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Chassang M, Novellas S, Bloch-Marcotte C, Delotte J, Toullalan O, Bongain A, Chevallier P. Utility of vaginal and rectal contrast medium in MRI for the detection of deep pelvic endometriosis. Eur Radiol 2009; 20:1003-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-009-1627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hottat N, Larrousse C, Anaf V, Noël JC, Matos C, Absil J, Metens T. Endometriosis: Contribution of 3.0-T Pelvic MR Imaging in Preoperative Assessment—Initial Results. Radiology 2009; 253:126-34. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2531082113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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153
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Francica G, Scarano F. Delayed diagnosis is associated with changes in the clinical and ultrasound features of subcutaneous endometriosis near cesarean section scars. J Ultrasound 2009; 12:101-6. [PMID: 23396117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jus.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the present study was to highlight the sonographic and clinical characteristics of large (≥30 mm in diameter) scar endometriomas near Pfannenstiel incisions, assuming that large size is a marker of delayed diagnosis. METHODS We compared clinical, ultrasound (US) and color Doppler findings in 13 patients (mean age 31.3 years) with 13 large scar endometriomas (L-SEs) (mean lesion diameter 41.8 mm; range 30-60 mm) and 17 women (mean age 30.7 years) with 19 small scar endometriomas (S-SEs) (mean lesion size 18.3 mm; range 7-26 mm). RESULTS Compared with the S-SE group, the L-SE group had a significantly longer mean interval between the last cesarean section and hospital admission (5.5 vs. 3.3 years; p < 0.01) and longer mean duration of symptoms before admission (43 vs. 17.4 months; p < 0.01). The L-SE group also had a significantly higher percentage of patients who had undergone at least one inconclusive diagnostic examination (Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fine needle biopsy, or laparoscopy) (39% vs. 0%; p < 0.05). As for US findings, L-SEs more frequently displayed cystic regions and fistulous tracts (p < 0.05), loss of round/oval shape (p < 0.05), and increased vascularity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Delayed diagnosis of scar endometrioma reflected by a longer and more complex medical history results in larger than usual endometriomas with peculiar US findings, which are even more likely to be misinterpreted by physicians and radiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Francica
- Diagnostic and Interventional Sonography Unit, Santa Maria della Pietà Hospital, Casoria (NA), Italy
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154
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Faccioli N, Foti G, Manfredi R, Mainardi P, Spoto E, Ruffo G, Minelli L, Mucelli RP. Evaluation of colonic involvement in endometriosis: double-contrast barium enema vs. magnetic resonance imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 35:414-21. [PMID: 19568808 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-009-9544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to compare the accuracy of double-contrast barium enema (DCBE) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of intestinal endometriosis using the histological examination on resected specimen as comparative standard. METHODS Eighty-three consecutive patients with suspected intestinal endometriosis, resected between 2005 and 2007, were prospectively evaluated. All of the women underwent preoperative DCBE and MRI on the same day. We evaluated number, site (rectum, sigmoid, cecum), and size of the lesions. The imaging findings were correlated with those resulting at pathology. RESULTS Among the 65 women who underwent surgery, 50/65 (76.9%) were found to have bowel endometriosis, with 9/50 (18%) patients presenting two lesions; DCBE allowed to detect 50/59 (84.7%) lesions. MRI allowed to detect 42/59 (71.1%) lesions. DCBE showed sensibility, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of respectively 84.7, 93.7, 98.0, 62.5, and 86.6%, MRI of 71.1, 83.3, 93.3, 46.8, and 74.6%. CONCLUSION DCBE is more accurate than unenhanced MRI in the diagnosis of bowel endometriosis, and should be preferred in the preoperative management of this disease, since it usually enables a proper surgical planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Faccioli
- Department of Radiology, G.B. Rossi Hospital, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Francica G, Scarano F, Scotti L, Angelone G, Giardiello C. Endometriomas in the region of a scar from Cesarean section: sonographic appearance and clinical presentation vary with the size of the lesion. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2009; 37:215-220. [PMID: 19253349 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the sonographic (US) appearances of endometriomas developed in the vicinity of a scar from Cesarean section and compare sonographic and clinical characteristics of large (> or =3 cm) scar endometriomas (LSEs) with small scar endometriomas (SSEs). METHOD Twenty-eight consecutive women (mean age, 31 years; range, 20-42) with 31 scar endometriomas (mean diameter, 2.7 cm; range, 0.7-6 cm) were examined by US, including color Doppler imaging prior to surgery. Clinical and US findings in women with LSE were compared with those of women with SSE. RESULTS Twelve patients had 12 LSEs with a mean longest diameter of 4.1 cm (range, 3-6 cm); in 1 case, a large nodule was associated with a small lesion. Sixteen women had 18 SSEs with a mean lesion size of 1.8 cm (range, 0.7-2.6 cm).The mean time interval between the last Cesarean section and hospital admission was longer in patients with LSE (66 versus 40 months; p < 0.01) as was the mean duration of symptoms before admission (43 versus 17 months; p < 0.01); in addition, 41.6% of patients with LSE had undergone previous inconclusive diagnostic examinations (CT, MRI, fine needle aspiration, or laparoscopy) compared with 0% in patients with SSE (p < 0.05). LSEs more frequently showed cystic portions and fistulous tracts (p < 0.05), loss of round/oval shape (p < 0.05), and increased vascularity (p < 0.05) than SSEs did. CONCLUSION LSEs were associated with a delay in diagnosis and some US findings that could result in further diagnostic difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Francica
- Unità Operativa di Ecografia Diagnostica e Interventistica, Presidio Ospedaliero Camilliani S Maria della Pietà, Casoria (NA), Italy
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156
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Savelli L. Transvaginal sonography for the assessment of ovarian and pelvic endometriosis: how deep is our understanding? ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2009; 33:497-501. [PMID: 19402098 DOI: 10.1002/uog.6392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Melendez J, Ayinde O, Bhatia R, Yoong W. Severe anaemia due to bleeding from caesarean section scar endometriosis. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2009; 29:259-60. [PMID: 19358047 DOI: 10.1080/01443610802716034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Melendez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, North Middlesex University Hospital, London, UK
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158
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Hudelist G, Oberwinkler K, Singer C, Tuttlies F, Rauter G, Ritter O, Keckstein J. Combination of transvaginal sonography and clinical examination for preoperative diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2009; 24:1018-24. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Thomassin-Naggara I, Cuenod CA, Darai E, Marsault C, Bazot M. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging of ovarian neoplasms: current status and future perspectives. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2008; 16:661-72, ix. [PMID: 18926429 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MR imaging is useful for characterizing ovarian tumors. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging is a promising new technique useful for characterizing perfusion and angiogenesis of ovarian masses. This article describes the dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging technique examines the current and future applications of this technique in patients with ovarian tumors.
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160
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Goncalves MO, Dias JA, Podgaec S, Averbach M, Abrão MS. Transvaginal ultrasound for diagnosis of deeply infiltrating endometriosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2008; 104:156-60. [PMID: 19017547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Deeply infiltrating endometriosis is the clinical form of the disease that is generally associated with conditions of more intense pain and may require more complex surgical management, consequently resulting in greater risks to the patient. In recent years, various investigators have confirmed the usefulness of methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), transrectal ultrasound and transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) for the diagnosis of deep endometriotic lesions. The objectives of the present study are to describe the method used to perform TVUS for the detection of deeply infiltrating endometriosis, and to discuss the clinical benefits that the data obtained may offer clinicians providing care for patients suspected of having this type of endometriosis.
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161
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Caractéristiques IRM de l’endométriose profonde : corrélation aux résultats cœlioscopiques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 89:1745-54. [DOI: 10.1016/s0221-0363(08)74479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The traditional imaging of Crohn's disease has relied on barium and computed tomography (CT) examinations. In recent years magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as an imaging method that can be used in the diagnosis and assessment of Crohn's disease. The advantages of MRI include lack of ionizing radiation and its superior tissue contrast resolution. The clinical progression of Crohn's disease can be variable, and MRI can be used to assess inflammatory status, disease progression, and complications of Crohn's disease. MRI of the small bowel is an evolving technique and it has the potential to become the preferred technique for imaging of small bowel Crohn's disease in the future.
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163
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Value of magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of ovarian tumors: a review. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2008; 32:712-23. [PMID: 18830100 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0b013e31815881ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the diagnosis of ovarian tumors especially when ultrasonography is indeterminate. Although ultrasonography is the first imaging technique used to investigate suspected pelvic masses, it has a limited capacity for tissue characterization. In addition to morphological characteristics, many tissue parameters such as T1, T2, perfusion, and diffusion contribute to signal intensity, so MRI is able to identify various types of tissue contained in pelvic masses. Magnetic resonance imaging helps to locate large solid masses and to distinguish benign from malignant ovarian tumors, with an overall accuracy of 88% to 93% for the diagnosis of malignancy. The aims of this review are 3-fold. First, we review state-of-the-art and usual MRI techniques and published findings. Second, we recall the MR features most useful for assessing the main ovarian tumors. Finally, we discuss the relevance of various features for distinguishing between benign, borderline, and invasive ovarian tumors.
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164
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Yoshida S, Onogi A, Shigetomi H, Tsuji Y, Haruta S, Naruse K, Kanayama S, Noguchi T, Sakata M, Furukawa N, Sado T, Yamada Y, Kitanaka T, Oi H, Kobayashi H. Two cases of pregnant women with ovarian endometrioma mimicking a malignant ovarian tumor. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2008; 36:512-516. [PMID: 18465809 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The detection of an ovarian mass during pregnancy is often a diagnostic challenge. We describe 2 cases of ovarian endometrioma during pregnancy with marked mural nodules on the cyst wall. The sonographic and MR imaging findings mimicked ovarian cancer. Surgical intervention may still be inevitable to exclude the possibility of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shozo Yoshida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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165
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Hascalik S, Celik O, Kekilli E, Elter K, Karakas HM, Aydin NE. Novel noninvasive detection method for endometriosis: research and development of scintigraphic survey on endometrial implants in rats. Fertil Steril 2008; 90:209-13. [PMID: 17662287 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this experimental study on endometriosis, the majority of the implants were successfully detected with technetium-(99mTc) labeled red blood cell scintigraphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyma Hascalik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inonu University Medical Faculty, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Elazig Yolu 9 km, 44069 Malatya, Turkey.
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Seracchioli R, Mabrouk M, Manuzzi L, Guerrini M, Villa G, Montanari G, Fabbri E, Venturoli S. Importance of Retroperitoneal Ureteric Evaluation in Cases of Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2008; 15:435-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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168
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Stegmann BJ, Funk MJ, Sinaii N, Hartmann KE, Segars J, Nieman LK, Stratton P. A logistic model for the prediction of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2008; 91:51-5. [PMID: 18462722 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a model that uses individual and lesion characteristics to help surgeons choose lesions that have a high probability of containing histologically confirmed endometriosis. DESIGN Secondary analysis of prospectively collected information. SETTING Government research hospital in the United States. PATIENT(S) Healthy women 18-45 years of age, with chronic pelvic pain and possible endometriosis, who were enrolled in a clinical trial. INTERVENTION(S) All participants underwent laparoscopy, and information was collected on all visible lesions. Lesion data were randomly allocated to a training and test data set. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Predictive logistic regression, with the outcome of interest being histologic diagnosis of endometriosis. RESULT(S) After validation, the model was applied to the complete data set, with a sensitivity of 88.4% and specificity of 24.6%. The positive predictive value was 69.2%, and the negative predictive value was 53.3%, equating to correct classification of a lesion of 66.5%. Mixed color; larger width; and location in the ovarian fossa, colon, or appendix were most strongly associated with the presence of endometriosis. CONCLUSION(S) This model identified characteristics that indicate high and low probabilities of biopsy-proven endometriosis. It is useful as a guide in choosing appropriate lesions for biopsy, but the improvement using the model is not great enough to replace histologic confirmation of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Stegmann
- Reproductive Biology and Medicine Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1109, USA
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169
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to define the role of double-contrast barium enema (DCBE) compared with laparoscopy in the diagnosis and local staging of intestinal endometriosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search of our radiology database revealed the cases of 234 women who underwent surgical resection for pelvic endometriosis with associated intestinal surgery for intestinal endometriosis. We retrospectively evaluated all preoperative DCBE images for the presence of bowel endometriosis and the number, site (rectum, sigmoid, cecum), and size of the lesions. The radiographic findings at DCBE were retrospectively correlated with those at surgical pathologic examination. RESULTS DCBE revealed 211 intestinal lesions of bowel endometriosis in 168 (71.8%) of 234 patients with pelvic endometriosis clinically enrolled. Forty (23.8%) of the 168 women had more than one endometriotic bowel nodule (two nodules in 37 cases, three in three cases). Laparoscopy revealed 233 intestinal lesions in 174 (74.3%) of the patients. Fifty-four (31.0%) of 174 women had more than one endometriotic bowel nodule (two nodules in 49 cases, three in five cases). There was 100% correlation between the DCBE and histologic findings as far as site and size of the lesions were concerned. DCBE had a sensitivity of 88.4%, specificity of 93.0%, positive predictive value of 97.5%, negative predictive of 71.0%, and accuracy of 89.5% in the identification of bowel endometriosis. CONCLUSION DCBE is helpful in discerning bowel wall involvement in endometriosis, enabling proper surgical planning. DCBE also appears to have a role in the management of endometriosis.
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170
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Caramella T, Novellas S, Fournol M, Bafghi A, Mondot L, Chassang M, Bongain A, Chevallier P. Endométriose pelvienne profonde en IRM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 89:473-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0221-0363(08)71450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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171
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Park SB, Kim JK, Cho KS. Sonography of endometriosis in infrequent sites. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2008; 36:91-97. [PMID: 18067126 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed the sonographic features of endometriosis in infrequent sites, including the abdominal wall, appendix, perineum, and bladder. Familiarity with the clinical setting and the sonographic appearance of endometriosis in both frequent and infrequent sites can help facilitate prompt, accurate diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Bin Park
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, 388-1 Poongnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, South Korea
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Efficiency of MR imaging to orientate surgical treatment of posterior deep pelvic endometriosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 34:251-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00261-008-9367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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D'Cruz OJ, Uckun FM. Targeting mast cells in endometriosis with janus kinase 3 inhibitor, JANEX-1. Am J Reprod Immunol 2007; 58:75-97. [PMID: 17631002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2007.00502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis (EMS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of multifactorial etiology characterized by implantation and growth of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity. EMS is a significant public health issue as it affects 15-20% of women in their reproductive age. Clinical symptoms may include pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic/abdominal masses, and infertility. Symptomatic treatments such as surgical resection and/or hormonal suppression of ovarian function and analgesics are not as effective as desired. Consequently, there is an enormous unmet need to develop effective medical therapy capable of preventing the occurrence and recurrence of EMS without undesirable side-effects. EMS-associated intra-abdominal bleeding episodes, local inflammation, adhesions, and i.p. immunologic dysfunction leads to pelvic nociception and pelvic pain. Increasing evidence supports the involvement of allergic-type inflammation in EMS. Invasion of mast cells, degranulation, and proliferation of interstitial component are observed in endometriotic lesions. Presence of activated and degranulating mast cells within the nerve structures can contribute to the development of pain and hyperalgesia by direct effects on primary nociceptive neurons. Therefore, treatments targeting endometrial mast cells may prove effective in preventing or alleviating EMS-associated symptoms. The Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) is abundantly expressed in mast cells and is required for the full expression of high-affinity IgE receptor-mediated mast cell inflammatory sequelae. JANEX-1/WHI-P131 is a rationally designed novel JAK3 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory activity in several cellular and in vivo animal models of inflammation, including mouse models of peritonitis, colitis, cellulitis, sunburn, and airway inflammation with favorable toxicity and pharmacokinetic profile. We hypothesize that JAK3 inhibitors, especially JANEX-1, may prove useful to prevent or alleviate the symptoms of EMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmond J D'Cruz
- Drug Discovery Program, Paradigm Pharmaceuticals, St Paul, MN 55113, USA.
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175
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Reddy S, Porter D, Patton JT, Al-Nafussi A, Beggs I. Endometriosis of the superior gluteal nerve. Skeletal Radiol 2007; 36:879-83. [PMID: 17503037 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-007-0316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis that involves nerves is rare and usually occurs in the pelvis. We describe a case of extra-pelvic endometriosis that involved the superior gluteal nerve. The patient presented with ill-defined buttock and thigh pain and a Trendelenberg gait. MRI demonstrated atrophic changes in the gluteus minimus, gluteus medius and tensor fascia lata muscles indicating involvement of the superior gluteal nerve. MRI showed a mass in the line of the superior gluteal nerve. The mass was hyperintense on STIR and T1-weighted images and did not enhance after intravenous contrast although surrounding edema did enhance. Histological examination of material obtained at open biopsy showed endometriosis. The patient was commenced on hormonal treatment to suppress ovarian activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reddy
- Department of Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
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176
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Kalish GM, Patel MD, Gunn MLD, Dubinsky TJ. Computed Tomographic and Magnetic Resonance Features of Gynecologic Abnormalities in Women Presenting With Acute or Chronic Abdominal Pain. Ultrasound Q 2007; 23:167-75. [PMID: 17805165 DOI: 10.1097/ruq.0b013e31815202df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in technology and improved availability have led to increased use of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate women presenting to the emergency department or to their primary care provider with abdominal and/or pelvic pain. Computed tomographic examinations are often performed to evaluate the presence of appendicitis or renal stone disease. However, gynecologic abnormalities are frequently identified on these examinations. Although ultrasound remains the primary modality by which complaints specific to the pelvis are evaluated, in many instances, CT and MRI imaging occurs before sonographic evaluation.Historically, because of cost, radiation exposure, and relative ease of use, ultrasound examinations have preceded all other imaging modalities when evaluating pelvic disorders. However, as CT and MRI technology have improved, their use in diagnosing causes of pelvic pain has become equal to that of ultrasound. In some cases, primarily because of historic comfort with sonographic evaluation, gynecologic abnormalities originally diagnosed on CT or MRI may be immediately and unnecessarily reevaluated by ultrasound. For a woman in her reproductive years, the most common adnexal masses are physiological cysts, endometriomas, and cystic teratomas. Although lesions are often asymptomatic and incidentally detected, they can present with pain, and they increase the risk of ovarian torsion. Common causes of chronic pelvic pain in this population include leiomyomata and adenomyosis. In postmenopausal women, ovarian carcinoma, which often does not present clinically until a late stage, has to be included in the differential diagnosis of adnexal masses. If a gynecologic pathology is discovered on CT or MRI, an immediate follow-up ultrasound need not be pursued if the lesion can be characterized as benign, needing immediate surgical intervention, or a variant of normal anatomy. If, on the other hand, findings demonstrate a mass that either is uncharacteristic of a benign lesion, has an indeterminate risk for malignancy, or demonstrates suspicious characteristics for malignancy (such as enhancing mural nodules), further evaluation by serial ultrasound, biochemical marker, and/or CT or MRI is warranted. The purpose of this review is to present a series of commonly encountered gynecologic abnormalities with either CT or MR to make radiologists more familiar with gynecologic pathology on CT and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Kalish
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104-2499, USA
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177
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Stegmann BJ, Sinaii N, Liu S, Segars J, Merino M, Nieman LK, Stratton P. Using location, color, size, and depth to characterize and identify endometriosis lesions in a cohort of 133 women. Fertil Steril 2007; 89:1632-6. [PMID: 17662280 PMCID: PMC2505050 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To correlate histology with endometriosis characteristics. DESIGN Secondary data analysis. SETTING Government research hospital. PATIENT(S) One hundred thirty-three women with chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis who underwent laparoscopic surgery between 1999 and 2004. INTERVENTION(S) Laparoscopic excision of lesions, including recording of lesion characteristics and surgical impression of the lesions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) All biopsies were sent for histological examination for endometriosis, and surgical and histological findings were compared. RESULT(S) Three hundred fifty-seven of 544 lesions believed to be endometriosis by the surgeon had positive histology. Mixed-color lesions most commonly contained endometriosis (76%), with the percentage of positive lesions being similar between single-color groups. Among subtle (red or white) lesions, 58% (164/283) were positive for endometriosis. Thirty women had only red or white lesions, and 18 (60%) had at least one lesion positive for endometriosis. Lesions were most commonly located in the cul-de-sac (64%), utero-sacral ligaments (68%), and ovarian fossa (70%). CONCLUSION(S) Wide, deep, mixed-color lesions in the cul-de-sac, the ovarian fossa, or the utero-sacral ligaments had the highest frequency of endometriosis. More than half of subtle lesions had endometriosis. These results should be considered when diagnosing endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J. Stegmann
- Reproductive Biology and Medicine Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ninet Sinaii
- Biostatistics & Clinical Epidemiology Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shannon Liu
- Reproductive Biology and Medicine Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Segars
- Reproductive Biology and Medicine Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Merino
- Surgical Pathology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Lynnette K. Nieman
- Reproductive Biology and Medicine Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pamela Stratton
- Reproductive Biology and Medicine Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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178
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Abstract
Adnexal masses are common in women of all ages. A range of physiological and benign ovarian conditions that develop in women, especially in the reproductive age, and adnexal malignancies can be evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Management of women with adnexal masses is frequently guided by imaging findings; therefore, precise characterization of adnexal pathology should be performed whenever possible. Magnetic resonance imaging is useful in characterization of adnexal masses that are not completely evaluated by ultrasound because it can provide additional information on soft tissue composition of adnexal masses based on specific tissue relaxation times and allows multiplanar imaging at large field of view to define the origin and extent of pelvic pathology. The patients most likely to benefit from MRI are pregnant women and those who are premenopausal and have masses that have complex features on ultrasound but do not have raised cancer antigen 125 tumor marker levels. The overlap in imaging appearance among different cell type malignancies makes it difficult to predict exact histology based on MRI appearance; however, MRI has a high accuracy in differentiating benign from malignant masses. Teratomas, endometriomas, simple and hemorrhagic cysts, fibromas, exophytic or extrauterine fibroids, and hydrosalpinges can be diagnosed with high confidence. In this article, the authors review the histopathologic background and MRI features of adnexal masses and discuss the role of MRI in the differentiation of benign from malignant adnexal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Rajkotia
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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179
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Hoeffel C, Crema MD, Azizi L, Lewin M, Monnier-Cholley L, Arrivé L, Tubiana JM. Magnetic resonance imaging of the ischiorectal fossa: spectrum of disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2007; 31:251-7. [PMID: 17414763 DOI: 10.1097/01.rct.0000236419.90019.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies are widely used to assess the rectum, anal canal, and their environment. The purpose of this article is to review the current role of MRI in the evaluation of diseases involving the ischiorectal fossa and their imaging features. CONCLUSIONS The radiologist plays an essential role in the evaluation of some conditions typically located in this space and of other conditions that occasionally involve this area or invade the ischioanal space. The accurate assessment of these diseases that MRI provides further cements its role as the primary technique for the evaluation of pelvic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hoeffel
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France.
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180
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Wong-You-Cheong JJ, Woodward PJ, Manning MA, Davis CJ. From the archives of the AFIP: Inflammatory and nonneoplastic bladder masses: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2006; 26:1847-68. [PMID: 17102055 DOI: 10.1148/rg.266065126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the vast majority of bladder tumors are epithelial neoplasms, a variety of nonneoplastic disorders can cause either focal bladder masses or diffuse mural thickening and mimic malignancy. Some of these entities are rare and poorly understood such as inflammatory pseudotumor, which produces ulcerated, bleeding polypoid bladder masses. These masses may be large and have an extravesical component. Bladder endometriosis manifests as submucosal masses with characteristic magnetic resonance imaging features consisting of hemorrhagic foci and reactive fibrosis. Nephrogenic adenoma has no typical features, and pathologic evaluation is required for diagnosis. Although imaging features of malacoplakia are also nonspecific, characteristic Michaelis-Gutmann bodies are found at pathologic evaluation. The various types of cystitis (cystitis cystica, cystitis glandularis, and eosinophilic cystitis) require pathologic diagnosis. Bladder infection with tuberculosis and schistosomiasis produces nonspecific bladder wall thickening and ulceration in the acute phase and should be suspected in patients who are immunocompromised or from countries where these infections are common. The diagnosis of chemotherapy cystitis and radiation cystitis should be clinically evident, but imaging may be used to determine severity and to assess complications. Extrinsic inflammatory diseases such as Crohn disease and diverticulitis may be associated with fistulas to the bladder and focal bladder wall abnormality. The extravesical findings allow the diagnosis to be made easily. Finally, extrinsic masses arising from the prostate or distal ureter may cause filling defects, which can be confused with intrinsic bladder masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade J Wong-You-Cheong
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD 21201-1595, USA.
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181
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Abstract
Although several radiological techniques have been used for the diagnosis of bowel endometriosis, no gold standard is currently established. We used multislice computerized tomography (CT) combined with the distention of the colon by rectal enteroclysis (MSCTe) for the diagnosis of bowel endometriosis. Following bowel preparation, pharmacological hypotonicity, retrograde colonic distention by water enteroclysis, and intravenous injection of iodinated contrast medium, a single volumetric acquisition of the abdomen is performed. MSCTe findings suggestive of bowel endometriosis are the presence of solid nodules with positive enhancement, contiguous or penetrating the colonic wall. When endometriotic lesions are detected, the degree of infiltration of the intestinal wall can be estimated; however, the depth infiltrated by nodules reaching the submucosa may be underestimated. MSCTe is well tolerated by the patients. The strength of MSCT consists in the high spatial resolution; volumetric data acquired by using thin slices provide isotropic voxels and multiplanar reconstructions have a quality comparable with that of the original axial scans. The potential of MSCTe for the diagnosis of bowel endometriosis relies on the fact that the serosal, muscular, and mucosal layers of the bowel wall can be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ennio Biscaldi
- Department of Radiology, Galliera Hospital, Via Mura delle Capuccine 14, 16128, Genoa, Italy.
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182
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Kido A, Togashi K, Nishino M, Miyake K, Koyama T, Fujimoto R, Iwasaku K, Fujii S, Hayakawa K. Cine MR imaging of uterine peristalsis in patients with endometriosis. Eur Radiol 2006; 17:1813-9. [PMID: 17119973 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-006-0494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is one of the most important causes of infertility; however the precise mechanism by which it affects female fertility is unclear. The objective of this study was to study the functional aspects of the uterus by evaluating uterine contractility in patients with endometrial cysts of the ovary. The study population was recruited from two institutes and consisted of 26 women (periovulatory (10), luteal (13), and menstrual phase (3); age range: 19-51 years) with untreated endometriosis; the control group consisted of 12 healthy women (age range: 22-41 years). Cine MR imaging obtained by a 1.5T magnet was visually evaluated at 12x faster than real speed, focusing on the presence of uterine peristalsis, the direction and frequency of peristalsis, and the presence of sustained uterine contractions. Uterine peristalsis was identifiable in 3/10, 3/13, and 3/3 of the endometriosis patients in each menstrual cycle, respectively, and in 11/12, 3/12, and 5/12 of their control subjects. Peristaltic detection rate and frequency were significantly less for the endometriosis group than for the controls in the periovulatory phase only (p<0.05). Sustained contractions were recognized in 19/36 control subjects and in 13/26 endometriosis patients, but the difference was not significant. Uterine peristalsis appears to be suppressed during the periovulatory phase in patients with endometriosis, which may have an adverse effect on sperm transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Kido
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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183
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Gustilo-Ashby AM, Paraiso MFR. Treatment of urinary tract endometriosis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2006; 13:559-65. [PMID: 17097579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 07/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis involving the urinary tract, although infrequent, can have significant impact on patients' symptoms, response to treatment, and urologic function. The purpose of this article is to review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of endometriosis that affects the urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marcus Gustilo-Ashby
- Division of Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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184
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Biscaldi E, Ferrero S, Fulcheri E, Ragni N, Remorgida V, Rollandi GA. Multislice CT enteroclysis in the diagnosis of bowel endometriosis. Eur Radiol 2006; 17:211-9. [PMID: 16937103 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-006-0364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 04/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This prospective study aims to evaluate the efficacy of multislice computed tomography combined with colon distension by water enteroclysis (MSCTe) in determining the presence and depth of bowel endometriotic lesions. Ninety-eight women with symptoms suggestive of colorectal endometriosis underwent MSCTe; locations, number of nodule/s, size of the nodule/s and depth of bowel wall infiltration were determined. Independently from the findings of MSCTe, all women underwent laparoscopy. MSCTe findings were compared with surgical and histological results. Abnormal findings suggestive of bowel endometriotic nodules were detected by MSCTe in 75 of the 76 patients with bowel endometriosis. MSCTe identified 110 (94.8%) of the 116 bowel endometriotic nodules removed at surgery; 6 nodules missed at MSCTe were located on the rectum. MSCTe correctly determined the degree of infiltration of the bowel wall in all of the 34 serosal bowel nodules identified at MSCTe. In six nodules reaching the submucosa, the depth of infiltration was underestimated by MSCTe. MSCTe had a sensitivity of 98.7%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 95.7% in identifying women with bowel endometriosis. MSCTe is effective in determining the presence and depth of bowel endometriotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ennio Biscaldi
- Department of Radiology, Duchesse of Galliera-Hospital, Via Mura delle Cappuccine 14, 16128 Genoa, Italy.
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185
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Bazot M, Nassar-Slaba J, Thomassin-Naggara I, Cortez A, Uzan S, Daraï E. MR imaging compared with intraoperative frozen-section examination for the diagnosis of adnexal tumors; correlation with final histology. Eur Radiol 2006; 16:2687-99. [PMID: 16547708 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-006-0163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to compare the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intraoperative consultation (IC) for the diagnosis of adnexal masses, with reference to final histology. MRI was performed in 136 women with sonographically indeterminate adnexal masses. IC included macroscopic and frozen-section examination. Macroscopic examination and MRI determined size, nature, and presence of vegetations or solid portions within masses. All masses were characterized as benign or malignant according to previously published MR imaging and histopathologic criteria. Sensitivities, specificities, and predictive values for the diagnosis of malignancy of MRI and IC were assessed. Histology revealed 168 adnexal masses (99 benign, 23 borderline and 46 invasive). Frozen sections were examined in 151 cases. Among the 151 adnexal masses studied by both MRI and IC, respective sensitivities, specificities, positive and predictive values of both methods for the diagnosis of malignancy were 89.7% and 84.5%, 91.4% and 100%, 86.7% and 100%, and 93.4% and 91.3%. Sensitivities of MR imaging and frozen section for the diagnosis of serous versus mucinous borderline tumors were 33.3% and 93.3%, and 62.5% and 12.5%, respectively. MRI is less accurate than IC for characterizing adnexal masses. However, MRI may increase the relevance of IC for borderline mucinous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bazot
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France.
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