pilsczek FH, Kaufmann SH. Different diagnostic criteria for latent tuberculosis are applied in laboratory-based research papers. J Infect 2008; 56:159-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
123
|
Mucosal immunization with recombinant heparin-binding haemagglutinin adhesin suppresses extrapulmonary dissemination of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in infected mice. Vaccine 2007; 26:924-32. [PMID: 18192091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that cellular immunity plays a critical role in the protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an intracellular pathogen. Recently, however, an increasing number of reports indicate the important contribution of humoral immunity against mycobacterial infection. Since M. tuberculosis establishes its primary lesion in the lung, induction of humoral immunity in the airway tract by mucosal immunization regime could provide protective immunity against tuberculosis. In this study, mycobacterial heparin-binding haemagglutinin adhesin (HBHA) was used as an immunization antigen because HBHA is an essential virulence factor required for the infection of lung epithelial cells and extrapulmonary dissemination of mycobacteria. The effects of intranasal immunization with a yeast-expressed recombinant (r) HBHA co-administered with a mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (CT) on the induction of humoral and cellular immunity were examined, and its protective efficacy against pulmonary challenge infection with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was evaluated. HBHA-specific antibodies were induced in serum and airway tract of immunized mice, which specifically recognized native HBHA expressed on M. bovis BCG. Th1-type immunity against mycobacterial antigens was also enhanced in the lung of immunized mice after pulmonary BCG infection. Furthermore, the immunization suppressed bacterial load in the spleen after pulmonary BCG infection. These results indicate that systemic and local humoral immunity induced by the HBHA-based mucosal vaccine impairs extrapulmonary dissemination, thus providing immune protection against mycobacterial infection.
Collapse
|
124
|
Oliveira MLS, Arêas APM, Ho PL. Intranasal vaccines for protection against respiratory and systemic bacterial infections. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:419-29. [PMID: 17542756 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.3.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
More than 4 million deaths per year are due to respiratory diseases. Although licensed vaccines are available, bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bordetella pertussis and Neisseria meningiditis, among others, continue to be the major agents of diseases in young children, the elderly and/or immunocompromized individuals. Following respiratory tract infection, some microorganisms may also invade the epithelial tissue, achieving systemic circulation and/or other organs. Nasal administration of different antigen formulations has shown promising results in the induction of immune responses and the defeat of the pathogens at the site of infection. This review will focus on the main nasal vaccine strategies and technologies being investigated against the most common infections caused by respiratory bacteria.
Collapse
|
125
|
Doherty TM, Dietrich J, Billeskov R. Tuberculosis subunit vaccines: from basic science to clinical testing. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:1539-49. [PMID: 17916046 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.10.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
More than 80 years after the introduction of Bacillus Calmette-GuErin, the first tuberculosis vaccine, new vaccines for tuberculosis are finally in clinical trials. The selection of antigens on which new subunit vaccines are based represent the first fulfillment of the promise of proteomics and genomics, and the delivery systems for these antigens are likewise the first fruits of the improved understanding of how the host immune system recognizes pathogens. However, clinical trials are still at Phase I and there remain formidable obstacles to the registration of the first new TB vaccines. Here the authors review the vaccines in clinical trials and discuss the different approaches they take to stimulating immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, focusing on recombinant subunit vaccines. The challenges that confront these approaches and how they are being addressed are then discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Mark Doherty
- Statens Serum Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
|
127
|
Kaufmann SHE. The contribution of immunology to the rational design of novel antibacterial vaccines. Nat Rev Microbiol 2007; 5:491-504. [PMID: 17558425 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In most cases, a successful vaccine must induce an immune response that is better than the response invoked by natural infection. Vaccines are still unavailable for several bacterial infections and vaccines to prevent such infections will be best developed on the basis of our increasing insights into the immune response. Knowledge of the signals that determine the best possible acquired immune response against a given pathogen - comprising a profound T- and B-cell memory response as well as long-lived plasma cells - will provide the scientific framework for the rational design of novel antibacterial vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Xing Z, Charters TJ, Carters TJ. Heterologous boost vaccines for bacillus Calmette-Guérin prime immunization against tuberculosis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:539-46. [PMID: 17669008 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.4.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The current tuberculosis (TB) epidemic continues to call for the development of effective vaccination strategies. The initial TB vaccine research effort mostly focused on the search for a vaccine that might be better than, and thus could replace, the current bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. It has increasingly been realized that BCG or an improved BCG will continue to be used as a prime TB vaccine and there is a need to develop effective boost vaccines that could enhance and prolong the protective immunity of BCG prime immunization. Mounting experimental evidence suggests that recombinant vaccines, including both recombinant protein and genetic vector vaccines, are effective in boosting immune activation and protection by BCG vaccination. This review will discuss recent advances and the authors' views in the development of there boost vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Xing
- McMaster University, Infectious Diseases Division, Centre for Gene Therapeutics and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Gartner T, Baeten M, Otieno S, Revets H, De Baetselier P, Huygen K. Mucosal prime-boost vaccination for tuberculosis based on TLR triggering OprI lipoprotein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa fused to mycolyl-transferase Ag85A. Immunol Lett 2007; 111:26-35. [PMID: 17570535 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) triggering is an important step in the induction of T helper (Th) type 1 T cells which are key players in protection against the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis. Here we report on the construction of a fusion protein consisting of a tuberculosis vaccine candidate mycolyl-transferase antigen 85A (Ag85A, Rv3804c) coupled to the outer membrane lipoprotein I (OprI) from Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa, a documented TLR2/TLR4 trigger. Subcutaneous boosting with this fusion protein in the absence of adjuvant increased significantly the Ag85A-specific humoral but not cellular immune responses of Ag85A-DNA vaccinated mice. Intranasal priming of C57BL/6 mice with live, attenuated Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, followed by intranasal boosting with OprI-Ag85A increased systemic and local antigen-specific interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-2 responses in spleen, draining cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes and particularly in lung tissue, as compared to responses in mice only vaccinated with BCG vaccine. Despite enhanced immune responses, boosting with OprI-Ag85A did not increase protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis of either plasmid DNA or BCG vaccine in this experimental setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Gartner
- Mycobacterial Immunology, WIV-Pasteur Institute Brussels, Engelandstraat 642, B1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Källenius G, Pawlowski A, Brandtzaeg P, Svenson S. Should a new tuberculosis vaccine be administered intranasally? Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2007; 87:257-66. [PMID: 17321797 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most of the world's population is vaccinated with the only available vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine that was developed almost a century ago. Despite the wide coverage of the BCG vaccine, there are great variations in protective efficacy among different study populations. BCG vaccination protects against childhood forms of TB, but this immunity wanes with age, resulting in none, or insufficient, protection against adult pulmonary TB (PTB). PTB is the major disease manifestation of TB in adults and it causes death at the most productive age, further adding to poverty in already impoverished countries. Therefore, new more effective vaccines and novel immunisation strategies are urgently needed. The most common route of TB is by inhalation of tubercle bacilli leading to the establishment of a primary infection in the lung. Immunising through the nasal mucosal surface should therefore have advantage over other routes, as such vaccine administration elicits protective immune responses also in the lung, i.e. at the site of primary infection. Several new TB-vaccine candidates have been evaluated for their protective efficacy in animal models using the mucosal route of immunisation. In formulating such vaccines, the adjuvants and delivery systems are crucially important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunilla Källenius
- Department of Bacteriology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 17182 Solna, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Andersen P. Vaccine strategies against latent tuberculosis infection. Trends Microbiol 2006; 15:7-13. [PMID: 17141504 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The leading tuberculosis (TB) vaccines currently in clinical trials are all designed as prophylactic vaccines. Although these vaccines are highly active, they will most probably not result in sterilizing immunity and, therefore, will not solve the global problem of latent TB. An attractive strategy is to target the remaining dormant bacteria with vaccines based upon antigens induced as the bacteria change from active multiplication to non-replicating dormancy (latency antigens) or during reactivation as dormant bacteria resume active metabolism (resuscitation antigens). These late-stage antigens might have potential as post-exposure vaccines or could form the basis for a multi-stage vaccine strategy, in which they are combined with prophylactic vaccines based on early antigens from replicating bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|