151
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Liu J, Uhlman MB, Montemore MM, Trimpalis A, Giannakakis G, Shan J, Cao S, Hannagan RT, Sykes ECH, Flytzani-Stephanopoulos M. Integrated Catalysis-Surface Science-Theory Approach to Understand Selectivity in the Hydrogenation of 1-Hexyne to 1-Hexene on PdAu Single-Atom Alloy Catalysts. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew M. Montemore
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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152
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Ring-Opening Transformation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Using a Golden Single-Atomic-Site Palladium Catalyst. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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153
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Liu X, Jiao Y, Zheng Y, Jaroniec M, Qiao SZ. Building Up a Picture of the Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction Activity of Transition Metal Single-Atom Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9664-9672. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Yan Jiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Yao Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Mietek Jaroniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Shi-Zhang Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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154
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Büchele S, Chen Z, Mitchell S, Hauert R, Krumeich F, Pérez‐Ramírez J. Tailoring Nitrogen‐Doped Carbons as Hosts for Single‐Atom Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Büchele
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Zupeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Roland Hauert
- EmpaSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Frank Krumeich
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez‐Ramírez
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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155
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Vorobyeva E, Fako E, Chen Z, Collins SM, Johnstone D, Midgley PA, Hauert R, Safonova OV, Vilé G, López N, Mitchell S, Pérez-Ramírez J. Atom-by-Atom Resolution of Structure-Function Relations over Low-Nuclearity Metal Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8724-8729. [PMID: 31050138 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the structure sensitivity of catalyzed reactions over metals is central to developing atom-efficient chemical processes. Approaching the minimum ensemble size, the properties enter a non-scalable regime in which each atom counts. Almost all trends in this ultra-small frontier derive from surface science approaches using model systems, because of both synthetic and analytical challenges. Exploiting the unique coordination chemistry of carbon nitride, we discriminate through experiments and simulations the interplay between the geometry, electronic structure, and reactivity of palladium atoms, dimers, and trimers. Catalytic tests evidence application-dependent requirements of the active ensemble. In the semi-hydrogenation of alkynes, the nuclearity primarily impacts activity, whereas the selectivity and stability are affected in Suzuki coupling. This powerful approach will provide practical insights into the design of heterogeneous catalysts comprising well-defined numbers of atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Vorobyeva
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Edvin Fako
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Zupeng Chen
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sean M Collins
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Duncan Johnstone
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Roland Hauert
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Gianvito Vilé
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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156
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Vorobyeva E, Fako E, Chen Z, Collins SM, Johnstone D, Midgley PA, Hauert R, Safonova OV, Vilé G, López N, Mitchell S, Pérez‐Ramírez J. Atom‐by‐Atom Resolution of Structure–Function Relations over Low‐Nuclearity Metal Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Vorobyeva
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Edvin Fako
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Zupeng Chen
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Sean M. Collins
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Duncan Johnstone
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Paul A. Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Roland Hauert
- EmpaSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | | | - Gianvito Vilé
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez‐Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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157
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Single Au Atoms on the Surface of N-Free and N-Doped Carbon: Interaction with Formic Acid and Methanol Molecules. Top Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-019-01166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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158
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Zhang J, Deng Y, Cai X, Chen Y, Peng M, Jia Z, Jiang Z, Ren P, Yao S, Xie J, Xiao D, Wen X, Wang N, Liu H, Ma D. Tin-Assisted Fully Exposed Platinum Clusters Stabilized on Defect-Rich Graphene for Dehydrogenation Reaction. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Deng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, and BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xiangbin Cai
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Materials, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yunlei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No. 19A Yuanquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mi Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, and BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Jia
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, P. R. China
| | - Pengju Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No. 19A Yuanquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Siyu Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, and BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jinglin Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, and BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Dequan Xiao
- Center for Integrative Materials Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No. 19A Yuanquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Materials, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ding Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, and BIC-ESAT, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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159
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Babucci M, Fang CY, Perez-Aguilar JE, Hoffman AS, Boubnov A, Guan E, Bare SR, Gates BC, Uzun A. Controlling catalytic activity and selectivity for partial hydrogenation by tuning the environment around active sites in iridium complexes bonded to supports. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2623-2632. [PMID: 30996978 PMCID: PMC6419936 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05287e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-site Ir(CO)2 complexes bonded to high-surface-area metal oxide supports, SiO2, TiO2, Fe2O3, CeO2, MgO, and La2O3, were synthesized by chemisorption of Ir(CO)2(acac) (acac = acetylacetonate) followed by coating with each of the following ionic liquids (ILs): 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [BMIM][BF4], 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, [BMIM][Ac], and 1-(3-cyanopropyl)-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, [CPMIM][DCA]. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy showed that site-isolated iridium was bonded to oxygen atoms of the support. Electron densities on the iridium enveloped by each IL sheath/support combination were characterized by carbonyl infrared spectroscopy of the iridium gem-dicarbonyls and by X-ray absorption near-edge structure data. The electron-donor/acceptor tendencies of both the support and IL determine the activity and selectivity of the catalysts for the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene, with electron-rich iridium being selective for partial hydrogenation. The results resolve the effects of the IL and support as ligands; for example, the effect of the IL becomes dominant when the support has a weak electron-donor character. The combined effects of supports and ILs as ligands offer broad opportunities for tuning catalytic properties of supported metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Babucci
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Koç University , Rumelifeneri Yolu , Sariyer 34450, Istanbul , Turkey .
- Koç University TÜPRAŞ Energy Center (KUTEM) , Koç University , Rumelifeneri Yolu , Sariyer 34450, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Chia-Yu Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , USA
| | - Jorge E Perez-Aguilar
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , USA .
| | - Adam S Hoffman
- SSRL , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , CA 94025 , USA
| | - Alexey Boubnov
- SSRL , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , CA 94025 , USA
| | - Erjia Guan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , USA
| | - Simon R Bare
- SSRL , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , CA 94025 , USA
| | - Bruce C Gates
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , USA .
| | - Alper Uzun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Koç University , Rumelifeneri Yolu , Sariyer 34450, Istanbul , Turkey .
- Koç University TÜPRAŞ Energy Center (KUTEM) , Koç University , Rumelifeneri Yolu , Sariyer 34450, Istanbul , Turkey
- Koç University Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM) , Koç University , Rumelifeneri Yolu , Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul , Turkey
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160
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Parkinson GS. Single-Atom Catalysis: How Structure Influences Catalytic Performance. Catal Letters 2019; 149:1137-1146. [PMID: 30971855 PMCID: PMC6432890 DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-02709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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161
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Li X, Yang X, Zhang J, Huang Y, Liu B. In Situ/Operando Techniques for Characterization of Single-Atom Catalysts. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Junming Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Yanqiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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162
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Nanoparticles and Single Atoms in Commercial Carbon-Supported Platinum-Group Metal Catalysts. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles of platinum-group metals (PGM) on carbon supports are widely used as catalysts for a number of chemical and electrochemical conversions on laboratory and industrial scale. The newly emerging field of single-atom catalysis focuses on the ultimate level of metal dispersion, i.e. atomically dispersed metal species anchored on the substrate surface. However, the presence of single atoms in traditional nanoparticle-based catalysts remains largely overlooked. In this work, we use aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope to investigate four commercially available nanoparticle-based PGM/C catalysts (PGM = Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt). Annular dark-field (ADF) images at high magnifications reveal that in addition to nanoparticles, single atoms are also present on the surface of carbon substrates. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and size distribution analysis show that the materials vary in nanoparticle size and type of carbon support. These observations raise questions about the possible ubiquitous presence of single atoms in conventional nanoparticle PGM/C catalysts and the role they may play in their synthesis, activity, and stability. We critically discuss the observations with regard to the quickly developing field of single atom catalysis.
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163
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Bai JQ, Tamura M, Nakagawa Y, Tomishige K. A nickel–iridium alloy as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for hydrogenation of olefins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10519-10522. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04822g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nickel and iridium supported on SiO2 (Ni–Ir/SiO2) acted as an effective and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for hydrogenation of olefins, and it showed higher activity and selectivity than the monometallic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-qi Bai
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Engineering
- Tohoku University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - Masazumi Tamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Engineering
- Tohoku University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - Yoshinao Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Engineering
- Tohoku University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - Keiichi Tomishige
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Engineering
- Tohoku University
- Sendai
- Japan
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164
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165
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Zhang T, Zhang D, Han X, Dong T, Guo X, Song C, Si R, Liu W, Liu Y, Zhao Z. Preassembly Strategy To Fabricate Porous Hollow Carbonitride Spheres Inlaid with Single Cu-N 3 Sites for Selective Oxidation of Benzene to Phenol. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16936-16940. [PMID: 30499302 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Developing single-atom catalysts with porous micro-/nanostructures for high active-site accessibility is of great significance but still remains a challenge. Herein, we for the first time report a novel template-free preassembly strategy to fabricate porous hollow graphitic carbonitride spheres with single Cu atoms mounted via thermal polymerization of supramolecular preassemblies composed of a melamine-Cu complex and cyanuric acid. Atomically dispersed Cu-N3 moieties were unambiguously confirmed by spherical aberration correction electron microscopy and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. More importantly, this material exhibits outstanding catalytic performance for selective oxidation of benzene to phenol at room temperature, especially showing phenol selectivity (90.6 vs 64.2%) and stability much higher than those of the supported Cu nanoparticles alone, originating from the isolated unique Cu-N3 sites in the porous hollow structure. An 86% conversion of benzene, with an unexpectedly high phenol selectivity of 96.7% at 60 °C for 12 h, has been achieved, suggesting a great potential for practical applications. This work paves a new way to fabricate a variety of single-atom catalysts with diverse graphitic carbonitride architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , P. R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , P. R. China
| | - Xinghua Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , North University of China , Taiyuan 030051 , P. R. China
| | - Ting Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , North University of China , Taiyuan 030051 , P. R. China
| | - Xinwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , P. R. China
| | - Chunshan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , P. R. China.,EMS Energy Institute, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research and Department of Energy & Mineral Engineering and Chemical Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Rui Si
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201204 , P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , P. R. China
| | - Yuefeng Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023 , P. R. China
| | - Zhongkui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , P. R. China
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