1551
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Affiliation(s)
- David Putnam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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1552
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S. Bernstein
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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1553
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Bertrand S, Bohni N, Schnee S, Schumpp O, Gindro K, Wolfender JL. Metabolite induction via microorganism co-culture: a potential way to enhance chemical diversity for drug discovery. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1180-204. [PMID: 24651031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms have a long track record as important sources of novel bioactive natural products, particularly in the field of drug discovery. While microbes have been shown to biosynthesize a wide array of molecules, recent advances in genome sequencing have revealed that such organisms have the potential to yield even more structurally diverse secondary metabolites. Thus, many microbial gene clusters may be silent under standard laboratory growth conditions. In the last ten years, several methods have been developed to aid in the activation of these cryptic biosynthetic pathways. In addition to the techniques that demand prior knowledge of the genome sequences of the studied microorganisms, several genome sequence-independent tools have been developed. One of these approaches is microorganism co-culture, involving the cultivation of two or more microorganisms in the same confined environment. Microorganism co-culture is inspired by the natural microbe communities that are omnipresent in nature. Within these communities, microbes interact through signaling or defense molecules. Such compounds, produced dynamically, are of potential interest as new leads for drug discovery. Microorganism co-culture can be achieved in either solid or liquid media and has recently been used increasingly extensively to study natural interactions and discover new bioactive metabolites. Because of the complexity of microbial extracts, advanced analytical methods (e.g., mass spectrometry methods and metabolomics) are key for the successful detection and identification of co-culture-induced metabolites. This review focuses on co-culture studies that aim to increase the diversity of metabolites obtained from microbes. The various strategies are summarized with a special emphasis on the multiple methods of performing co-culture experiments. The analytical approaches for studying these interaction phenomena are discussed, and the chemical diversity and biological activity observed among the induced metabolites are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bertrand
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, Faculté des Sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Université de Nantes, 9 rue Bias, BP 53508, F-44035 Nantes Cedex 01, France
| | - Nadine Bohni
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Schnee
- Mycology and Biotechnology group, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, P.O. Box 1012, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Schumpp
- Mycology and Biotechnology group, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, P.O. Box 1012, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Katia Gindro
- Mycology and Biotechnology group, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, P.O. Box 1012, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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1554
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Kegler C, Nollmann FI, Ahrendt T, Fleischhacker F, Bode E, Bode HB. Rapid determination of the amino acid configuration of xenotetrapeptide. Chembiochem 2014; 15:826-8. [PMID: 24616055 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An E. coli strain with deletions in five transaminases (ΔaspC ΔilvE ΔtyrB ΔavtA ΔybfQ) was constructed to be unable to degrade several amino acids. This strain was used as an expression host for the analysis of the amino acid configuration of nonribosomally synthesized peptides, including the novel peptide "xenotetrapeptide" from Xenorhabdus nematophila, by using a combination of labeling experiments and mass spectrometry. Additionally, the number of D-amino acids in the produced peptide was assigned following simple cultivation of the expression strain in D2 O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Kegler
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany)
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1555
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The apoptotic effect of D Rhamnose β-hederin, a novel oleanane-type triterpenoid saponin on breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90848. [PMID: 24603880 PMCID: PMC3946269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in development of natural products as anti-cancer and chemopreventive agents. Many triterpenoids have been proved as potential agents for chemoprevention and therapy of breast cancer. Ginsenosides from ginseng, which mostly belong to dammarane-type triterpenoids, have gained great attention for their anti-breast cancer activity with diverse mechanisms. However, studies of other kinds of triterpenoid saponins on breast cancer are limited. Previously, we purified and identified a novel oleanane-type triterpene saponin named D Rhamnose β-hederin (DRβ-H) from Clematis ganpiniana, a Chinese traditional anti-tumor herb. In the present study, DRβ-H showed strong inhibitory activity on the growth of various breast cancer cells and induced apoptosis in these cells. DRβ-H inhibited PI3K/AKT and activated ERK signaling pathway. PI3K inhibitor LY294002 synergistically enhanced DRβ-H-induced apoptosis whereas MEK inhibitor U0126 reduced the apoptosis rate. Moreover, DRβ-H regulated the ratio of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Furthermore, DRβ-H induced depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential which released Apaf-1 and Cytochrome C from the inter membrane space into the cytosol, where they promoted caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation. This is the first report on the pro-apoptotic effects of DRβ-H, a novel oleanane-type triterpenoid saponin, on breast cancer cells and its comprehensive apoptosis pathways. It implied that oleanane-type triterpenoid saponin DRβ-H could be a promising candidate for chemotherapy of breast cancer.
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1556
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Nguyen TTN, Folch B, Létourneau M, Truong NH, Doucet N, Fournier A, Chatenet D. Design of a truncated cardiotoxin-I analogue with potent insulinotropic activity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2623-33. [PMID: 24552570 DOI: 10.1021/jm401904q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells in response to glucose or other secretagogues is tightly coupled to membrane potential. Various studies have highlighted the prospect of enhancing insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner by blocking voltage-gated potassium channels (K(v)) and calcium-activated potassium channels (K(Ca)). Such strategy is expected to present a lower risk for hypoglycemic events compared to KATP channel blockers. Our group recently reported the discovery of a new insulinotropic agent, cardiotoxin-I (CTX-I), from the Naja kaouthia snake venom. In the present study, we report the design and synthesis of [Lys(52)]CTX-I(41-60) via structure-guided modification, a truncated, equipotent analogue of CTX-I, and demonstrate, using various pharmacological inhibitors, that this derivative probably exerts its action through Kv channels. This new analogue could represent a useful pharmacological tool to study β-cell physiology or even open a new therapeutic avenue for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Tuyet Nhung Nguyen
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier , Université du Québec , 531 Boulevard des Prairies Ville de Laval, Québec H7 V 1B7, Québec Canada
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1557
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Paterson I, Ng KKH, Williams S, Millican DC, Dalby SM. Total synthesis of the antimitotic marine macrolide (-)-leiodermatolide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2692-5. [PMID: 24481746 PMCID: PMC4499261 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Leiodermatolide is an antimitotic macrolide isolated from the marine sponge Leiodermatium sp. whose potentially novel tubulin-targeting mechanism of action makes it an exciting lead for anticancer drug discovery. In pursuit of a sustainable supply, we report a highly stereocontrolled total synthesis (3.2% yield) based on a convergent sequence of palladium-mediated fragment assembly and macrolactonization. Boron-mediated aldol reactions were used to configure the three key fragments 2, 5, and 6 by employing the appropriate enantiomer of the lactate-derived ketone 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Paterson
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK) http://www-paterson.ch.cam.ac.uk.
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1558
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Alonso-Castro AJ. Use of medicinal fauna in Mexican traditional medicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:53-70. [PMID: 24440438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mexico has great biodiversity of fauna. The use of fauna with medicinal properties is a common practice since pre-Hispanic times. In the last decade, there has been an interest in ethnozoological studies in Mexico. Therefore, more studies are needed in order to gather information regarding the use of fauna with medicinal properties in México. Ethnozoological studies are necessary in order to discover new medications for human health. This review presents current information in terms of ethnozoological, conservation status, trade, toxicological and pharmacological effects of fauna used for medicinal purposes in Mexican traditional medicine (MTM), based on scientific literature. Future prospects for research with medicinal fauna are discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bibliographic investigation was carried out by analyzing recognized books and peer-reviewed papers, consulting worldwide accepted scientific databases from the last five decades. Reports included in this review complied with the three criteria cited as follows: (i) used in Mexican traditional medicine for medicinal and/or magical-religious purposes, (ii) with experimental studies regarding the toxicological or medicinal effects and/or with studies exploring mechanisms of medicinal effects, and (iii) with information obtained from a clear source. RESULTS A total of 163 animal species, belonging to 79 families and 4 taxonomic categories, used for medicinal purposes are reported in this review. Medicinal fauna used in MTM come from birds (48), fishes (3), insects (22), mammals (49) and reptiles (41). The most versatile species which had the greatest number of medicinal properties were Mephitis macroura (21 uses), Crotalus atrox (17 uses), Dasypus novemcinctus (13 uses) and Didelphis virginiana (13 uses). However, 14 of the 161 species listed in this review are classified as endangered. Animal species are mainly used for the treatment of inflammatory, respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. Furthermore, insects and reptiles are the animal groups with more pharmacological studies. Approximately, 11% and 5% of medicinal fauna have been tested in terms of their pharmacological and toxicological effects, respectively. CONCLUSION Despite the use of medicinal fauna in MTM, during centuries, there are a very limited number of scientific studies published on this topic. This review highlights the need to perform pharmacological, toxicological and chemical studies with medicinal fauna used in MTM.
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1559
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Ito T, Masubuchi M. Dereplication of microbial extracts and related analytical technologies. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2014; 67:353-60. [PMID: 24569671 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural products still continue to have an important role as a resource of various biologically active substances. Dereplication is a key process in natural product screening that analyzes the extracts of microbial fermentation broths or plant samples. In this review article, we describe and discuss the analytical techniques of dereplication and related technologies in the following sections: 1. Direct detection from microbial colonies. 2. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-MS profiling for library construction. 3. Micro-fractionation to identify active peaks. 4. Quantification of small-amount compounds. 5. Structure identification from small amounts. Using these techniques, the desired compound in the mixture library can be rapidly identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ito
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miyako Masubuchi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
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1560
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Abstract
In this study, we compare biosynthetic gene richness and diversity of 96 soil microbiomes from diverse environments found throughout the southwestern and northeastern regions of the United States. The 454-pyroseqencing of nonribosomal peptide adenylation (AD) and polyketide ketosynthase (KS) domain fragments amplified from these microbiomes provide a means to evaluate the variation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic diversity in different soil environments. Through soil composition and AD- and KS-amplicon richness analysis, we identify soil types with elevated biosynthetic potential. In general, arid soils show the richest observed biosynthetic diversity, whereas brackish sediments and pine forest soils show the least. By mapping individual environmental amplicon sequences to sequences derived from functionally characterized biosynthetic gene clusters, we identified conserved soil type-specific secondary metabolome enrichment patterns despite significant sample-to-sample sequence variation. These data are used to create chemical biogeographic distribution maps for biomedically valuable families of natural products in the environment that should prove useful for directing the discovery of bioactive natural products in the future.
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1561
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AcT-2: a novel myotropic and antimicrobial type 2 tryptophyllin from the skin secretion of the Central American red-eyed leaf frog, Agalychnis callidryas. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:158546. [PMID: 24693226 PMCID: PMC3947715 DOI: 10.1155/2014/158546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophyllins are a diverse family of amphibian peptides originally found in extracts of phyllomedusine frog skin by chemical means. Their biological activities remain obscure. Here we describe the isolation and preliminary pharmacological characterization of a novel type 2 tryptophyllin, named AcT-2, from the skin secretion of the red-eyed leaf frog, Agalychnis callidryas. The peptide was initially identified during smooth muscle pharmacological screening of skin secretion HPLC fractions and the unique primary structure—GMRPPWF-NH2—was established by both Edman degradation and electrospray MS/MS fragmentation sequencing. A. cDNA encoding the biosynthetic precursor of AcT-2 was successfully cloned from a skin secretion-derived cDNA library by means of RACE PCR and this contained an open-reading frame consisting of 62 amino acid residues with a single AcT-2 encoding sequence located towards the C-terminus. A synthetic replicate of AcT-2 was found to relax arterial smooth muscle (EC50 = 5.1 nM) and to contract rat urinary bladder smooth muscle (EC50 = 9.3 μM). The peptide could also inhibit the growth of the microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, (MIC = 256 mg/L) Escherichia coli (MIC = 512 mg/L), and Candida albicans (128 mg/L). AcT-2 is thus the first amphibian skin tryptophyllin found to possess both myotropic and antimicrobial activities.
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1562
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Coma I, Bandyopadhyay D, Diez E, Ruiz EA, de los Frailes MT, Colmenarejo G. Mining Natural-Products Screening Data for Target-Class Chemical Motifs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:749-57. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057114521463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we describe two complementary data-mining approaches used to characterize the GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) natural-products set (NPS) based on information from the high-throughput screening (HTS) databases. Both methods rely on the aggregation and analysis of a large set of single-shot screening data for a number of biological assays, with the goal to reveal natural-product chemical motifs. One of them is an established method based on the data-driven clustering of compounds using a wide range of descriptors,1 whereas the other method partitions and hierarchically clusters the data to identify chemical cores.2,3 Both methods successfully find structural scaffolds that significantly hit different groups of discrete drug targets, compared with their relative frequency of demonstrating inhibitory activity in a large number of screens. We describe how these methods can be applied to unveil hidden information in large single-shot HTS data sets. Applied prospectively, this type of information could contribute to the design of new chemical templates for drug-target classes and guide synthetic efforts for lead optimization of tractable hits that are based on natural-product chemical motifs. Relevant findings for 7TM receptors (7TMRs), ion channels, class-7 transferases (protein kinases), hydrolases, and oxidoreductases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Coma
- Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Pharmaceuticals, Tres Cantos, Spain
| | | | - Emilio Diez
- Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Pharmaceuticals, Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Emilio Alvarez Ruiz
- Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Pharmaceuticals, Tres Cantos, Spain
| | | | - Gonzalo Colmenarejo
- Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline R&D Pharmaceuticals, Tres Cantos, Spain
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1563
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Gong J, Xie J, Bedolla R, Rivas P, Chakravarthy D, Freeman JW, Reddick R, Kopetz S, Peterson A, Wang H, Fischer SM, Kumar AP. Combined targeting of STAT3/NF-κB/COX-2/EP4 for effective management of pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1259-73. [PMID: 24520096 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Near equal rates of incidence and mortality emphasize the need for novel targeted approaches for better management of patients with pancreatic cancer. Inflammatory molecules NF-κB and STAT3 are overexpressed in pancreatic tumors. Inhibition of one protein allows cancer cells to survive using the other. The goal of this study is to determine whether targeting STAT3/NF-κB crosstalk with a natural product Nexrutine can inhibit inflammatory signaling in pancreatic cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN HPNE, HPNE-Ras, BxPC3, Capan-2, MIA PaCa-2, and AsPC-1 cells were tested for growth, apoptosis, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), NF-κB, and STAT3 level in response to Nexrutine treatment. Transient expression, gel shift, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used to examine transcriptional regulation of COX-2. STAT3 knockdown was used to decipher STAT3/NF-κB crosstalk. Histopathologic and immunoblotting evaluation was performed on BK5-COX-2 transgenic mice treated with Nexrutine. In vivo expression of prostaglandin receptor E-prostanoid 4 (EP4) was analyzed in a retrospective cohort of pancreatic tumors using a tissue microarray. RESULTS Nexrutine treatment inhibited growth of pancreatic cancer cells through induction of apoptosis. Reduced levels and activity of STAT3, NF-κB, and their crosstalk led to transcriptional suppression of COX-2 and subsequent decreased levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGF2. STAT3 knockdown studies suggest STAT3 as negative regulator of NF-κB activation. Nexrutine intervention reduced the levels of NF-κB, STAT3, and fibrosis in vivo. Expression of prostaglandin receptor EP4 that is known to play a role in fibrosis was significantly elevated in human pancreatic tumors. CONCLUSIONS Dual inhibition of STAT3-NF-κB by Nexrutine may overcome problems associated with inhibition of either pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Gong
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Medical Oncology, Pathology, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; and Department of carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas
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1564
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Paterson I, Ng KKH, Williams S, Millican DC, Dalby SM. Total Synthesis of the Antimitotic Marine Macrolide (−)-Leiodermatolide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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1565
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Pereira F, Latino DARS, Gaudêncio SP. A chemoinformatics approach to the discovery of lead-like molecules from marine and microbial sources en route to antitumor and antibiotic drugs. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:757-78. [PMID: 24473174 PMCID: PMC3944514 DOI: 10.3390/md12020757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive information of small molecules and their biological activities in the PubChem database allows chemoinformatic researchers to access and make use of large-scale biological activity data to improve the precision of drug profiling. A Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship approach, for classification, was used for the prediction of active/inactive compounds relatively to overall biological activity, antitumor and antibiotic activities using a data set of 1804 compounds from PubChem. Using the best classification models for antibiotic and antitumor activities a data set of marine and microbial natural products from the AntiMarin database were screened-57 and 16 new lead compounds for antibiotic and antitumor drug design were proposed, respectively. All compounds proposed by our approach are classified as non-antibiotic and non-antitumor compounds in the AntiMarin database. Recently several of the lead-like compounds proposed by us were reported as being active in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florbela Pereira
- CQFB (Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia)/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Campus Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| | - Diogo A R S Latino
- CQFB (Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia)/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Campus Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
| | - Susana P Gaudêncio
- CQFB (Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia)/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Campus Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal.
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1566
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Guimarães AG, Serafini MR, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Terpenes and derivatives as a new perspective for pain treatment: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:243-65. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.870154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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1567
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Nett M. Genome mining: concept and strategies for natural product discovery. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 99:199-245. [PMID: 25296440 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04900-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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1568
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Strömstedt AA, Felth J, Bohlin L. Bioassays in natural product research - strategies and methods in the search for anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2014; 25:13-28. [PMID: 24019222 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identifying bioactive molecules from complex biomasses requires careful selection and execution of relevant bioassays in the various stages of the discovery process of potential leads and targets. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to share our long-term experience in bioassay-guided isolation, and mechanistic studies, of bioactive compounds from different organisms in nature with emphasis on anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. METHODS In the search for anti-inflammatory activity, in vivo and in vitro model combinations with enzymes and cells involved in the inflammatory process have been used, such as cyclooxygenases, human neutrophils and human cancer cell lines. Methods concerning adsorption and perforation of bacteria, fungi, human cells and model membranes, have been developed and optimised, with emphasis on antimicrobial peptides and their interaction with the membrane target, in particular their ability to distinguish host from pathogen. RESULTS A long-term research has provided experience of selection and combination of bioassay models, which has led to an increased understanding of ethnopharmacological and ecological observations, together with in-depth knowledge of mode of action of isolated compounds. CONCLUSION A more multidisciplinary approach and a higher degree of fundamental research in development of bioassays are often necessary to identify and to fully understand the mode of action of bioactive molecules with novel structure-activity relationships from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Strömstedt
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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1569
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Butler MS, Robertson AAB, Cooper MA. Natural product and natural product derived drugs in clinical trials. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:1612-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 25 Natural Product (NP)-derived drugs launched since 2008 and the 100 NP-derived compounds and 33 Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) in clinical trials or in registration at the end of 2013 are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Butler
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane, Australia
| | - Avril A. B. Robertson
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane, Australia
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1570
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Bogdanov MG. Ionic Liquids as Alternative Solvents for Extraction of Natural Products. ALTERNATIVE SOLVENTS FOR NATURAL PRODUCTS EXTRACTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-43628-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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1571
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Biodiversity in production of antibiotics and other bioactive compounds. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 147:37-58. [PMID: 24840777 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Microbes continue to play a highly considerable role in the drug discovery and development process. Nevertheless, the number of new chemical entities (NCEs) of microbial origin that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been reduced in the past decade. This scarcity can be partly attributed to the redundancy in the discovered molecules from microbial isolates, which are isolated from common terrestrial ecological units. However, this situation can be partly overcome by exploring rarely exploited ecological niches as the source of microbes, which reduces the chances of isolating compounds similar to existing ones. The use of modern and advanced isolation techniques, modification of the existing fermentation methods, genetic modifications to induce expression of silent genes, analytical tools for the detection and identification of new chemical entities, use of polymers in fermentation to enhance yield of fermented compounds, and so on, have all aided in enhancing the frequency of acquiring novel compounds. These compounds are representative of numerous classes of diverse compounds. Thus, compounds of microbial origin and their analogues undergoing clinical trials continue to demonstrate the importance of compounds from microbial sources in modern drug discovery.
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1572
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Pevzner Y, N. Santiago D, L. von Salm J, S. Metcalf R, G. Daniel K, Calcul L, Lee Woodcock H, J. Baker B, C. Guida W, H. Brooks W. Virtual target screening to rapidly identify potential protein targets of natural products in drug discovery. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2014.2.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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1573
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Haber M, Ilan M. Diversity and antibacterial activity of bacteria cultured from Mediterranean Axinella
spp. sponges. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:519-32. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Haber
- Department of Zoology; George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - M. Ilan
- Department of Zoology; George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
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1574
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Lin H, Annamalai T, Bansod P, Tse-Dinh YC, Sun D. Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of anziaic acid and analogues as topoisomerase I inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013; 4:10.1039/C3MD00238A. [PMID: 24363888 PMCID: PMC3867937 DOI: 10.1039/c3md00238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring anziaic acid was very recently reported as a topoisomerase I inhibitor with antibacterial activity. Herein total synthesis of anziaic acid and structural analogues is described and the preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) has been developed based on topoisomerase inhibition and whole cell antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, HI 96720, USA. Fax: 1-(808)-933-2974; Tel: 1-(808)-933-2960
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Annamalai
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Priyanka Bansod
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Yuk-Ching Tse-Dinh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8 Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, HI 96720, USA. Fax: 1-(808)-933-2974; Tel: 1-(808)-933-2960
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1575
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The benzophenanthridine alkaloid chelerythrine binds to DNA by intercalation: Photophysical aspects and thermodynamic results of iminium versus alkanolamine interaction. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 129:57-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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1576
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Muschietti L, Vila R, Filho VC, Setzer W. Tropical protozoan diseases: natural product drug discovery and development. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:404250. [PMID: 24348698 PMCID: PMC3855934 DOI: 10.1155/2013/404250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Muschietti
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roser Vila
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valdir Cechinel Filho
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Núcleo De Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), CCS, Brazil
| | - William Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
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1577
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The natural product magnolol as a lead structure for the development of potent cannabinoid receptor agonists. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77739. [PMID: 24204944 PMCID: PMC3813752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnolol (4-allyl-2-(5-allyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenol), the main bioactive constituent of the medicinal plant Magnolia officinalis, and its main metabolite tetrahydromagnolol were recently found to activate cannabinoid (CB) receptors. We now investigated the structure-activity relationships of (tetrahydro)magnolol analogs with variations of the alkyl chains and the phenolic groups and could considerably improve potency. Among the most potent compounds were the dual CB1/CB2 full agonist 2-(2-methoxy-5-propyl-phenyl)-4-hexylphenol (61a, Ki CB1∶0.00957 µM; Ki CB2∶0.0238 µM), and the CB2-selective partial agonist 2-(2-hydroxy-5-propylphenyl)-4-pentylphenol (60, Ki CB1∶0.362 µM; Ki CB2∶0.0371 µM), which showed high selectivity versus GPR18 and GPR55. Compound 61b, an isomer of 61a, was the most potent GPR55 antagonist with an IC50 value of 3.25 µM but was non-selective. The relatively simple structures, which possess no stereocenters, are easily accessible in a four- to five-step synthetic procedure from common starting materials. The central reaction step is the well-elaborated Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, which is suitable for a combinatorial chemistry approach. The scaffold is versatile and may be fine-tuned to obtain a broad range of receptor affinities, selectivities and efficacies.
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1578
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Janero DR. Relieving the cardiometabolic disease burden: a perspective on phytometabolite functional and chemical annotation for diabetes management. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 15:5-10. [PMID: 24156826 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.852538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is both a complex, multifactorial disease state and an unsolved, intensifying public-health problem. To help reduce disease burden, some T2D patients have embraced plant-derived substances for use with - if not in place of - prescription medicines, a trend based mainly upon historical precedent and anecdotal observations of human health benefit. Preclinical research has emphasized phytometabolite interactions with purported T2D pathogenic targets and the effects of botanical preparations on experimental T2D symptomology as induced in laboratory animals. More holistic, systems-oriented profiling of phytochemicals with functional-biology, omics, and chemical-fingerprinting tools now appears necessary to increase our appreciation of phytometabolite actions potentially beneficial to the T2D patient. The resultant, multidimensional view of phytometabolite pharmacology should help provide a more rational basis for evaluating the potential of natural plant products as T2D pharmacotherapy. Such information may also help substantiate and legitimize (pre)clinical demonstrations of phytochemical health benefits, advance our understanding of T2D pathogenesis, and offer scope for better T2D medicines. Public-private partnerships are invoked for conducting this research with the ultimate aim of improving the global cardiometabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Janero
- Northeastern University, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Entrepreneurs , 360 Huntington Avenue, 116 Mugar Life Sciences Hall, Boston, MA 02115-5000 , USA +1 617 373 2208 ; +1 617 373 7493 ;
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1579
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Henrich CJ, Beutler JA. Matching the power of high throughput screening to the chemical diversity of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:1284-98. [PMID: 23925671 PMCID: PMC3801163 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Covering up to 2013. Application of high throughput screening technologies to natural product samples demands alterations in assay design as well as sample preparation in order to yield meaningful hit structures at the end of the campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis J. Henrich
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc. Frederick National Lab
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - John A. Beutler
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
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1580
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Shan C, Tan JH, Ou TM, Huang ZS. Natural products and their derivatives as G-quadruplex binding ligands. Sci China Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-013-4920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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1581
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Schaffer LF, Peroza LR, Boligon AA, Athayde ML, Alves SH, Fachinetto R, Wagner C. Harpagophytum procumbens Prevents Oxidative Stress and Loss of Cell Viability In Vitro. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2256-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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1582
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Williams RT, Yu AL, Diccianni MB, Theodorakis EA, Batova A. Renal cancer-selective Englerin A induces multiple mechanisms of cell death and autophagy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:57. [PMID: 23958461 PMCID: PMC3765946 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common malignancy of the kidney, is refractory to standard therapy and has an incidence that continues to rise. Screening of plant extracts in search of new agents to treat RCC resulted in the discovery of englerin A (EA), a natural product exhibiting potent selective cytotoxicity against renal cancer cells. Despite the establishment of synthetic routes to the synthesis of EA, very little is known about its mechanism of action. The results of the current study demonstrate for the first time that EA induces apoptosis in A498 renal cancer cells in addition to necrosis. The induction of apoptosis by EA required at least 24 h and was caspase independent. In addition, EA induced increased levels of autophagic vesicles in A498 cells which could be inhibited by nonessential amino acids (NEAA), known inhibitors of autophagy. Interestingly, inhibition of autophagy by NEAA did not diminish cell death suggesting that autophagy is not a cell death mechanism and likely represents a cell survival mechanism which ultimately fails. Apart from cell death, our results demonstrated that cells treated with EA accumulated in the G2 phase of the cell cycle indicating a block in G2/M transition. Moreover, our results determined that EA inhibited the activation of both AKT and ERK, kinases which are activated in cancer and implicated in unrestricted cell proliferation and induction of autophagy. The phosphorylation status of the cellular energy sensor, AMPK, appeared unaffected by EA. The high renal cancer selectivity of EA combined with its ability to induce multiple mechanisms of cell death while inhibiting pathways driving cell proliferation, suggest that EA is a highly unique agent with great potential as a therapeutic lead for the treatment of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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1583
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Gaascht F, Dicato M, Diederich M. Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Solander ex Ellis) Contains Powerful Compounds that Prevent and Cure Cancer. Front Oncol 2013; 3:202. [PMID: 23971004 PMCID: PMC3747514 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoprevention uses natural or synthetic molecules without toxic effects to prevent and/or block emergence and development of diseases including cancer. Many of these natural molecules modulate mitogenic signals involved in cell survival, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, angiogenesis, or on processes involved in the development of metastases occur naturally, especially in fruits and vegetables bur also in non-comestible plants. Carnivorous plants including the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Solander ex Ellis) are much less investigated, but appear to contain a wealth of potent bioactive secondary metabolites. Aim of this review is to give insight into molecular mechanisms triggered by compounds isolated from these interesting plants with either therapeutic or chemopreventive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Gaascht
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (LBMCC), Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (LBMCC), Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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1584
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Mandal A, Bhatia D, Bishayee A. Suppression of inflammatory cascade is implicated in methyl amooranin-mediated inhibition of experimental mammary carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 2013; 53:999-1010. [PMID: 23846978 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer represents the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide and preventive therapy could reverse or delay the devastating impact of this disease. Methyl-amooranin (methyl-25-hydroxy-3-oxoolean-12-en-28-oate, AMR-Me), a novel synthetic oleanane triterpenoid, reduced the incidence and burden of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors in rats through antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects. Since chronic inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and several synthetic oleanane compounds are known potent anti-inflammatory agents, we aim to investigate anti-inflammatory mechanisms of AMR-Me by monitoring various proinflammatory and stress markers, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling during DMBA mammary tumorigenesis in rats. Mammary tumors were harvested from a chemopreventive study in which AMR-Me (0.8-1.6 mg/kg) was found to inhibit mammary carcinogenesis in a dose-response manner. The expressions of COX-2, HSP90, NF-κB, and inhibitory κB-α (IκB-α) were determined by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. AMR-Me downregulated the expression of intratumor COX-2 and HSP90, suppressed the degradation of IκB-α, and reduced the translocation of NF-κB from cytosol to nucleus. Our present study provides the first in vivo evidence that NF-κB-evoked inflammatory cascade is a major target of AMR-Me in breast cancer. Our current results together with our previous findings suggest that disruption of NF-κB signaling contributes to anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and apoptosis-inducing mechanisms involved in AMR-Me-mediated chemoprevention of rat mammary carcinogenesis. These encouraging mechanistic results coupled with a safety profile should facilitate the clinical development of AMR-Me as breast cancer chemopreventive drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
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1585
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Christ GJ, Saul JM, Furth ME, Andersson KE. The pharmacology of regenerative medicine. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1091-133. [PMID: 23818131 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a rapidly evolving multidisciplinary, translational research enterprise whose explicit purpose is to advance technologies for the repair and replacement of damaged cells, tissues, and organs. Scientific progress in the field has been steady and expectations for its robust clinical application continue to rise. The major thesis of this review is that the pharmacological sciences will contribute critically to the accelerated translational progress and clinical utility of regenerative medicine technologies. In 2007, we coined the phrase "regenerative pharmacology" to describe the enormous possibilities that could occur at the interface between pharmacology, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. The operational definition of regenerative pharmacology is "the application of pharmacological sciences to accelerate, optimize, and characterize (either in vitro or in vivo) the development, maturation, and function of bioengineered and regenerating tissues." As such, regenerative pharmacology seeks to cure disease through restoration of tissue/organ function. This strategy is distinct from standard pharmacotherapy, which is often limited to the amelioration of symptoms. Our goal here is to get pharmacologists more involved in this field of research by exposing them to the tools, opportunities, challenges, and interdisciplinary expertise that will be required to ensure awareness and galvanize involvement. To this end, we illustrate ways in which the pharmacological sciences can drive future innovations in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering and thus help to revolutionize the discovery of curative therapeutics. Hopefully, the broad foundational knowledge provided herein will spark sustained conversations among experts in diverse fields of scientific research to the benefit of all.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Christ
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
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