151
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Murray IR, LaPrade RF, Musahl V, Geeslin AG, Zlotnicki JP, Mann BJ, Petrigliano FA. Biologic Treatments for Sports Injuries II Think Tank-Current Concepts, Future Research, and Barriers to Advancement, Part 2: Rotator Cuff. Orthop J Sports Med 2016; 4:2325967116636586. [PMID: 27099865 PMCID: PMC4820026 DOI: 10.1177/2325967116636586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotator cuff tears are common and result in considerable morbidity. Tears within the tendon substance or at its insertion into the humeral head represent a considerable clinical challenge because of the hostile local environment that precludes healing. Tears often progress without intervention, and current surgical treatments are inadequate. Although surgical implants, instrumentation, and techniques have improved, healing rates have not improved, and a high failure rate remains for large and massive rotator cuff tears. The use of biologic adjuvants that contribute to a regenerative microenvironment have great potential for improving healing rates and function after surgery. This article presents a review of current and emerging biologic approaches to augment rotator cuff tendon and muscle regeneration focusing on the scientific rationale, preclinical, and clinical evidence for efficacy, areas for future research, and current barriers to advancement and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Volker Musahl
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew G Geeslin
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason P Zlotnicki
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Barton J Mann
- Author deceased.; American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, Rosemont, Illinois, USA
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152
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Maeda K, Enomoto A, Hara A, Asai N, Kobayashi T, Horinouchi A, Maruyama S, Ishikawa Y, Nishiyama T, Kiyoi H, Kato T, Ando K, Weng L, Mii S, Asai M, Mizutani Y, Watanabe O, Hirooka Y, Goto H, Takahashi M. Identification of Meflin as a Potential Marker for Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22288. [PMID: 26924503 PMCID: PMC4770287 DOI: 10.1038/srep22288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) in culture are derived from BM stromal cells or skeletal stem cells. Whereas MSCs have been exploited in clinical medicine, the identification of MSC-specific markers has been limited. Here, we report that a cell surface and secreted protein, Meflin, is expressed in cultured MSCs, fibroblasts and pericytes, but not other types of cells including epithelial, endothelial and smooth muscle cells. In vivo, Meflin is expressed by immature osteoblasts and chondroblasts. In addition, Meflin is found on stromal cells distributed throughout the BM, and on pericytes and perivascular cells in multiple organs. Meflin maintains the undifferentiated state of cultured MSCs and is downregulated upon their differentiation, consistent with the observation that Meflin-deficient mice exhibit increased number of osteoblasts and accelerated bone development. In the bone and BM, Meflin is more highly expressed in primitive stromal cells that express platelet-derived growth factor receptor α and Sca-1 than the Sca-1-negative adipo-osteogenic progenitors, which create a niche for hematopoiesis. Those results are consistent with a decrease in the number of clonogenic colony-forming unit-fibroblasts within the BM of Meflin-deficient mice. These preliminary data suggest that Meflin is a potential marker for cultured MSCs and their source cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Maeda
- Department of Pathology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Hara
- Department of Pathology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naoya Asai
- Department of Pathology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Asuka Horinouchi
- Department of Nephrology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shoichi Maruyama
- Department of Nephrology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ishikawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, , 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nishiyama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, , 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kiyoi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, , 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takuya Kato
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis-Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Kenju Ando
- Department of Pathology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Liang Weng
- Department of Pathology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shinji Mii
- Department of Pathology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masato Asai
- Department of Pathology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Mizutani
- Department of Pathology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Osamu Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Hirooka
- Department of Gastroenterology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hidemi Goto
- Department of Gastroenterology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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153
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Abstract
Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were previously described as multipotent cells that could differentiate into bone, cartilage, muscle, and other mesenchymal tissues. New information suggests that MSCs can be found in every tissue of the body because they function as perivascular cells--pericytes--found outside all blood vessels. When these vessels break or are inflamed, pericytes are detached and form MSCs, which are activated by their local microenvironment of injury. Such MSCs function to secrete powerful immune-modulatory and regenerative agents; more than 450 clinical trials are now ongoing, covering a huge spectrum of clinical conditions. How such activated MSCs affect menstrual cycle, menopause, or osteotrophic cancers has only recently been studied. This article outlines these issues and challenges the scientific and medical community to use this newfound knowledge to uncover new clinical logics and medial solutions for women.
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154
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Barilani M, Lavazza C, Boldrin V, Ragni E, Parazzi V, Crosti M, Montelatici E, Giordano R, Lazzari L. A Chemically Defined Medium-Based Strategy to Efficiently Generate Clinically Relevant Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stromal Colonies. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:1501-14. [PMID: 26850072 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x690827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade it has been demonstrated that mesenchymal progenitors are present and can be isolated also from cord blood (CB). Recently, we managed to set up a standard protocol allowing the isolation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) with high proliferative potential and multiple differentiation capabilities, whereas the generation rate of MSC-initiating colonies could still be further improved. Herein, we strikingly succeeded in defining some simple and basic culture conditions based on the use of a chemically defined medium that increased the colony isolation efficiency up to almost 80% of processed CB units. Importantly, this result was achieved irrespective of CB unit white blood cell content and time elapsed from delivery, two limiting parameters involved with processing CB units. Thus, this high efficiency is guaranteed without strict selection of the starting material. In addition, since we are profoundly concerned about how different culture conditions can influence cell behavior, we devoted part of this study to in-depth characterization of the established CB-MSC populations to confirm their stemness features in this novel isolation and culture system. Therefore, an extended study of their immunophenotype, including classical pericytic markers, and a detailed molecular analysis addressing telomere length and also stemness-related microRNA contribution were performed. In summary, we propose a straightforward, extremely efficient, and reliable approach to isolate and expand thoroughly characterized CB-MSCs, even when poor-quality CB units are the only available source, or there is no space for an isolation to fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Barilani
- Cell Factory, Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
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155
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Escobar CH, Chaparro O. Xeno-Free Extraction, Culture, and Cryopreservation of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:358-65. [PMID: 26838269 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecules of animal or bacterial origin, which pose a risk for zoonoses or immune rejection, are commonly used for extraction, culture, and cryopreservation of mesenchymal stem cells. There is no sequential and orderly protocol for producing human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) under xeno-free conditions. After standardizing a human platelet lysate (hPL) production protocol, four human adipose tissue samples were processed through explants with fetal bovine serum (FBS)-supplemented or hPL-supplemented media for extracting the adipose-derived stem cells. The cells were cultivated in cell culture medium + hPL (5%) or FBS (10%). The cellular replication rate, immunophenotype, and differentiation potential were evaluated at fourth passage. Cellular viability was evaluated before and after cryopreservation of the cells, with an hPL-based solution compared with an FBS-based solution. The explants cultured in hPL-supplemented media showed earlier and faster hASC proliferation than did those supplemented with FBS. Likewise, cells grown in hPL-supplemented media showed a greater proliferation rate, without losing the immunophenotype. Osteogenic differentiation of xeno-free hASC was higher than the hASC produced in standard conditions. However, adipogenic differentiation was reduced in xeno-free hASC. Finally, the cells cryopreserved in an hPL-based solution showed a higher cellular viability than the cells cryopreserved in an FBS-based. In conclusion, we have developed a complete xeno-free protocol for extracting, culturing, and cryopreserving hASCs that can be safely implemented in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hugo Escobar
- Basic Science Department, Medicine School, Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Bogotá, Colombia Physiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Orlando Chaparro
- Physiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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156
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Guo MZ, Gong W, Zhang HW, Wang Y, Du LQ, Xu C, Wang Q, Zhao H, Liu Q, Fan FY. Human mesenchymal stem cells promote survival and prevent intestinal damage in a mouse model of radiation injury. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05165k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the protective effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) against intestinal stem cell (ISC) death and intestinal damage in a mouse model of radiation injury.
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157
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Schimke MM, Marozin S, Lepperdinger G. Patient-Specific Age: The Other Side of the Coin in Advanced Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy. Front Physiol 2015; 6:362. [PMID: 26696897 PMCID: PMC4667069 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotential mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are present as a rare subpopulation within any type of stroma in the body of higher animals. Prominently, MSC have been recognized to reside in perivascular locations, supposedly maintaining blood vessel integrity. During tissue damage and injury, MSC/pericytes become activated, evade from their perivascular niche and are thus assumed to support wound healing and tissue regeneration. In vitro MSC exhibit demonstrated capabilities to differentiate into a wide variety of tissue cell types. Hence, many MSC-based therapeutic approaches have been performed to address bone, cartilage, or heart regeneration. Furthermore, prominent studies showed efficacy of ex vivo expanded MSC to countervail graft-vs.-host-disease. Therefore, additional fields of application are presently conceived, in which MSC-based therapies potentially unfold beneficial effects, such as amelioration of non-healing conditions after tendon or spinal cord injury, as well as neuropathies. Working along these lines, MSC-based scientific research has been forged ahead to prominently occupy the clinical stage. Aging is to a great deal stochastic by nature bringing forth changes in an individual fashion. Yet, is aging of stem cells or/and their corresponding niche considered a determining factor for outcome and success of clinical therapies?
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Schimke
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Stem Cell Research, Aging and Regeneration, University Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sabrina Marozin
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Stem Cell Research, Aging and Regeneration, University Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
| | - Günter Lepperdinger
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Stem Cell Research, Aging and Regeneration, University Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
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158
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Zhu Z, Gan X, Fan H, Yu H. Mechanical stretch endows mesenchymal stem cells stronger angiogenic and anti-apoptotic capacities via NFκB activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:601-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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159
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem — or stromal — cells (MSCs) have been administered in hundreds of clinical trials for multiple indications, making them some of the most commonly used selected regenerative cells. Paradoxically, MSCs have also long remained the least characterized stem cells regarding native identity and natural function, being isolated retrospectively in long-term culture. Recent years have seen progress in our understanding of the natural history of these cells, and candidate native MSCs have been identified within fetal and adult organs. Beyond basic knowledge, deciphering the biology of innate MSCs may have important positive consequences for the therapeutic use of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Murray
- BHF Centre for Vascular Regeneration, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bruno Péault
- BHF Centre for Vascular Regeneration, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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160
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic sclerosis, an autoimmune disease of unknown origin, is characterized by progressive fibrosis that can affect all organs of the body. To date, there are no effective therapies for the disease. This paucity of treatment options is primarily because of limited understanding of the processes that initiate and promote fibrosis in general and a lack of animal models that specifically emulate the chronic nature of systemic sclerosis. Most models capitulate acute injury-induced fibrosis in specific organs. Yet, regardless of the model a major outstanding question in the field is the cellular origin of fibrosing cells. RECENT FINDINGS A multitude of origins have been proposed in a variety of tissues, including resident tissue stroma, fibrocytes, pericytes, adipocytes, epithelial cells and endothelial cells. Developmentally derived fibroblast lineages have recently been elucidated with fibrosing potential in injury models. Increasing data support the pericyte as a fibrosing cell origin in diverse fibrosis models and adipocytes have recently been proposed. Fibrocytes, epithelial cells and endothelial cells also have been examined, although data do not as strongly support these possible origins. SUMMARY In this review, we discuss recent evidence arguing in favor of and against proposed origins of fibrosing cells in diverse models of fibrosis. We highlight outstanding controversies and propose how future research may elucidate how fibrosing cells arise and what processes can be targeted in order to treat systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ebmeier
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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161
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Are Endothelial Progenitor Cells the Real Solution for Cardiovascular Diseases? Focus on Controversies and Perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:835934. [PMID: 26509164 PMCID: PMC4609774 DOI: 10.1155/2015/835934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advanced knowledge in the field of stem cell biology and their ability to provide a cue for counteracting several diseases are leading numerous researchers to focus their attention on “regenerative medicine” as possible solutions for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the lack of consistent evidence in this arena has hampered the clinical application. The same condition affects the research on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), creating more confusion than comprehension. In this review, this aspect is discussed with particular emphasis. In particular, we describe biology and physiology of EPCs, outline their clinical relevance as both new predictive, diagnostic, and prognostic CVD biomarkers and therapeutic agents, discuss advantages, disadvantages, and conflicting data about their use as possible solutions for vascular impairment and clinical applications, and finally underline a very crucial aspect of EPCs “characterization and definition,” which seems to be the real cause of large heterogeneity existing in literature data on this topic.
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162
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Andreeva ER, Lobanova MV, Udartseva OO, Buravkova LB. Response of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells in Tissue-Related O2 Microenvironment to Short-Term Hypoxic Stress. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 200:307-15. [PMID: 26407140 DOI: 10.1159/000438921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A microenvironment low in O2 ('physiological' hypoxia) governs the functions of perivascular multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, defining their involvement in tissue physiological homeostasis and regenerative remodelling. Acute hypoxic stress is considered as one of the important factors inducing tissue damage. Here, we evaluate the influence of short-term hypoxia (1% O2 for 24 h) on perivascular adipose tissue-derived cells (ASCs) permanently expanded in tissue-related O2 (5%) microenvironment. After hypoxic exposure, ASCs retained high viability, stromal cell morphology and mesenchymal phenotype (CD73+, CD90+, CD105+ and CD45-). Mild oxidative damage was unveiled as elevation of reactive oxygen species and thiobarbituric acid-active products, while no reduction in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase and a 20% statistically significant increase in superoxide dismutase activity was detected. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-3α isoforms was differently regulated. HIF-1α displayed transient up-regulation, with maximum levels 30 min after acute hypoxic exposure, while HIF-3α was significantly up-regulated after 24 h. Up-regulation of ERK7, MEK1 and c-fos, and down-regulation of MKK6, p53, CCNA2, CCNB1 and CCNB2 were observed after 24 h of oxygen deprivation. Acute hypoxic exposure did not affect the gene expression of other mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and MAPK kinases, MAPK/ERK kinase-interacting proteins, MAPK-activated transcription factors and scaffolding proteins. Significant stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor α and interleukin-6 production was detected in ASC-conditioned medium. Thus, tissue O2-adapted ASCs are resistant to hypoxic stress, which can ensure their effective involvement in the regeneration of tissue damage under significant oxygen deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R Andreeva
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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163
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Barilani M, Lavazza C, Viganò M, Montemurro T, Boldrin V, Parazzi V, Montelatici E, Crosti M, Moro M, Giordano R, Lazzari L. Dissection of the cord blood stromal component reveals predictive parameters for culture outcome. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:104-14. [PMID: 25046283 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In regenerative medicine, human cord blood-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (CBMSCs) stand out for their biological peculiarities demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies. Here, we present our 9-year experience for the consistent isolation of CBMSCs. Although nearly one CB unit out of two retains the potential to give rise to MSC colonies, only 46% of them can be cultured till low passages (P≥4), but one-fourth of those reaches even higher passages (P≥8). Subsequent characterization for morphological, clonal, differentiation, and proliferation properties revealed two divergent CBMSC behaviors. In particular, a cumulative population doublings cut-off (CPD=15) was identified that undoubtedly distinguishes two growth curves, and different degrees of commitment toward osteogenesis were observed. These data clearly show the existence of at least two distinct CBMSC subsets: one mainly short-living and less proliferative (SL-CBMSCs), the other long-living, with higher growth rate, and, very importantly, with significantly (P≤0.01) longer telomere (LL-CBMSCs). Moreover, significant differences in the immunoprofile before seeding were found among CB units giving rise to LL-CBMSCs or SL-CBMSCs or showing no colony formation. Finally, all the aforementioned results provided a peculiar and useful set of parameters potentially predictive for CBMSC culture outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Barilani
- 1 Cell Factory, Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milano, Italy
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164
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Ansell DM, Izeta A. Pericytes in wound healing: friend or foe? Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:833-4. [PMID: 26121283 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M Ansell
- The Centre for Dermatology Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ander Izeta
- Instituto Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
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165
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Kara M, Axton RA, Jackson M, Ghaffari S, Buerger K, Watt AJ, Taylor AH, Orr B, Hardy WR, Peault B, Forrester LM. A Role for MOSPD1 in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3077-86. [PMID: 26175344 PMCID: PMC4737116 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from many tissues including bone marrow and fat can be expanded in vitro and can differentiate into a range of different cell types such as bone, cartilage, and adipocytes. MSCs can also exhibit immunoregulatory properties when transplanted but, although a number of clinical trials using MSCs are in progress, the molecular mechanisms that control their production, proliferation, and differentiation are poorly understood. We identify MOSPD1 as a new player in this process. We generated MOSPD1‐null embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and demonstrate that they are deficient in their ability to differentiate into a number of cell lineages including osteoblasts, adipocytes, and hematopoietic progenitors. The self‐renewal capacity of MOSPD1‐null ESCs was normal and they exhibited no obvious defects in early germ layer specification nor in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), indicating that MOSPD1 functions after these key steps in the differentiation process. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‐like cells expressing CD73, CD90, and CD105 were generated from MOSPD1‐null ESCs but their growth rate was significantly impaired implying that MOSPD1 plays a role in MSC proliferation. Phenotypic deficiencies exhibited by MOSPD1‐null ESCs were rescued by exogenous expression of MOSPD1, but not MOSPD3 indicating distinct functional properties of these closely related genes. Our in vitro studies were supported by RNA‐sequencing data that confirmed expression of Mospd1 mRNA in cultured, proliferating perivascular pre‐MSCs isolated from human tissue. This study adds to the growing body of knowledge about the function of this largely uncharacterized protein family and introduces a new player in the control of MSC proliferation and differentiation. Stem Cells2015;33:3077–3086
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Affiliation(s)
- Madina Kara
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brigid Orr
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Winters R Hardy
- Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bruno Peault
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, UK.,Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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166
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Nicolay NH, Perez RL, Saffrich R, Huber PE. Radio-resistant mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms of resistance and potential implications for the clinic. Oncotarget 2015; 6:19366-80. [PMID: 26203772 PMCID: PMC4637291 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) comprise a heterogeneous population of multipotent stromal cells and can be isolated from various tissues and organs. Due to their regenerative potential, they have been subject to intense research efforts, and they may provide an efficient means for treating radiation-induced tissue damage. MSCs are relatively resistant to ionizing radiation and retain their stem cell characteristics even after high radiation doses. The underlying mechanisms for the observed MSC radioresistance have been extensively studied and may involve efficient DNA damage recognition, double strand break repair and evasion of apoptosis. Here, we present a concise review of the published scientific data on the radiobiological features of MSCs. The involvement of different DNA damage recognition and repair pathways in the creation of a radioresistant MSC phenotype is outlined, and the roles of apoptosis, senescence and autophagy regarding the reported radioresistance are summarized. Finally, potential influences of the radioresistant MSCs for the clinic are discussed with respect to the repair and radioprotection of irradiated tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils H. Nicolay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ramon Lopez Perez
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Saffrich
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter E. Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany
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167
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Huber B, Volz AC, Kluger PJ. How do culture media influence in vitro perivascular cell behavior? Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:1395-407. [PMID: 26179857 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Perivascular cells are multilineage cells located around the vessel wall and important for wall stabilization. In this study, we evaluated a stem cell media and a perivascular cell-specific media for the culture of primary perivascular cells regarding their cell morphology, doubling time, stem cell properties, and expression of cell type-specific markers. When the two cell culture media were compared to each other, perivascular cells cultured in the stem cell medium had a more elongated morphology and a faster doubling rate and cells cultured in the pericyte medium had a more typical morphology, with several filopodia, and a slower doubling rate. To evaluate stem cell properties, perivascular cells, CD146(-) cells, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were differentiated into the adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. It was seen that perivascular cells, as well as CD146(-) cells and MSCs, cultured in stem cell medium showed greater differentiation than cells cultured in pericyte-specific medium. The expression of pericyte-specific markers CD146, neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β), myosin, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) could be found in both pericyte cultures, as well as to varying amounts in CD146(-) cells, MSCs, and endothelial cells. The here presented work shows that perivascular cells can adapt to their in vitro environment and cell culture conditions influence cell functionality, such as doubling rate or differentiation behavior. Pericyte-specific markers were shown to be expressed also from cells other than perivascular cells. We can further conclude that CD146(+) perivascular cells are inhomogeneous cell population probably containing stem cell subpopulations, which are located perivascular around capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Huber
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstraße 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ann-Cathrin Volz
- Process Analysis & Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Petra Juliane Kluger
- Process Analysis & Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762, Reutlingen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstraße 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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168
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Pastides PS, Welck MJ, Khan WS. Use of bone marrow derived stem cells in trauma and orthopaedics: A review of current concepts. World J Orthop 2015; 6:462-468. [PMID: 26191493 PMCID: PMC4501932 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v6.i6.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a considerable amount of interest in the future role of bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMDSCs) and tissue engineering techniques to manage conditions within the musculoskeletal system. Repair of soft tissue and bone defects, in the early stages of injury, may lead to a reduction in progression of symptoms. Furthermore, troublesome soft tissue injuries that are notoriously fraught with problems either in healing or function, could be augmented with such techniques. The aim of this review paper is to look at the advances in such strategies to tackle these problems and assess how BMDSCs, with the aid of growth factors and scaffolds, are being used in vitro, animal and even human models to treat problems within the field of trauma and orthopaedics. There is plenty of evidence that the results are encouraging and thus gaining momentum toward their use in human studies.
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169
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Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from various tissues: Biological, clinical and cryopreservation aspects. Cryobiology 2015; 71:181-97. [PMID: 26186998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Originally isolated from bone marrow, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have since been obtained from various fetal and post-natal tissues and are the focus of an increasing number of clinical trials. Because of their tremendous potential for cellular therapy, regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, it is desirable to cryopreserve and bank MSCs to increase their access and availability. A remarkable amount of research and resources have been expended towards optimizing the protocols, freezing media composition, cooling devices and storage containers, as well as developing good manufacturing practices in order to ensure that MSCs retain their therapeutic characteristics following cryopreservation and that they are safe for clinical use. Here, we first present an overview of the identification of MSCs, their tissue sources and the properties that render them suitable as a cellular therapeutic. Next, we discuss the responses of cells during freezing and focus on the traditional and novel approaches used to cryopreserve MSCs. We conclude that viable MSCs from diverse tissues can be recovered after cryopreservation using a variety of freezing protocols, cryoprotectants, storage periods and temperatures. However, alterations in certain functions of MSCs following cryopreservation warrant future investigations on the recovery of cells post-thaw followed by expansion of functional cells in order to achieve their full therapeutic potential.
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170
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Characterization of Nestin, a Selective Marker for Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:762098. [PMID: 26236348 PMCID: PMC4506912 DOI: 10.1155/2015/762098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into multiple cell lineages and contributing to tissue repair and regeneration. Characterization of the physiological function of MSCs has been largely hampered by lack of unique markers. Nestin, originally found in neuroepithelial stem cells, is an intermediate filament protein expressed in the early stages of development. Increasing studies have shown a particular association between Nestin and MSCs. Nestin could characterize a subset of bone marrow perivascular MSCs which contributed to bone development and closely contacted with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Nestin expressing (Nes(+)) MSCs also play a role in the progression of various diseases. However, Nes(+) cells were reported to participate in angiogenesis as MSCs or endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in several tissues and be a heterogeneous population comprising mesenchymal cells and endothelial cells in the developing bone marrow. In this review article, we will summarize the progress of the research on Nestin, particularly the function of Nes(+) cells in bone marrow, and discuss the feasibility of using Nestin as a specific marker for MSCs.
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171
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Pericyte antigens in angiomyolipoma and PEComa family tumors. Med Oncol 2015; 32:210. [PMID: 26123600 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) are an uncommon family of soft tissue tumors with dual myoid-melanocytic differentiation. Although PEComa family tumors commonly demonstrate a perivascular growth pattern, pericyte antigen expression has not yet been examined among this unique tumor group. Previously, we demonstrated that a subset of perivascular soft tissue tumors exhibit a striking pericytic immunophenotype, with diffuse expression of αSMA, CD146, and PDGFRβ. Here, we describe the presence of pericyte antigens across a diverse group of PEComa family tumors (n = 19 specimens). Results showed that pericyte antigens differed extensively by histological appearance. Typical angiomyolipoma (AML) specimens showed variable expression of pericyte antigens among both perivascular and myoid-appearing cells. In contrast, AML specimens with a predominant spindled morphology showed diffuse expression of pericyte markers, including αSMA, CD146, and PDGFRβ. AML samples with predominant epithelioid morphology showed a marked reduction in or the absence of immunoreactivity for pericyte markers. Lymphangiomyoma samples showed more variable and partial pericyte marker expression. In summary, pericyte antigen expression is variable among PEComa family tumors and largely varies by tumor morphology. Pericytic marker expression in PEComa may represent a true pericytic cell of origin, or alternatively aberrant pericyte marker adoption. Markers of pericytic differentiation may be of future diagnostic utility for the evaluation of mesenchymal tumors, or identify actionable signaling pathways for future therapeutic intervention.
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172
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Shen J, Shrestha S, Yen YH, Asatrian G, Mravic M, Soo C, Ting K, Dry SM, Peault B, James AW. Pericyte Antigens in Perivascular Soft Tissue Tumors. Int J Surg Pathol 2015; 23:638-48. [PMID: 26085647 DOI: 10.1177/1066896915591272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perivascular soft tissue tumors are relatively uncommon neoplasms of unclear line of differentiation, although most are presumed to originate from pericytes or modified perivascular cells. Among these, glomus tumor, myopericytoma, and angioleiomyoma share a spectrum of histologic findings and a perivascular growth pattern. In contrast, solitary fibrous tumor (previously termed hemangiopericytoma) was once hypothesized to have pericytic differentiation. METHODS Here, we systematically examine pericyte immunohistochemical markers among glomus tumor (including malignant glomus tumor), myopericytoma, angioleiomyoma, and solitary fibrous tumor. Immunohistochemical staining and semiquantification was performed using well-defined pericyte antigens, including αSMA, CD146, and PDGFRβ. RESULTS Glomus tumor and myopericytoma demonstrate diffuse staining for all pericyte markers, including immunohistochemical reactivity for αSMA, CD146, and PDGFRβ. Malignant glomus tumors all showed some degree of pericyte marker immunoreactivity, although it was significantly reduced. Angioleiomyoma shared a similar αSMA + CD146 + PDGFRβ+ immunophenotype; however, this was predominantly seen in the areas of perivascular tumor growth. Solitary fibrous tumors showed patchy PDGFRβ immunoreactivity only. DISCUSSION In summary, pericyte marker expression is a ubiquitous finding in glomus tumor, myopericytoma, and angioleiomyoma. Malignant glomus tumor shows a comparative reduction in pericyte marker expression, which may represent partial loss of pericytic differentiation. Pericyte markers are essentially not seen in solitary fibrous tumor. The combination of αSMA, CD146, and PDGFRβ immunohistochemical stainings may be of utility for the evaluation of pericytic differentiation in soft tissue tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shen
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Yu-Hsin Yen
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Chia Soo
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kang Ting
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Dry
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bruno Peault
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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173
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Chang L, Nguyen V, Nguyen A, Scott MA, James AW. Pericytes in sarcomas of bone. Med Oncol 2015; 32:202. [PMID: 26076804 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes are mesenchymal cells that closely enwrap small blood vessels, lying in intimate association with the endothelium. Pericytes have recently gained attention as an important mediator of vascular biology and angiogenesis in cancer. Although better studied in carcinoma, pericytes have known interaction with sarcomas of bone, including Ewing's sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. Best studied is Ewing's sarcoma (ES), which displays a prominent perivascular growth pattern. Signaling pathways of known importance in intratumoral pericytes in ES include Notch, PDGF/PDGFR-β, and VEGF signaling. In summary, pericytes serve important functions in the tumor microenvironment. Improved understanding of pericyte biology may hold significant implications for the development of new therapies in sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., 13-145 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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174
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de Mare-Bredemeijer ELD, Mancham S, Verstegen MMA, de Ruiter PE, van Gent R, O'Neill D, Tilanus HW, Metselaar HJ, de Jonge J, Kwekkeboom J, Hall SRR, van der Laan LJW. Human graft-derived mesenchymal stromal cells potently suppress alloreactive T-cell responses. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1436-47. [PMID: 25744002 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
After organ transplantation, recipient T cells contribute to graft rejection. Mesenchymal stromal cells from the bone marrow (BM-MSCs) are known to suppress allogeneic T-cell responses, suggesting a possible clinical application of MSCs in organ transplantation. Human liver grafts harbor resident populations of MSCs (L-MSCs). We aimed to determine the immunosuppressive effects of these graft-derived MSCs on allogeneic T-cell responses and to compare these with the effects of BM-MSCs. BM-MSCs were harvested from aspirates and L-MSCs from liver graft perfusates. We cultured them for 21 days and compared their suppressive effects with the effects of BM-MSCs on allogeneic T-cell responses. Proliferation, cytotoxic degranulation, and interferon-gamma production of alloreactive T cells were more potently suppressed by L-MSCs than BM-MSCs. Suppression was mediated by both cell-cell contact and secreted factors. In addition, L-MSCs showed ex vivo a higher expression of PD-L1 than BM-MSCs, which was associated with inhibition of T-cell proliferation and cytotoxic degranulation in vitro. Blocking PD-L1 partly abrogated the inhibition of cytotoxic degranulation by L-MSCs. In addition, blocking indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase partly abrogated the inhibitive effects of L-MSCs, but not BM-MSCs, on T-cell proliferation. In conclusion, liver graft-derived MSC suppression of allogeneic T-cell responses is stronger than BM-MSCs, which may be related to in situ priming and mobilization from the graft. These graft-derived MSCs may therefore be relevant in transplantation by promoting allohyporesponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy L D de Mare-Bredemeijer
- 1Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shanta Mancham
- 1Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- 2Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petra E de Ruiter
- 2Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier van Gent
- 1Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hugo W Tilanus
- 2Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Herold J Metselaar
- 1Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Jonge
- 2Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Kwekkeboom
- 1Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sean R R Hall
- 2Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,4Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- 2Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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175
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Cordeiro MF, Horn AP. Stem cell therapy in intracerebral hemorrhage rat model. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:618-629. [PMID: 25914768 PMCID: PMC4404396 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i3.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a very complex pathology, with many different not fully elucidated etiologies and prognostics. It is the most severe subtype of stroke, with high mortality and morbidity rates. Unfortunately, despite the numerous promising preclinical assays including neuroprotective, anti-hypertensive, and anti-inflammatory drugs, to this moment only symptomatic treatments are available, motivating the search for new alternatives. In this context, stem cell therapy emerged as a promising tool. However, more than a decade has passed, and there is still much to be learned not only about stem cells, but also about ICH itself, and how these two pieces come together. To date, rats have been the most widely used animal model in this research field, and there is much more to be learned from and about them. In this review, we first summarize ICH epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology. We then present different methods utilized to induce ICH in rats, and examine how accurately they represent the human disease. Next, we discuss the different types of stem cells used in previous ICH studies, also taking into account the tested transplantation sites. Finally, we summarize what has been achieved in assays with stem cells in rat models of ICH, and point out some relevant issues where attention must be given in future efforts.
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176
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Wei HJ, Zeng R, Lu JH, Lai WFT, Chen WH, Liu HY, Chang YT, Deng WP. Adipose-derived stem cells promote tumor initiation and accelerate tumor growth by interleukin-6 production. Oncotarget 2015; 6:7713-26. [PMID: 25797257 PMCID: PMC4480711 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are multipotent cells that have attracted much recent attention. Here, we show that ADSCs enhance sphere formation and in vivo tumor initiation of breast and colon cancer cells. In co-culture, ADSCs induced several stem cell markers in cancer cells. ADSCs also accelerated tumor growth. Interaction of ADSCs and cancer cells stimulated secretion of interlukin-6 in ADSCs, which in turn acted in a paracrine manner on cancer cells to enhance their malignant properties. Interleukin-6 regulated stem cell-related genes and activated JAK2/STAT3 in cancer cells. We suggest that ADSCs may enhance tumor initiation and promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jian Wei
- 1 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- 2 Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rong Zeng
- 3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jui-Hua Lu
- 1 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Fu T. Lai
- 4 Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hong Chen
- 2 Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hen-Yu Liu
- 2 Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- 1 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Win-Ping Deng
- 1 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- 2 Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- 3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
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177
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Kim KR, Sung CO, Kwon TJ, Lee J, Robboy SJ. Defective pericyte recruitment of villous stromal vessels as the possible etiologic cause of hydropic change in complete hydatidiform mole. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122266. [PMID: 25849742 PMCID: PMC4388658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenetic mechanism underlying the hydropic change in complete hydatidiform moles (CHMs) is poorly understood. A growing body of data suggests that pericytes play a role in vascular maturation. Since maturation of villous stromal vessels in CHMs is markedly impaired at early stages, we postulated that a defect in pericytes around stromal vessels in chorionic villi might cause vascular immaturity and subsequent hydropic change. To investigate this, we examined several markers of pericytes, namely, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β), and desmin, in 61 normally developing placentas and 41 CHMs with gestational ages of 4-12 weeks. The ultrastructure of villous stromal vessels was also examined. Mature blood vessels from normal placentas show patent vascular lumens and formed hematopoietic components in the villous stroma. α-SMA and PDGFR-β expression in the villous stroma gradually increased and extended from the chorionic plate to peripheral villous branches. The labeled cells formed a reticular network in the villous stroma and, after week 7, encircled villous stromal vessels. In comparison, α-SMA and PDGFR-β expression in the villous stroma and stromal vessels of CHMs was significantly lower (p<0.05). Ultrastructurally, endothelial cells in villous stromal vessels in normal placentas were consistently attached by pericytes after week 7 when the vessels formed distinct lumen, whereas the villous stromal vessels in CHMs consisted of linear chains of endothelial cells, often disclosing primitive clefts without hematopoietic cells inside, and neither pericytes nor basal lamina surrounded the endothelial cells at any gestational age studied. This suggests that pericytes recruitment around villous stromal vessels is defective in CHMs and links to the persistent vascular immaturity of the villous stroma in CHMs, which in turns leads to hydropic villi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Rae Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Chang Ohk Sung
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Jeong Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Myong-JI General Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeongi-do, Korea
| | - JungBok Lee
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Stanley J. Robboy
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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178
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Gaspar D, Spanoudes K, Holladay C, Pandit A, Zeugolis D. Progress in cell-based therapies for tendon repair. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 84:240-56. [PMID: 25543005 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen significant developments in cell therapies, based on permanently differentiated, reprogrammed or engineered stem cells, for tendon injuries and degenerative conditions. In vitro studies assess the influence of biophysical, biochemical and biological signals on tenogenic phenotype maintenance and/or differentiation towards tenogenic lineage. However, the ideal culture environment has yet to be identified due to the lack of standardised experimental setup and readout system. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and tenocytes/dermal fibroblasts appear to be the cell populations of choice for clinical translation in equine and human patients respectively based on circumstantial, rather than on hard evidence. Collaborative, inter- and multi-disciplinary efforts are expected to provide clinically relevant and commercially viable cell-based therapies for tendon repair and regeneration in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gaspar
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Kyriakos Spanoudes
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Carolyn Holladay
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios Zeugolis
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.
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179
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Wong SP, Rowley JE, Redpath AN, Tilman JD, Fellous TG, Johnson JR. Pericytes, mesenchymal stem cells and their contributions to tissue repair. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 151:107-20. [PMID: 25827580 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine using mesenchymal stem cells for the purposes of tissue repair has garnered considerable public attention due to the potential of returning tissues and organs to a normal, healthy state after injury or damage has occurred. To achieve this, progenitor cells such as pericytes and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells can be delivered exogenously, mobilised and recruited from within the body or transplanted in the form organs and tissues grown in the laboratory from stem cells. In this review, we summarise the recent evidence supporting the use of endogenously mobilised stem cell populations to enhance tissue repair along with the use of mesenchymal stem cells and pericytes in the development of engineered tissues. Finally, we conclude with an overview of currently available therapeutic options to manipulate endogenous stem cells to promote tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suet-Ping Wong
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica E Rowley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Andia N Redpath
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica D Tilman
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tariq G Fellous
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jill R Johnson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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180
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Amato B, Compagna R, Amato M, Grande R, Butrico L, Rossi A, Naso A, Ruggiero M, de Franciscis S, Serra R. Adult vascular wall resident multipotent vascular stem cells, matrix metalloproteinases, and arterial aneurysms. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:434962. [PMID: 25866513 PMCID: PMC4381852 DOI: 10.1155/2015/434962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidences have shown the presence of multipotent stem cells (SCs) at sites of arterial aneurysms: they can differentiate into smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and are activated after residing in a quiescent state in the vascular wall. Recent studies have implicated the role of matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of arterial aneurysms: in fact the increased synthesis of MMPs by arterial SMCs is thought to be a pivotal mechanism in aneurysm formation. The factors and signaling pathways involved in regulating wall resident SC recruitment, survival, proliferation, growth factor production, and differentiation may be also related to selective expression of different MMPs. This review explores the relationship between adult vascular wall resident multipotent vascular SCs, MMPs, and arterial aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Amato
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Compagna
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Amato
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Grande
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lucia Butrico
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 88100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Agostino Naso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Ruggiero
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano de Franciscis
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Raffaele Serra
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy ; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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181
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Lienemann PS, Devaud YR, Reuten R, Simona BR, Karlsson M, Weber W, Koch M, Lutolf MP, Milleret V, Ehrbar M. Locally controlling mesenchymal stem cell morphogenesis by 3D PDGF-BB gradients towards the establishment of an in vitro perivascular niche. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:101-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00152d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We report on the creation of a three dimensional biomimetic tissue model that recapitulates the stable PDGF-BB gradient controlling mesenchymal stem cell morphogenetic behavior in the perivascular niche.
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182
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Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Mintz A, Delbono O. Pericytes at the intersection between tissue regeneration and pathology. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:81-93. [PMID: 25236972 PMCID: PMC4200531 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Perivascular multipotent cells, pericytes, contribute to the generation and repair of various tissues in response to injury. They are heterogeneous in their morphology, distribution, origin and markers, and elucidating their molecular and cellular differences may inform novel treatments for disorders in which tissue regeneration is either impaired or excessive. Moreover, these discoveries offer novel cellular targets for therapeutic approaches to many diseases. This review discusses recent studies that support the concept that pericyte subtypes play a distinctive role in myogenesis, neurogenesis, adipogenesis, fibrogenesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
- Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Tan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Maria Laura Messi
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
- Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
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183
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Immortalized multipotent pericytes derived from the vasa vasorum in the injured vasculature. A cellular tool for studies of vascular remodeling and regeneration. J Transl Med 2014; 94:1340-54. [PMID: 25329003 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adventitial microvessels, vasa vasorum in the vessel walls, have an active role in the vascular remodeling, although its mechanisms are still unclear. It has been reported that microvascular pericytes (PCs) possess mesenchymal plasticity. Therefore, microvessels would serve as a systemic reservoir of stem cells and contribute to the tissues remodeling. However, most aspects of the biology of multipotent PCs (mPCs), in particular of pathological microvessels are still obscure because of the lack of appropriate methods to detect and isolate these cells. In order to examine the characteristics of mPCs, we established immortalized cells residing in adventitial capillary growing at the injured vascular walls. We recently developed in vivo angiogenesis to observe adventitial microvessels using collagen-coated tube (CCT), which also can be used as an adventitial microvessel-rich tissue. By using the CCT, CD146- or NG2-positive cells were isolated from the adventitial microvessels in the injured arteries of mice harboring a temperature-sensitive SV40 T-antigen gene. Several capillary-derived endothelial cells (cECs) and PCs (cPCs) cell lines were established. cECs and cPCs maintain a number of key endothelial and PC features. Co-incubation of cPCs with cECs formed capillary-like structure in Matrigel. Three out of six cPC lines, termed capillary mPCs demonstrated both mesenchymal stem cell- and neuronal stem cell-like phenotypes, differentiating effectively into adipocytes, osteoblasts, as well as schwann cells. mPCs differentiated to ECs and PCs, and formed capillary-like structure on their own. Transplanted DsRed-expressing mPCs were resident in the capillary and muscle fibers and promoted angiogenesis and myogenesis in damaged skeletal muscle. Adventitial mPCs possess transdifferentiation potential with unique phenotypes, including the reconstitution of capillary-like structures. Their phenotype would contribute to the pathological angiogenesis associated with vascular remodeling. These cell lines also provide a reproducible cellular tool for high-throughput studies on angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, and regeneration as well.
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184
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Kramann R, Schneider RK, DiRocco DP, Machado F, Fleig S, Bondzie PA, Henderson JM, Ebert BL, Humphreys BD. Perivascular Gli1+ progenitors are key contributors to injury-induced organ fibrosis. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 16:51-66. [PMID: 25465115 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reside in the perivascular niche of many organs, including kidney, lung, liver, and heart, although their roles in these tissues are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Gli1 marks perivascular MSC-like cells that substantially contribute to organ fibrosis. In vitro, Gli1(+) cells express typical MSC markers, exhibit trilineage differentiation capacity, and possess colony-forming activity, despite constituting a small fraction of the platelet-derived growth factor-β (PDGFRβ)(+) cell population. Genetic lineage tracing analysis demonstrates that tissue-resident, but not circulating, Gli1(+) cells proliferate after kidney, lung, liver, or heart injury to generate myofibroblasts. Genetic ablation of these cells substantially ameliorates kidney and heart fibrosis and preserves ejection fraction in a model of induced heart failure. These findings implicate perivascular Gli1(+) MSC-like cells as a major cellular origin of organ fibrosis and demonstrate that these cells may be a relevant therapeutic target to prevent solid organ dysfunction after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kramann
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology and Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Rebekka K Schneider
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Derek P DiRocco
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Flavia Machado
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susanne Fleig
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip A Bondzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Joel M Henderson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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185
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Chung CG, James AW, Asatrian G, Chang L, Nguyen A, Le K, Bayani G, Lee R, Stoker D, Zhang X, Ting K, Péault B, Soo C. Human perivascular stem cell-based bone graft substitute induces rat spinal fusion. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1231-41. [PMID: 25154782 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an attractive source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) because of its abundance and accessibility. We have previously defined a population of native MSCs termed perivascular stem cells (PSCs), purified from diverse human tissues, including adipose tissue. Human PSCs (hPSCs) are a bipartite cell population composed of pericytes (CD146+CD34-CD45-) and adventitial cells (CD146-CD34+CD45-), isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and with properties identical to those of culture identified MSCs. Our previous studies showed that hPSCs exhibit improved bone formation compared with a sample-matched unpurified population (termed stromal vascular fraction); however, it is not known whether hPSCs would be efficacious in a spinal fusion model. To investigate, we evaluated the osteogenic potential of freshly sorted hPSCs without culture expansion and differentiation in a rat model of posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion. We compared increasing dosages of implanted hPSCs to assess for dose-dependent efficacy. All hPSC treatment groups induced successful spinal fusion, assessed by manual palpation and microcomputed tomography. Computerized biomechanical simulation (finite element analysis) further demonstrated bone fusion with hPSC treatment. Histological analyses showed robust endochondral ossification in hPSC-treated samples. Finally, we confirmed that implanted hPSCs indeed differentiated into osteoblasts and osteocytes; however, the majority of the new bone formation was of host origin. These results suggest that implanted hPSCs positively regulate bone formation via direct and paracrine mechanisms. In summary, hPSCs are a readily available MSC population that effectively forms bone without requirements for culture or predifferentiation. Thus, hPSC-based products show promise for future efforts in clinical bone regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon G Chung
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron W James
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Asatrian
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Le Chang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Nguyen
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Khoi Le
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Bayani
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Lee
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Stoker
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kang Ting
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Péault
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chia Soo
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Operation Mend, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Marina Plastic Surgery Associates, Marina del Rey, California, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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186
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Thakker R, Yang P. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for cardiac repair. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2014; 16:323. [PMID: 24898315 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-014-0323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Owing to the prevalence of heart disease and the lack of effective long-term solutions for managing cardiac injury, research has turned to cell therapy as a potential mechanism for myocardial repair. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in particular have become popular because their differentiative ability and their angiogenic and immunomodulatory properties make them attractive candidates for transplantation. However, there is still debate regarding the optimal strategy for the delivery of these cells. Recent clinical studies have isolated MSCs from a variety of tissue origins and have also tested the benefits of pretreatment with cardiogenic growth factors. Meanwhile, a newer school of thought instead supports the utilization of cardiomyocytes generated from MSC-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. This review will examine the promise of MSC therapy, discuss the results of past work, and propose steps that must be taken in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Thakker
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA,
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187
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Appaix F, Nissou MF, Sanden BVD, Dreyfus M, Berger F, Issartel JP, Wion D. Brain mesenchymal stem cells: The other stem cells of the brain? World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:134-143. [PMID: 24772240 PMCID: PMC3999771 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), have the potential to differentiate into cells of the mesenchymal lineage and have non-progenitor functions including immunomodulation. The demonstration that MSCs are perivascular cells found in almost all adult tissues raises fascinating perspectives on their role in tissue maintenance and repair. However, some controversies about the physiological role of the perivascular MSCs residing outside the bone marrow and on their therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine exist. In brain, perivascular MSCs like pericytes and adventitial cells, could constitute another stem cell population distinct to the neural stem cell pool. The demonstration of the neuronal potential of MSCs requires stringent criteria including morphological changes, the demonstration of neural biomarkers expression, electrophysiological recordings, and the absence of cell fusion. The recent finding that brain cancer stem cells can transdifferentiate into pericytes is another facet of the plasticity of these cells. It suggests that the perversion of the stem cell potential of pericytes might play an even unsuspected role in cancer formation and tumor progression.
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188
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Current trends in bone tissue engineering. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:865270. [PMID: 24804256 PMCID: PMC3997160 DOI: 10.1155/2014/865270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of tissue engineering and regeneration constitutes a new platform for translational medical research. Effective therapies for bone engineering typically employ the coordinated manipulation of cells, biologically active signaling molecules, and biomimetic, biodegradable scaffolds. Bone tissue engineering has become increasingly dependent on the merging of innovations from each of these fields, as they continue to evolve independently. This foreword will highlight some of the most recent advances in bone tissue engineering and regeneration, emphasizing the interconnected fields of stem cell biology, cell signaling biology, and biomaterial research. These include, for example, novel methods for mesenchymal stem cell purification, new methods of Wnt signaling pathway manipulation, and cutting edge computer assisted nanoscale design of bone scaffold materials. In the following
special issue, we sought to incorporate these diverse areas of emphasis in order to reflect current trends in the field.
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189
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Murray IR, Corselli M, Petrigliano FA, Soo C, Péault B. Recent insights into the identity of mesenchymal stem cells. Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:291-8. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.96b3.32789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to differentiate in vitro into chondrocytes, osteocytes and myocytes holds great promise for tissue engineering. Skeletal defects are emerging as key targets for treatment using MSCs due to the high responsiveness of bone to interventions in animal models. Interest in MSCs has further expanded in recognition of their ability to release growth factors and to adjust immune responses. Despite their increasing application in clinical trials, the origin and role of MSCs in the development, repair and regeneration of organs have remained unclear. Until recently, MSCs could only be isolated in a process that requires culture in a laboratory; these cells were being used for tissue engineering without understanding their native location and function. MSCs isolated in this indirect way have been used in clinical trials and remain the reference standard cellular substrate for musculoskeletal engineering. The therapeutic use of autologous MSCs is currently limited by the need for ex vivo expansion and by heterogeneity within MSC preparations. The recent discovery that the walls of blood vessels harbour native precursors of MSCs has led to their prospective identification and isolation. MSCs may therefore now be purified from dispensable tissues such as lipo-aspirate and returned for clinical use in sufficient quantity, negating the requirement for ex vivo expansion and a second surgical procedure. In this annotation we provide an update on the recent developments in the understanding of the identity of MSCs within tissues and outline how this may affect their use in orthopaedic surgery in the future. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:291–8.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. R. Murray
- Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The
University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16
4UU, UK
| | - M. Corselli
- Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los
Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F. A. Petrigliano
- UCLA Orthopaedic Hospital, Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los
Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C. Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive
Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University
of California, Los Angeles, California
90095, USA
| | - B. Péault
- Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los
Angeles, California 90095, USA
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190
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Mravic M, Asatrian G, Soo C, Lugassy C, Barnhill RL, Dry SM, Peault B, James AW. From pericytes to perivascular tumours: correlation between pathology, stem cell biology, and tissue engineering. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2014; 38:1819-24. [PMID: 24566993 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-014-2295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pericytes were once thought only to aid in angiogenesis and blood pressure control. Gradually, the known functions of pericytes and other perivascular stem cells (PSC) have broadly increased. The following review article will summarize the known functions and importance of pericytes across disciplines of pathology, stem cell biology, and tissue engineering. METHODS A literature review was performed for studies examining the importance of pericytes in pathology, stem cell biology, and tissue engineering. RESULTS The importance of pericytes most prominently includes the identification of the perivascular identity of mesenchymal stem cells (or MSC). Now, pericytes and other PSC are known to display surface markers and multilineage differentiation potential of MSC. Accordingly, interest in the purification and use of PSC for mesenchymal tissue formation and regeneration has increased. Significant demonstration of in vivo efficacy in bone and muscle regeneration has been made in laboratory animals. Contemporaneously with the uncovering of an MSC identity for pericytes, investigators in tumour biology have found biologically relevant roles for pericytes in tumor formation, lymphovascular invasion, and perivascular tumor spread. As well, the contribution of pericytes to perivascular tumors has been examined (and debated), including glomus tumour, myopericytoma and solitary fibrous tumour/hemangiopericytoma. In addition, an expanding recognition of pericyte mimicry and perivascular tumour invasion has occurred, encompassing common malignancies of the brain and skin. CONCLUSIONS In summary, pericytes have a wide range of roles in health and disease. Pericytes are being increasingly studied for their role in tumour formation, growth and invasion. Likewise, the application of pericytes/PSC for mesenchymal tissue engineering is an expanding field of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mravic
- Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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191
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Kaipe H, Erkers T, Sadeghi B, Ringdén O. Stromal cells–are they really useful for GVHD? Bone Marrow Transplant 2014; 49:737-43. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2013.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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