Duplication cysts: Diagnosis, management, and the role of endoscopic ultrasound

Mediastinal Mass in a Patient with Colorectal Cancer: A Diagnostic Challenge

The differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses involves many benign and malignant conditions, such as lymphadenopathies and cystic lesions. Metastatic mediastinal adenopathies are usually due to lung, esophagus, and stomach cancer and, rarely, due to colorectal cancer. Gastrointestinal duplication cysts are uncommon inherited lesions usually diagnosed during childhood and may involve the esophagus in 20% of cases. In adults, they are usually asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally. We report the case of a 54-year-old male who recently underwent sigmoidectomy due to an obstructive colon adenocarcinoma. Staging computed tomography scan showed a hypodense lesion in the posterior mediastinum suggestive of metastatic adenopathy. Endoscopic ultrasound revealed a homogeneous and hypoechogenic lesion with intramural location in the upper esophagus, suggestive of a duplication esophageal cyst. Given the oncologic background and to exclude metastatic disease, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration was performed, and a mucinous fluid was aspirated. The cytologic examination supported the ultrasonographic diagnostic hypothesis. This case highlights the role of endoscopic ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses, particularly in oncologic patients, in order to rule out more ominous lesions.

Two Cases of Intraluminal "Windsock" Diverticula Resulting in Partial Duodenal Obstruction

An intraluminal duodenal diverticulum (IDD) is a rare congenital anomaly that is the result of incomplete recanalization of the embryologic foregut leaving a fenestrated membrane within the lumen of the duodenum. Years of peristalsis acting on the membrane result in the formation of a diverticulum. Most patients are asymptomatic, while some may have abdominal pain, bloating, or fullness. Rare complications include gastrointestinal bleeding, obstruction, pancreatitis, and cholangitis. We present 2 cases with endoscopic findings consistent with partially obstructing symptomatic IDD.

Ileal duplication cyst in the elderly complicated by appendicitis: A rare case report and review of literature

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Duplication cysts seen commonly in the pediatric population is a rare entity in the elderly.

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Surgical resection is necessary due to possible complications.

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Laparoscopic management aids early recovery and minimum morbidity.

Introduction

Gastrointestinal duplication cysts are rare, generally found in infants and young adults. Adult presentation is rare.

Presentation of the case

We present an elderly lady who presented with right iliac fossa pain. Imaging showed a terminal ileal duplication cyst. Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy was done.

Histopathology confirmed ileal duplication cyst with reactive appendicitis.

Discussion

Surgical resection is deemed appropriate management due to known complications like obstruction, hemorrhage, perforation and malignant degeneration. Resection of only the cyst is adequate in completely isolated cases. However, others require resection of adjoining small bowel.

Conclusion

We highlight the rare occurrence in elderly and its management laparoscopically.

Safety and Efficacy of Endoscopic Therapy for Nonmalignant Duodenal Duplication Cysts: Case Report and Comprehensive Review of 28 Cases Reported in the Literature

Analyze efficacy, safety of endoscopic therapy for duodenal duplication cysts (DDC) by comprehensively reviewing case reports.Tandem, independent, systematic, computerized, literature searches were performed via PubMed using medical subject headings or Keywords "cyst" and "duodenal" and "duplication"; or "cyst", and "endoscopy" or "endoscopic", and "therapy" or "decompression"; with reconciliation of generated references by two experts. Case report followed CARE guidelines.Literature review revealed 28 cases (mean = 1.3 ± 1.2 cases/report). Endoscopic therapy is increasingly reported recently (1984-1999: 3 cases, 2000-2015: 25 cases, P = 0.003, OR = 8.33, 95%-CI: 1.77-44.5). Fourteen (54%) of 26 patients were men (unknown-sex = 2). Mean age = 32.2 ± 18.3 years old. Procedure indications: acute pancreatitis-16, abdominal pain-8, jaundice-2, gastrointestinal (GI) obstruction-1, asymptomatic cyst-1. Mean maximal DDC dimension = 3.20 ± 1.53 cm (range, 1-6.5 cm). Endoscopic techniques included cyst puncture via needle knife papillotomy (NKP)/papillotome-18, snare resection of cyst-7, cystotome-2, and cyst needle aspiration/ligation-1. Endoscopic therapy was successful in all cases. Among 24 initially symptomatic patients, all remained asymptomatic post-therapy without relapses (mean follow-up = 36.5 ± 48.6 months, 3 others reported asymptomatic at follow-up of unknown duration; 1 initially asymptomatic patient remained asymptomatic 3 years post-therapy). Two complications occurred: mild intraprocedural duodenal bleeding related to NKP and treated locally endoscopically.A patient is reported who presented with vomiting, 15-kg-weight-loss, and profound dehydration for 1 month from extrinsic compression of duodenum by 14 × 6 cm DDC, underwent successful endosonographic cyst decompression with large fenestration of cyst and endoscopic aspiration of 1 L of fluid from cyst with rapid relief of symptoms. At endoscopy the DDC was intubated and visualized and random endoscopic mucosal biopsies were obtained to help exclude malignant or dysplastic DDC.Study limitations include retrospective literature review, potential reporting bias, limited patient number, variable follow-up.In conclusion, endoscopic therapy for DDC was efficacious in all 29 reported patients including current case, including patients presenting acutely with acute pancreatitis, or GI obstruction. Complications were rare and minor, suggesting that endoscopic therapy may be a useful alternative to surgery for nonmalignant DDC when performed by expert endoscopists.

Small Bowel Congenital Anomalies: a Review and Update

The small intestine is a complex organ system that is vital to the life of the individual. There are a number of congenital anomalies that occur and present most commonly in infancy; however, some may not present until adulthood. Most congenital anomalies of the small intestine will present with obstructive symptoms while some may present with vomiting, abdominal pain, and/or gastrointestinal bleeding. Various radiologic procedures can aid in the diagnosis of these lesions that vary depending on the particular anomaly. Definitive therapy for these congenial anomalies is surgical, and in some cases, surgery needs to be performed urgently. The overall prognosis of congenital anomalies of the small intestine is very good and has improved with improved medical management and the advent of newer surgical modalities. The congenital anomalies of the small intestine reviewed in this article include malrotation, Meckel's diverticulum, duodenal web, duodenal atresia, jejunoileal atresia, and duplications.

A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance

Esophageal bronchogenic cysts are extremely rare. Here we report a more rare type of both presence of intra- and paraesophageal bronchogenic cyst that was safely removed via surgical resection. A 31-year-old male patient with space-occupying lesions in the mediastinum suddenly presented with persistent chest pain for 2 days and then transferred to dysphagia >1 week. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) showed a hypoechoic cystic-solid mass arising from the muscularis propria and local hyperechoic area in the deeper portion of cyst, concomitant with a heterogeneous center and tube-like structure lesion in mediastinum. Turbid coffee color paste contents were aspirated inside the tumor under endoscopic ultrasonography guided-fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA). A subsequent surgery was performed and histologic finding was diagnostic of esophageal bronchogenic cyst. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the cyst was positive for carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199) and carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125). At a follow-up visit 3 months later, the patient had a regular diet and no complaint. This study is to summarize the clinical manifestations and EUS features of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by retrospectively reviewing the literature and simultaneously to provide guide for the correct examination scheme. The appearance of esophageal bronchogenic cyst can be great variation; EUS seems to be a valuable option for diagnosis and surveillance.

Presentation and Surgical Management of Duodenal Duplication in Adults

Duodenal duplications in adults are exceedingly rare and their diagnosis remains difficult as symptoms are largely nonspecific. Clinical presentations include pancreatitis, biliary obstruction, gastrointestinal bleeding from ectopic gastric mucosa, and malignancy. A case of duodenal duplication in a 59-year-old female is presented, and her treatment course is reviewed with description of combined surgical and endoscopic approach to repair, along with a review of historic and current recommendations for management. Traditionally, gastrointestinal duplications have been treated with surgical resection; however, for duodenal duplications, the anatomic proximity to the biliopancreatic ampulla makes surgical management challenging. Recently, advances in endoscopy have improved the clinical success of cystic intraluminal duodenal duplications. Despite these advances, surgical resection is still recommended for extraluminal tubular duplications although combined techniques may be necessary for long tubular duplications. For duodenal duplications, a combined approach of partial excision combined with mucosal stripping may offer advantage.

Evaluation of transabdominal ultrasound after oral administration of an echoic cellulose-based gastric ultrasound contrast agent for gastric cancer

Background

With the remarkable improvements in ultrasound equipment, transabdominal ultrasound after oral administration of an echoic cellulose-based gastric ultrasound contrast agent (TUS-OCCA) has recently been suggested to be effective in initial screening of gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of TUS-OCCA for gastric cancer.

Methods

Consecutive patients with gastric cancers who underwent resection in our hospital were enrolled. Before the lesion was resected, TUS-OCCA examination was performed by a skilled examiner who was blinded to the site, size, and endoscopy diagnosis of the lesion. TUS-OCCA findings were compared with those of endoscopy and pathological diagnoses as the gold standard.

Results

There were a total of 288 consecutive patients enrolled in the study, including 228 with advanced gastric cancers (T2–T4 stage), 50 with early gastric cancer (26 with stage T1b and 24 with stage T1a), and 10 with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia. TUS-OCCA had a detection rate of 100 % (228/228) for advanced gastric cancers, 77 % (20/26) for stage T1b, 67 % (16/24) for stage T1a, and 60 % (6/10) for high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia. The majority of patients with undetectable neoplasms using TUS-OCCA were obese (body mass index, 28.7–31.8 kg/m²). The overall accuracy of TUS-OCCA in determining the T stage of gastric cancer was 77.3 % (62.5 % for T1a, 70 % for T1b, 71.1 % for T2, 85.2 % for T3, and 73.3 % for T4).

Conclusions

These findings indicate that TUS-OCCA achieved a high detection rate for gastric cancers and was useful in assessing the degree of gastric cancer invasion.

Tubular Colonic Duplication Presenting as Rectovestibular Fistula

Complete colonic duplication is a very rare congenital anomaly that may have different presentations according to its location and size. Complete colonic duplication can occur in about 15% of all gastrointestinal duplications. Double termination of tubular colonic duplication in the perineum is even more uncommon. We present a case of a Y-shaped tubular colonic duplication which presented with a rectovestibular fistula and a normal anus. Radiological evaluation and initial exploration for sigmoidostomy revealed duplicated colons with a common vascular supply. Endorectal mucosal resection of theduplicated distal segment till the colostomy site with division of the septum of the proximal segment and colostomy closure proved curative without compromise of the continence mechanism. Tubular colonic duplication should always be ruled out when a diagnosis of perineal canal is considered in cases of vestibular fistula alongwith a normal anus.

A mass seen under gastroscopy "disappeared" during laparotomy

We describe here a case of 36-year-old man with a hepatic cavernous hemangioma that was misdiagnosed as a gastric submucosal tumor (SMT) with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and CT scan. On gastroscopy, a submucosal tumor was found on the cardia of the stomach. Based on EUS and abdominal CT scan, the lesion was diagnosed as a gastric duplication cyst. The patient underwent gastroscopy after receiving laparotomy at the median point of the abdomen. A spherical mass arising from the left triangular ligament of the liver region was found. There was no abnormal finding at the cardia of the stomach.

[Diagnosis and therapy of benign tumors of the esophagogastric junction]

Benign tumors of the esophagogastric junction are rare and mostly found incidentally during endoscopic or radiological procedures which are often performed for unrelated reasons. Epithelial lesions must be distinguished from subepithelial findings, where the latter are far more common and mostly represent benign leiomyomas, especially in the esophagus. Some benign tumors, such as small gastrointestinal stromal tumors, have malignant potential and must therefore be distinguished from completely benign lesions. Epithelial tumors can be diagnosed by standard endoscopic biopsies, whereas tissue acquisition of subepithelial lesions is more challenging. For this purpose endosonography is a valuable tool even before tissue acquisition or resection is performed. Endosonography can identify the gastrointestinal wall layer from which the lesion arises and gives additional information by identification of characteristic echographic features. Endoscopic resection techniques are used to remove those tumors that originate from the mucosa or submucosa. Some authors have even described resection of tumors originating from the deep muscle layer, but these techniques have a significant risk of perforation. Several surgical techniques are available for complete resection ranging from laparoscopic enucleation to combined endoscopic laparoscopic (rendezvous) techniques and abdominothoracic approaches. The current diagnostic and therapeutic challenges regarding benign tumors of the esophagogastric junction are outlined in this review article.