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Matrin 3 Is a Component of Neuronal Cytoplasmic Inclusions of Motor Neurons in Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:507-514. [PMID: 29128563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the MATR3 gene have been identified as a cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but involvement of the matrin 3 (MATR3) protein in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS) pathology has not been fully assessed. We immunohistochemically analyzed MATR3 pathology in the spinal cords of SALS and control autopsy specimens. MATR3 immunostaining of the motor neuron nuclei revealed two distinct patterns: mild and strong staining. There were no differences in the ratio of mild versus strong nuclear staining between the SALS and control cases. MATR3-containing neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCIs) were observed in 60% of SALS cases. Most motor neurons with MATR3-positive NCIs exhibited a mild nuclear staining pattern. Although 16.8% of NCIs positive for transactivating response region DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) were estimated as double-labeled by MATR3, no MATR3-positive or TDP-43-negative NCIs were observed. Although a previous study found that MATR3-positive NCIs are present only in cases with C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion, ubiquitin-positive granular NCIs were not observed in the cerebellum, which have been reported as specific to C9orf72-related ALS. Six ALS cases were confirmed to be negative for the GGGGCC hexanucleotide. Our results reveal that MATR3 is a component of TDP-43-positive NCIs in motor neurons, even in SALS, and indicate the broader involvement of MATR3 in ALS pathology and the heterogeneity of TDP-43-positive NCIs.
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152
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Polymenidou M, Cleveland DW. Biological Spectrum of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Prions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a024133. [PMID: 28062558 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar dementia (FTLD) are two neurodegenerative diseases with distinct clinical features but common genetic causes and neuropathological signatures. Ten years after the RNA-binding protein TDP-43 was discovered as the main protein in the cytoplasmic inclusions that characterize ALS and FTLD, their pathogenic mechanisms have never seemed more complex. Indeed, discoveries of the past decade have revolutionized our understanding of these diseases, highlighting their genetic heterogeneity and the involvement of protein-RNA assemblies in their pathogenesis. Importantly, these assemblies serve as the foci of protein misfolding and mature into insoluble structures, which further recruit native proteins, turning them into misfolded forms. This self-perpetuating mechanism is a twisted version of classical prion replication that leads to amplification of pathological protein complexes that spread throughout the neuraxis, offering a pathogenic principle that underlies the rapid disease progression that characterizes ALS and FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalini Polymenidou
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0670
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153
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Als and Ftd: Insights into the disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 817:2-6. [PMID: 29031901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) are neurodegenerative disorders, related by signs of deteriorating motor and cognitive functions, and short survival. The causes are still largely unknown and no effective treatment currently exists. It has been shown that FTLD may coexist with ALS. The overlap between ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the clinical syndrome associated with FTLD, occurs at clinical, genetic, and pathological levels. The hallmark proteins of the pathognomonic inclusions are SOD-1, TDP-43 or FUS, rarely the disease is caused by mutations in the respective genes. Frontotemporal lobar degenerations (FTLD) is genetically, neuropathologically and clinically heterogeneous and may present with behavioural, language and occasionally motor disorder, respectively. Almost all cases of ALS, as well as tau-negative FTLD share a common neuropathology, neuronal and glial inclusion bodies containing abnormal TDP-43 protein, collectively called TDP-43 proteinopathy. Recent discoveries in genetics (e.g. C9orf72 hexanucleotide expansion) and the subsequent neuropathological characterization have revealed remarkable overlap between ALS and FTLD-TDP indicating common pathways in pathogenesis. For ALS, an anti-glutamate agent riluzole may be offered to slow disease progression (Level A), and a promising molecule, arimoclomol, is currently in clinical trials. Other compounds, however, are being trailed and some have shown encouraging results. As new therapeutic approaches continue to emerge by targeting SOD1, TDP-43, or GRN, we present some advances that are being made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of these diseases, which together with gene and stem cell therapies may translate into new treatment options.
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154
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Geevasinga N, Korgaonkar MS, Menon P, Van den Bos M, Gomes L, Foster S, Kiernan MC, Vucic S. Brain functional connectome abnormalities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are associated with disability and cortical hyperexcitability. Eur J Neurol 2017; 24:1507-1517. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Geevasinga
- Westmead Clinical School; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW
| | - M. S. Korgaonkar
- Westmead Clinical School; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW
- The Brain Dynamics Centre Westmead Institute for Medical Research and University of Sydney; Westmead NSW
| | - P. Menon
- Westmead Clinical School; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW
| | - M. Van den Bos
- Westmead Clinical School; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW
| | - L. Gomes
- Department of Radiology Westmead Hospital; Westmead NSW
| | - S. Foster
- Department of Radiology Westmead Hospital; Westmead NSW
| | - M. C. Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre University of Sydney; Sydney NSW
- Department of Neurology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - S. Vucic
- Westmead Clinical School; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW
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155
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Abstract
Through autophagy intracellular material is engulfed by double membrane vesicles and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. This process requires Rab GTPases, Rab GAPs and Rab GEFs for proper membrane trafficking, since they control vesicle budding, targeting and fusion. Deregulation of autophagy contributes to several human diseases including cancer, bacterial or viral infections and neurodegeneration. This review focuses on the complex roles of the newly identified protein SMCR8 and its interaction partners during formation and maturation of autophagosomes as well as regulation of lysosomal function and further discusses their implication in neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Behrends
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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156
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Takeda T, Seilhean D, Le Ber I, Millecamps S, Sazdovitch V, Kitagawa K, Uchihara T, Duyckaerts C. Amygdala TDP-43 Pathology in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Motor Neuron Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:800-812. [PMID: 28859337 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TDP-43-positive inclusions are present in the amygdala in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and motor neuron disease (MND) including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Behavioral abnormalities, one of the chief symptoms of FTLD, could be, at least partly, related to amygdala pathology. We examined TDP-43 inclusions in the amygdala of patients with sporadic FTLD/MND (sFTLD/MND), FTLD/MND with mutation of the C9ORF72 (FTLD/MND-C9) and FTLD with mutation of the progranulin (FTLD-GRN). TDP-43 inclusions were common in each one of these subtypes, which can otherwise be distinguished on topographical and genetic grounds. Conventional and immunological stainings were performed and we quantified the numerical density of inclusions on a regional basis. TDP-43 inclusions in amygdala could be seen in 10 out of 26 sFTLD/MND cases, 5 out of 9 FTLD/MND-C9 cases, and all 4 FTLD-GRN cases. Their numerical density was lower in FTLD/MND-C9 than in sFTLD/MND and FTLD-GRN. TDP-43 inclusions were more numerous in the ventral region of the basolateral nucleus group in all subtypes. This contrast was apparent in sporadic and C9-mutated FTLD/MND, while it was less evident in FTLD-GRN. Such differences in subregional involvement of amygdala may be related to the region-specific neuronal connections that are differentially affected in FTLD/MND and FTLD-GRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Takeda
- Service de Neuropathologie, Laboratoire Raymond Escourolle, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, UPMC-P6 UMR S 1127, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Danielle Seilhean
- Service de Neuropathologie, Laboratoire Raymond Escourolle, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, UPMC-P6 UMR S 1127, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Service de Neuropathologie, Laboratoire Raymond Escourolle, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, UPMC-P6 UMR S 1127, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stéphanie Millecamps
- Service de Neuropathologie, Laboratoire Raymond Escourolle, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, UPMC-P6 UMR S 1127, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Véronique Sazdovitch
- Service de Neuropathologie, Laboratoire Raymond Escourolle, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, UPMC-P6 UMR S 1127, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kitagawa
- Service de Neuropathologie, Laboratoire Raymond Escourolle, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, UPMC-P6 UMR S 1127, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Uchihara
- Service de Neuropathologie, Laboratoire Raymond Escourolle, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, UPMC-P6 UMR S 1127, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Service de Neuropathologie, Laboratoire Raymond Escourolle, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, UPMC-P6 UMR S 1127, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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157
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Ramesh N, Pandey UB. Autophagy Dysregulation in ALS: When Protein Aggregates Get Out of Hand. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:263. [PMID: 28878620 PMCID: PMC5572252 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from the loss of upper and lower motor neurons. One of the key pathological hallmarks in diseased neurons is the mislocalization of disease-associated proteins and the formation of cytoplasmic aggregates of these proteins and their interactors due to defective protein quality control. This apparent imbalance in the cellular protein homeostasis could be a crucial factor in causing motor neuron death in the later stages of the disease in patients. Autophagy is a major protein degradation pathway that is involved in the clearance of protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Abnormalities in autophagy have been observed in numerous neurodegenerative disorders, including ALS. In this review, we discuss the contribution of autophagy dysfunction in various in vitro and in vivo models of ALS. Furthermore, we examine the crosstalk between autophagy and other cellular stresses implicated in ALS pathogenesis and the therapeutic implications of regulating autophagy in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Ramesh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public HealthPittsburgh, PA, United States.,Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public HealthPittsburgh, PA, United States.,Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, United States
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158
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Grad LI, Rouleau GA, Ravits J, Cashman NR. Clinical Spectrum of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a024117. [PMID: 28003278 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is primarily characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons, although there is marked phenotypic heterogeneity between cases. Typical, or "classical," ALS is associated with simultaneous upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) involvement at disease onset, whereas atypical forms, such as primary lateral sclerosis and progressive muscular atrophy, have early and predominant involvement in the UMN and LMN, respectively. The varying phenotypes can be so distinctive that they would seem to have differing biology. Because the same phenotypes can have multiple causes, including different gene mutations, there may be multiple molecular mechanisms causing ALS, implying that the disease is a syndrome. Conversely, multiple phenotypes can be caused by a single gene mutation; thus, a single molecular mechanism could be compatible with clinical heterogeneity. The pathogenic mechanism(s) in ALS remain unknown, but active propagation of the pathology neuroanatomically is likely a primary component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie I Grad
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - John Ravits
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Neil R Cashman
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, Canada
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159
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Langseth AJ, Kim J, Ugolino JE, Shah Y, Hwang HY, Wang J, Bergles DE, Brown SP. Cell-type specific differences in promoter activity of the ALS-linked C9orf72 mouse ortholog. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5685. [PMID: 28720882 PMCID: PMC5515847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene is the most common cause of inherited forms of the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mechanisms have been proposed to underlie this disease, but the pathogenic pathways are not fully understood. To better understand the involvement of different cell types in the pathogenesis of ALS, we systematically analyzed the distribution of promoter activity of the mouse ortholog of C9orf72 in the central nervous system. We demonstrate that C9orf72 promoter activity is widespread in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons as well as in oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. In contrast, few microglia and astrocytes exhibit detectable C9orf72 promoter activity. Although at a gross level, the distribution of C9orf72 promoter activity largely follows overall cellular density, we found that it is selectively enriched in subsets of neurons and glial cells that degenerate in ALS. Specifically, we show that C9orf72 promoter activity is enriched in corticospinal and spinal motor neurons as well as in oligodendrocytes in brain regions that are affected in ALS. These results suggest that cell autonomous changes in both neurons and glia may contribute to C9orf72-mediated disease, as has been shown for mutations in superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Langseth
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Juhyun Kim
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Janet E Ugolino
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Yajas Shah
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Ho-Yon Hwang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Jiou Wang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
| | - Solange P Brown
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
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160
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Rusmini P, Cristofani R, Galbiati M, Cicardi ME, Meroni M, Ferrari V, Vezzoli G, Tedesco B, Messi E, Piccolella M, Carra S, Crippa V, Poletti A. The Role of the Heat Shock Protein B8 (HSPB8) in Motoneuron Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:176. [PMID: 28680390 PMCID: PMC5478700 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) are two motoneuron diseases (MNDs) characterized by aberrant protein behavior in affected cells. In familial ALS (fALS) and in SBMA specific gene mutations lead to the production of neurotoxic proteins or peptides prone to misfold, which then accumulate in form of aggregates. Notably, some of these proteins accumulate into aggregates also in sporadic ALS (sALS) even if not mutated. To prevent proteotoxic stresses detrimental to cells, misfolded and/or aggregated proteins must be rapidly removed by the protein quality control (PQC) system. The small heat shock protein B8 (HSPB8) is a chaperone induced by harmful events, like proteasome inhibition. HSPB8 is expressed both in motoneuron and muscle cells, which are both targets of misfolded protein toxicity in MNDs. In ALS mice models, in presence of the mutant proteins, HSPB8 is upregulated both in spinal cord and muscle. HSPB8 interacts with the HSP70 co-chaperone BAG3 and enhances the degradation of misfolded proteins linked to sALS, or causative of fALS and of SBMA. HSPB8 acts by facilitating autophagy, thereby preventing misfolded protein accumulation in affected cells. BAG3 and BAG1 compete for HSP70-bound clients and target them for disposal to the autophagy or proteasome, respectively. Enhancing the selective targeting of misfolded proteins by HSPB8-BAG3-HSP70 to autophagy may also decrease their delivery to the proteasome by the BAG1-HSP70 complex, thereby limiting possible proteasome overwhelming. Thus, approaches aimed at potentiating HSPB8-BAG3 may contribute to the maintenance of proteostasis and may delay MNDs progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rusmini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cristofani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Mariarita Galbiati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Maria E Cicardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Marco Meroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Veronica Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Giulia Vezzoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Barbara Tedesco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Elio Messi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Margherita Piccolella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy
| | - Serena Carra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Università di Modena e Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy
| | - Valeria Crippa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy.,C. Mondino National Neurological InstitutePavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilano, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Roma Tor VergataMilano, Italy
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161
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162
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Agosta F, Ferraro PM, Riva N, Spinelli EG, Domi T, Carrera P, Copetti M, Falzone Y, Ferrari M, Lunetta C, Comi G, Falini A, Quattrini A, Filippi M. Structural and functional brain signatures of C9orf72 in motor neuron disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 57:206-219. [PMID: 28666709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in hexanucleotide repeat expansion in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) motor neuron disease (MND) relative to disease severity-matched sporadic MND cases. We enrolled 19 C9orf72 and 67 disease severity-matched sporadic MND patients, and 22 controls. Sporadic cases were grouped in patients with: no cognitive/behavioral deficits (sporadic-motor); same patterns of cognitive/behavioral impairment as C9orf72 cases (sporadic-cognitive); shorter disease duration versus other sporadic groups (sporadic-early). C9orf72 patients showed cerebellar and thalamic atrophy versus all sporadic cases. All MND patients showed motor, frontal, and temporoparietal cortical thinning and motor and extramotor white matter damage versus controls, independent of genotype and presence of cognitive impairment. Compared with sporadic-early, C9orf72 patients revealed an occipital cortical thinning. C9orf72 patients had enhanced visual network functional connectivity versus sporadic-motor and sporadic-early cases. Structural cerebellar and thalamic damage and posterior cortical alterations are the brain magnetic resonance imaging signatures of C9orf72 MND. Frontotemporal cortical and widespread white matter involvement are likely to be an effect of the disease evolution rather than a C9orf72 marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Agosta
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pilar M Ferraro
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nilo Riva
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Gioele Spinelli
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Teuta Domi
- Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Carrera
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology and Cytogenetics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Unit of Genomics for Human Disease Diagnosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Copetti
- Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS-Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy
| | - Yuri Falzone
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ferrari
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology and Cytogenetics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Unit of Genomics for Human Disease Diagnosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giancarlo Comi
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Falini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Neuroradiology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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163
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Volkening K, Strong WL, Seaton S, Yang W, Strong MJ. C9orf72 mutations do not influence the tau signature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with cognitive impairment (ALSci). Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2017; 18:549-554. [PMID: 28562075 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2017.1332075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE C9orf72 mutations are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and ALS-FTD. In addition to ALS-FTD, ALS patients may develop a spectrum of neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric deficits including ALS with cognitive impairment (ALSci). Here we examine the extent to which C9orf72 mutations are associated with ALSci and whether this alters the tau molecular signature. METHODS We identified 16 ALSci cases within a post-mortem archive of 94 fully genotyped ALS cases, eight of which harboured a C9orf72 mutation, in addition to three cognitively-intact ALS cases with a C9orf72 mutation. Tau was fractionated into soluble and insoluble fractions, with or without dephosphorylation, and immunoblots for tau phospho-isoforms performed. RESULTS Regardless of cognitive state or the presence of C9orf72 mutation, all ALS cases demonstrated six tau isoforms in both soluble and insoluble tau isolates. This pattern was unaffected by dephosphorylation. pThr175tau isoforms, a molecular signature of ALSci, were present regardless of C9orf72 genetic status. The pathognomic paired helical triplet in the insoluble tau fraction of Alzheimer's disease was not observed, regardless of cognitive or C9orf72 status. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the presence of a C9orf72 mutation does not influence the tau signature of ALS or ALSci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Volkening
- a Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada and.,b Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Wendy L Strong
- a Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada and
| | - Shauntel Seaton
- a Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada and
| | - Wencheng Yang
- a Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada and
| | - Michael J Strong
- a Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada and.,b Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada
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164
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Budini M, Buratti E, Morselli E, Criollo A. Autophagy and Its Impact on Neurodegenerative Diseases: New Roles for TDP-43 and C9orf72. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:170. [PMID: 28611593 PMCID: PMC5447761 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic mechanism where intracellular material is degraded by vesicular structures called autophagolysosomes. Autophagy is necessary to maintain the normal function of the central nervous system (CNS), avoiding the accumulation of misfolded and aggregated proteins. Consistently, impaired autophagy has been associated with the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. The proteins TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43), which regulates RNA processing at different levels, and chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72), probably involved in membrane trafficking, are crucial in the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD). Additionally, recent studies have identified a role for these proteins in the control of autophagy. In this manuscript, we review what is known regarding the autophagic mechanism and discuss the involvement of TDP-43 and C9orf72 in autophagy and their impact on neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Budini
- Dentistry Faculty, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Emanuele Buratti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTrieste, Italy
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Dentistry Faculty, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of ChileSantiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic DiseasesSantiago, Chile
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165
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Rainero I, Rubino E, Michelerio A, D’Agata F, Gentile S, Pinessi L. Recent advances in the molecular genetics of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. FUNCTIONAL NEUROLOGY 2017; 32:7-16. [PMID: 28380318 PMCID: PMC5505533 DOI: 10.11138/fneur/2017.32.1.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The term frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) describes a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders associated with deposition of misfolded proteins in the frontal and temporal lobes. Up to 40% of FTLD patients reports a family history of neurodegeneration, and approximately 1/3 of familial cases shows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance of the phenotype. Over the past two decades, several causative and susceptibility genes for FTLD have been discovered, supporting the notion that genetic factors are important contributors to the disease processes. Genetic variants in three genes, MAPT, GRN and C9orf72, account for about half of familial FTLD cases. In addition, rare defects in the CHMP2B, VCP, TARDBP, SQSTM1, FUS, UBQLN, OPTN, TREM2, CHCHD10 and TBK1 genes have been described. Additional genes are expected to be found in near future. The purpose of this review is to describe recent advances in the molecular genetics of the FTLD spectrum and to discuss implications for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocenzo Rainero
- Neurology I, Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Torino, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Rubino
- Neurology I, Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Michelerio
- Neurology I, Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Federico D’Agata
- Neurology I, Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Salvatore Gentile
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pinessi
- Neurology I, Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Torino, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
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166
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Webster CP, Smith EF, Shaw PJ, De Vos KJ. Protein Homeostasis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Therapeutic Opportunities? Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:123. [PMID: 28512398 PMCID: PMC5411428 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis), the correct balance between production and degradation of proteins, is essential for the health and survival of cells. Proteostasis requires an intricate network of protein quality control pathways (the proteostasis network) that work to prevent protein aggregation and maintain proteome health throughout the lifespan of the cell. Collapse of proteostasis has been implicated in the etiology of a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common adult onset motor neuron disorder. Here, we review the evidence linking dysfunctional proteostasis to the etiology of ALS and discuss how ALS-associated insults affect the proteostasis network. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic benefit of proteostasis network modulation in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Webster
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Emma F Smith
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Kurt J De Vos
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
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167
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Menon P, Geevasinga N, van den Bos M, Yiannikas C, Kiernan MC, Vucic S. Cortical hyperexcitability and disease spread in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2017; 24:816-824. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Menon
- Western Clinical School; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW
- Department of Neurology; Westmead Hospital; Westmead NSW
| | - N. Geevasinga
- Western Clinical School; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW
- Department of Neurology; Westmead Hospital; Westmead NSW
| | - M. van den Bos
- Department of Neurology; Westmead Hospital; Westmead NSW
| | - C. Yiannikas
- Royal North Shore Hospital and Northern Clinical School; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW
| | - M. C. Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre; University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - S. Vucic
- Western Clinical School; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW
- Department of Neurology; Westmead Hospital; Westmead NSW
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168
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Santamaria N, Alhothali M, Alfonso MH, Breydo L, Uversky VN. Intrinsic disorder in proteins involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1297-1318. [PMID: 27838743 PMCID: PMC11107678 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Five structurally and functionally different proteins, an enzyme superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), a TAR-DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43), an RNA-binding protein FUS, a cofilin-binding protein C9orf72, and polypeptides generated as a result of its intronic hexanucleotide expansions, and to lesser degree actin-binding profilin-1 (PFN1), are considered to be the major drivers of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. One of the features common to these proteins is the presence of significant levels of intrinsic disorder. The goal of this study is to consider these neurodegeneration-related proteins from the intrinsic disorder perspective. To this end, we employed a broad set of computational tools for intrinsic disorder analysis and conducted intensive literature search to gain information on the structural peculiarities of SOD1, TDP-43, FUS, C9orf72, and PFN1 and their intrinsic disorder predispositions, and the roles of intrinsic disorder in their normal and pathological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Santamaria
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC07, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Marwa Alhothali
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC07, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Maria Harreguy Alfonso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC07, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Leonid Breydo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC07, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC07, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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169
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Potential multisystem degeneration in Asidan patients. J Neurol Sci 2017; 373:216-222. [PMID: 28131191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a potential multisystem involvement of neurodegeneration in Asidan, in addition to cerebellar ataxia and signs of motor neuron disease. METHODS We compared the new Asidan patients and those identified in previous studies with Parkinson's disease (PD, n=21), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP, n=13) patients using 123I-2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)-N-(3-fluoropropyl) nortropane (123I-FP-CIT) dopamine transporter single photon emission computed tomography (DAT-SPECT) and 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) myocardial scintigraphy (Asidan, DAT: n=10; MIBG: n=15). RESULTS Both the PD and PSP groups served as positive controls for DAT decline. The PD and PSP groups served as a positive and negative control, respectively, of MIBG decline in the early phase H/M ratio. Of the Asidan patients, 60.0% showed DAT decline without evident parkinsonian features and 6.7% showed impaired MIBG in only the delayed phase H/M ratio. Combined with a normal range of the early phase H/M ratio, this phenotype was newly named Declined DAT Without Evident Parkinsonism (DWEP). INTERPRETATION The results of present study including DWEP suggest a wider spectrum of neurodegeneration for extrapyramidal and autonomic systems in Asidan patients than expected, involving cerebellar, motor system and cognitive functioning.
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170
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Freibaum BD, Taylor JP. The Role of Dipeptide Repeats in C9ORF72-Related ALS-FTD. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:35. [PMID: 28243191 PMCID: PMC5303742 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of a hexanucleotide (GGGGCC) repeat in the gene chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72) is the most common cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Three non-exclusive mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to the pathology initiated by this genetic insult. First, it was suggested that decreased expression of the C9orf72 protein product may contribute to disease. Second, the recognition that C9ORF72-related disease is associated with accumulation of GGGGCC repeat-containing RNA in nuclear foci led to the suggestion that toxic gain of RNA function, perhaps related to sequestration of RNA-binding proteins, might be an important driver of disease. Third, it was subsequently appreciated that GGGGCC repeat-containing RNA undergoes unconventional translation to produce unnatural dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins that accumulate in patient brain early in disease. DPRs translated from all six reading frames in either the sense or antisense direction of the hexanucleotide repeat result in the expression of five DPRs: glycine–alanine (GA), glycine–arginine (GR), proline–alanine (PA), proline–arginine (PR) and glycine–proline (GP; GP is generated from both the sense and antisense reading frames). However, the relative contribution of each DPR to disease pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we review evidence for the contribution of each specific DPR to pathogenesis and examine the probable mechanisms through which these DPRs induce neurodegeneration. We also consider the association of the toxic DPRs with impaired RNA metabolism and alterations to the liquid-like state of non-membrane-bound organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Freibaum
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, TN, USA
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA; Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy Chase, MD, USA
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171
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The Proline/Arginine Dipeptide from Hexanucleotide Repeat Expanded C9ORF72 Inhibits the Proteasome. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0249-16. [PMID: 28197542 PMCID: PMC5282547 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0249-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An intronic hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) mutation in the C9ORF72 gene is the most common cause of familial ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and is found in ∼7% of individuals with apparently sporadic disease. Several different diamino acid peptides can be generated from the HRE by noncanonical translation (repeat-associated non-ATG translation, or RAN translation), and some of these peptides can be toxic. Here, we studied the effects of two arginine containing RAN translation products [proline/arginine repeated 20 times (PR20) and glycine/arginine repeated 20 times (GR20)] in primary rat spinal cord neuron cultures grown on an astrocyte feeder layer. We find that PR20 kills motor neurons with an LD50 of 2 µM, but in contrast to the effects of other ALS-causing mutant proteins (i.e., SOD or TDP43), PR20 does not evoke the biochemical signature of mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, or mTORC down-regulation. PR20 does result in a time-dependent build-up of ubiquitylated substrates, and this is associated with a reduction of flux through both autophagic and proteasomal degradation pathways. GR20, however, does not have these effects. The effects of PR20 on the proteasome are likely to be direct because (1) PR20 physically associates with proteasomes in biochemical assays, and (2) PR20 inhibits the degradation of a ubiquitylated test substrate when presented to purified proteasomes. Application of a proteasomal activator (IU1) blocks the toxic effects of PR20 on motor neuron survival. This work suggests that proteasomal activators have therapeutic potential in individuals with C9ORF72 HRE.
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172
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Strong MJ, Abrahams S, Goldstein LH, Woolley S, Mclaughlin P, Snowden J, Mioshi E, Roberts-South A, Benatar M, HortobáGyi T, Rosenfeld J, Silani V, Ince PG, Turner MR. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - frontotemporal spectrum disorder (ALS-FTSD): Revised diagnostic criteria. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2017; 18:153-174. [PMID: 28054827 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2016.1267768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the revised consensus criteria for the diagnosis of frontotemporal dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) based on an international research workshop on frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and ALS held in London, Canada in June 2015. Since the publication of the Strong criteria, there have been considerable advances in the understanding of the neuropsychological profile of patients with ALS. Not only is the breadth and depth of neuropsychological findings broader than previously recognised - - including deficits in social cognition and language - but mixed deficits may also occur. Evidence now shows that the neuropsychological deficits in ALS are extremely heterogeneous, affecting over 50% of persons with ALS. When present, these deficits significantly and adversely impact patient survival. It is the recognition of this clinical heterogeneity in association with neuroimaging, genetic and neuropathological advances that has led to the current re-conceptualisation that neuropsychological deficits in ALS fall along a spectrum. These revised consensus criteria expand upon those of 2009 and embrace the concept of the frontotemporal spectrum disorder of ALS (ALS-FTSD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Strong
- a Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Sharon Abrahams
- b Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences , Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Laura H Goldstein
- c King's College London, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , London , UK
| | - Susan Woolley
- d Forbes Norris MDA/ALS Research Centre, California Pacific Medical Centre , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Paula Mclaughlin
- e Western University , Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry , London , ON , Canada
| | - Julie Snowden
- f Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre , Salford Royal NHS Trust and University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Eneida Mioshi
- g Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , University of East Anglia , Norwich , UK
| | - Angie Roberts-South
- h Northwestern University , Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders , Evanston , IL , USA
| | - Michael Benatar
- i Department of Neurology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Tibor HortobáGyi
- j Department of Neuropathology , Institute of Pathology, University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - Jeffrey Rosenfeld
- k Department of Neurology , Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda , CA , USA
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- l Department of Neurology and Laboratory Neuroscience - IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , 'Dino Ferrari' Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Paul G Ince
- m Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience , The University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK , and
| | - Martin R Turner
- n Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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173
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Hortobágyi T, Cairns NJ. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and non-tau frontotemporal lobar degeneration. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2017; 145:369-381. [PMID: 28987183 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802395-2.00026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the major motor neuron disorder. The hallmark features are progressive, irreversible motor neuron loss leading to denervation atrophy of muscles and death, usually within 5 years of disease onset. The hallmark proteins of the pathognomonic inclusions are SOD-1, TDP-43, or FUS; rarely the disease is caused by mutation of the respective genes. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is genetically, neuropathologically, and clinically heterogeneous and may present as a dementia with three major clinical syndromes dominated by behavioral, language, and motor disorders, respectively. The characteristic aggregate-forming protein in non-tau FTLD is either TDP-43 or FUS. It has been known for several years that frontotemporal dementia (or less severe forms of cognitive impairment) may coexist with ALS. Recent discoveries in genetics (e.g., C9orf72 mutation) and the subsequent neuropathologic characterization have revealed remarkable overlap between ALS and non-tau FTLD also at a molecular level, indicating common molecular pathways in pathogenesis. After a historic overview we demonstrate and compare the macroscopic and microscopic appearances and molecular characteristics with emphasis on genetic background, neuroanatomic distribution, and morphology of abnormal protein aggregates and their possible association with specific mutations. The clinicopathologic classifications and correlations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
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174
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Scotter EL, Smyth L, Bailey JAWT, Wong CH, de Majo M, Vance CA, Synek BJ, Turner C, Pereira J, Charleston A, Waldvogel HJ, Curtis MA, Dragunow M, Shaw CE, Smith BN, Faull RLM. C9ORF72 and UBQLN2 mutations are causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in New Zealand: a genetic and pathologic study using banked human brain tissue. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 49:214.e1-214.e5. [PMID: 27480424 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease, which causes progressive and eventually fatal loss of motor function. Here, we describe genetic and pathologic characterization of brain tissue banked from 19 ALS patients over nearly 20 years at the Department of Anatomy and the Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand. We screened for mutations in SOD1, TARDBP, FUS, and C9ORF72 genes and for neuropathology caused by phosphorylated TDP-43, dipeptide repeats (DPRs), and ubiquilin. We identified 2 cases with C9ORF72 repeat expansions. Both harbored phosphorylated TDP-43 and DPR inclusions. We show that DPR inclusions can incorporate or occur independently of ubiquilin. We also identified 1 case with a UBQLN2 mutation, which showed phosphorylated TDP-43 and characteristic ubiquilin protein inclusions. This is the first study of ALS genetics in New Zealand, adding New Zealand to the growing list of countries in which C9ORF72 repeat expansion and UBQLN2 mutations are detected in ALS cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Scotter
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Leon Smyth
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J Ames W T Bailey
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chun-Hao Wong
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Martina de Majo
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline A Vance
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Beth J Synek
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clinton Turner
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Pereira
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alison Charleston
- Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher E Shaw
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bradley N Smith
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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175
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Vucic S, Kiernan MC. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Assessment of Neurodegenerative Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:91-106. [PMID: 27830492 PMCID: PMC5233629 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive technique that has provided important information about cortical function across an array of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease, and related extrapyramidal disorders. Application of TMS techniques in neurodegenerative diseases has provided important pathophysiological insights, leading to the development of pathogenic and diagnostic biomarkers that could be used in the clinical setting and therapeutic trials. Abnormalities of TMS outcome measures heralding cortical hyperexcitability, as evidenced by a reduction of short-interval intracortical inhibition and increased in motor-evoked potential amplitude, have been consistently identified as early and intrinsic features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), preceding and correlating with the ensuing neurodegeneration. Cortical hyperexcitability appears to form the pathogenic basis of ALS, mediated by trans-synaptic glutamate-mediated excitotoxic mechanisms. As a consequence of these research findings, TMS has been developed as a potential diagnostic biomarker, capable of identifying upper motor neuronal pathology, at earlier stages of the disease process, and thereby aiding in ALS diagnosis. Of further relevance, marked TMS abnormalities have been reported in other neurodegenerative diseases, which have varied from findings in ALS. With time and greater utilization by clinicians, TMS outcome measures may prove to be of utility in future therapeutic trial settings across the neurodegenerative disease spectrum, including the monitoring of neuroprotective, stem-cell, and genetic-based strategies, thereby enabling assessment of biological effectiveness at early stages of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Vucic
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Bushell Chair of Neurology, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
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176
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Taylor JP, Brown RH, Cleveland DW. Decoding ALS: from genes to mechanism. Nature 2016; 539:197-206. [PMID: 27830784 DOI: 10.1038/nature20413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1314] [Impact Index Per Article: 164.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and uniformly fatal neurodegenerative disease. A plethora of genetic factors have been identified that drive the degeneration of motor neurons in ALS, increase susceptibility to the disease or influence the rate of its progression. Emerging themes include dysfunction in RNA metabolism and protein homeostasis, with specific defects in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, the induction of stress at the endoplasmic reticulum and impaired dynamics of ribonucleoprotein bodies such as RNA granules that assemble through liquid-liquid phase separation. Extraordinary progress in understanding the biology of ALS provides new reasons for optimism that meaningful therapies will be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Taylor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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177
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Götzl JK, Lang CM, Haass C, Capell A. Impaired protein degradation in FTLD and related disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:122-139. [PMID: 27166223 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Impaired protein degradation has been discussed as a cause or consequence of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. More recently, evidence accumulated that dysfunctional protein degradation may play a role in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Since in almost all neurodegenerative diseases, protein aggregates are disease-defining hallmarks, it is most likely that impaired protein degradation contributes to disease onset and progression. In the majority of FTD cases, the pathological protein aggregates contain either microtubuleassociated protein tau or TAR DNA-binding protein (TDP)-43. Aggregates are also positive for ubiquitin and p62/sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) indicating that these aggregates are targeted for degradation. FTD-linked mutations in genes encoding three autophagy adaptor proteins, p62/SQSTM1, ubiquilin 2 and optineurin, indicate that impaired autophagy might cause FTD. Furthermore, the strongest evidence for lysosomal impairment in FTD is provided by the progranulin (GRN) gene, which is linked to FTD and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. In this review, we summarize the observations that have been made during the last years linking the accumulation of disease-associated proteins in FTD to impaired protein degradation pathways. In addition, we take resent findings for nucleocytoplasmic transport defects of TDP-43, as discussed for hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9orf72 into account and provide a hypothesis how the interplay of altered nuclear transport and protein degradation leads to the accumulation of protein deposits.
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178
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Westeneng HJ, Walhout R, Straathof M, Schmidt R, Hendrikse J, Veldink JH, van den Heuvel MP, van den Berg LH. Widespread structural brain involvement in ALS is not limited to the C9orf72 repeat expansion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016; 87:1354-1360. [PMID: 27756805 PMCID: PMC5136726 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-313959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with a C9orf72 repeat expansion (C9+), a neuroimaging phenotype with widespread structural cerebral changes has been found. We aimed to investigate the specificity of this neuroimaging phenotype in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS 156 C9- and 14 C9+ patients with ALS underwent high-resolution T1-weighted MRI; a subset (n=126) underwent diffusion-weighted imaging. Cortical thickness, subcortical volumes and white matter integrity were compared between C9+ and C9- patients. Using elastic net logistic regression, a model defining the neuroimaging phenotype of C9+ was determined and applied to C9- patients with ALS. RESULTS C9+ patients showed cortical thinning outside the precentral gyrus, extending to the bilateral pars opercularis, fusiform, lingual, isthmus-cingulate and superior parietal cortex, and smaller volumes of the right hippocampus and bilateral thalamus, and reduced white matter integrity of the inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculus compared with C9- patients (p<0.05). Among 128 C9- patients, we detected a subgroup of 27 (21%) with a neuroimaging phenotype congruent to C9+ patients, while 101 (79%) C9- patients showed cortical thinning restricted to the primary motor cortex. C9- patients with a 'C9+' neuroimaging phenotype had lower performance on the frontal assessment battery, compared with other C9- patients with ALS (p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that widespread structural brain involvement is not limited to C9+ patients, but also presents in a subgroup of C9- patients with ALS and relates to cognitive deficits. Our neuroimaging findings reveal an intermediate phenotype that may provide insight into the complex relationship between genetic factors and clinical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk-Jan Westeneng
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Renée Walhout
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Milou Straathof
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn P van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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179
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Engelen-Lee J, Blokhuis AM, Spliet WGM, Pasterkamp RJ, Aronica E, Demmers JAA, Broekhuizen R, Nardo G, Bovenschen N, Van Den Berg LH. Proteomic profiling of the spinal cord in ALS: decreased ATP5D levels suggest synaptic dysfunction in ALS pathogenesis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2016; 18:210-220. [DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2016.1245757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jooyeon Engelen-Lee
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | - Anna M. Blokhuis
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
| | - Wim G. M. Spliet
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
| | - R. Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | - Jeroen A. A. Demmers
- Proteomics Centre, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,
| | - Roel Broekhuizen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
| | - Giovanni Nardo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy,
| | - Niels Bovenschen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, and
| | - Leonard H. Van Den Berg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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180
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Ugolino J, Ji YJ, Conchina K, Chu J, Nirujogi RS, Pandey A, Brady NR, Hamacher-Brady A, Wang J. Loss of C9orf72 Enhances Autophagic Activity via Deregulated mTOR and TFEB Signaling. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006443. [PMID: 27875531 PMCID: PMC5119725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common cause of the neurodegenerative diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia is a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9orf72. Here we report a study of the C9orf72 protein by examining the consequences of loss of C9orf72 functions. Deletion of one or both alleles of the C9orf72 gene in mice causes age-dependent lethality phenotypes. We demonstrate that C9orf72 regulates nutrient sensing as the loss of C9orf72 decreases phosphorylation of the mTOR substrate S6K1. The transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal and autophagy genes, which is negatively regulated by mTOR, is substantially up-regulated in C9orf72 loss-of-function animal and cellular models. Consistent with reduced mTOR activity and increased TFEB levels, loss of C9orf72 enhances autophagic flux, suggesting that C9orf72 is a negative regulator of autophagy. We identified a protein complex consisting of C9orf72 and SMCR8, both of which are homologous to DENN-like proteins. The depletion of C9orf72 or SMCR8 leads to significant down-regulation of each other’s protein level. Loss of SMCR8 alters mTOR signaling and autophagy. These results demonstrate that the C9orf72-SMCR8 protein complex functions in the regulation of metabolism and provide evidence that loss of C9orf72 function may contribute to the pathogenesis of relevant diseases. C9orf72 is one of many uncharacterized genes in the human genome. The presence of repeated nucleotides in the non-coding region of the C9orf72 gene (GGGGCC) has been linked to the neurodegenerative diseases Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, how the presence of these repeats in the gene leads to neurodegeneration is unknown. One possible explanation is that the repeats lead to a reduced expression of the C9orf72 gene and loss of function of the C9orf72 protein. Although C9orf72 is well-conserved among multi-cellular organisms, its protein function remains to be determined. In this study, we demonstrated that loss of C9orf72 reduces mTOR signaling and enhances autophagy. mTOR signaling and autophagy are important for the cellular maintenance of metabolic balances, especially under stress conditions. C9orf72 protein exists in a complex with another DENN-like protein, SMCR8, which also regulates mTOR signaling and autophagy. We generated mice lacking C9orf72, which died prematurely and showed dramatic upregulation of TFEB, a crucial transcriptional regulator of autophagy and lysosomal genes, that integrates mTOR activity state and autophagic capacity. We propose that C9orf72 function is important for metabolic control and its deficiency can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Ugolino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yon Ju Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen Conchina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Justin Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raja Sekhar Nirujogi
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nathan R. Brady
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anne Hamacher-Brady
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jiou Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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181
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Webster CP, Smith EF, Grierson AJ, De Vos KJ. C9orf72 plays a central role in Rab GTPase-dependent regulation of autophagy. Small GTPases 2016; 9:399-408. [PMID: 27768524 PMCID: PMC5997165 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1240495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the first intron of the C9orf72 gene is the most common genetic defect associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) (C9ALS/FTD). Haploinsufficiency and a resulting loss of C9orf72 protein function has been suggested as a possible pathogenic mechanism in C9ALS/FTD. C9ALS/FTD patients exhibit specific ubiquitin and p62/sequestosome-1 positive but TDP-43 negative inclusions in the cerebellum and hippocampus, indicating possible autophagy deficits in these patients. In a recent study, we investigated this possibility by reducing expression of C9orf72 in cell lines and primary neurons and found that C9orf72 regulates the initiation of autophagy. C9orf72 interacts with Rab1a, preferentially in its GTP-bound state, as well as the ULK1 autophagy initiation complex. As an effector of Rab1a, C9orf72 controls the Rab1a-dependent trafficking of the ULK1 initiation complex prior to autophagosome formation. In line with this function, C9orf72 depletion in cell lines and primary neurons caused the accumulation of p62/sequestosome-1-positive inclusions. In support of a role in disease pathogenesis, C9ALS/FTD patient-derived iNeurons showed markedly reduced levels of autophagy. In this Commentary we summarise recent findings supporting the key role of C9orf72 in Rab GTPase-dependent regulation of autophagy and discuss autophagy dysregulation as a pathogenic mechanism in ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Webster
- a Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
| | - Emma F Smith
- a Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
| | - Andrew J Grierson
- a Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
| | - Kurt J De Vos
- a Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience , University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
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182
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Guerrero EN, Wang H, Mitra J, Hegde PM, Stowell SE, Liachko NF, Kraemer BC, Garruto RM, Rao KS, Hegde ML. TDP-43/FUS in motor neuron disease: Complexity and challenges. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 145-146:78-97. [PMID: 27693252 PMCID: PMC5101148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a common motor neuron disease affecting two per 100,000 people worldwide, encompasses at least five distinct pathological subtypes, including, ALS-SOD1, ALS-C9orf72, ALS-TDP-43, ALS-FUS and Guam-ALS. The etiology of a major subset of ALS involves toxicity of the TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43). A second RNA/DNA binding protein, fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS) has been subsequently associated with about 1% of ALS patients. While mutations in TDP-43 and FUS have been linked to ALS, the key contributing molecular mechanism(s) leading to cell death are still unclear. One unique feature of TDP-43 and FUS pathogenesis in ALS is their nuclear clearance and simultaneous cytoplasmic aggregation in affected motor neurons. Since the discoveries in the last decade implicating TDP-43 and FUS toxicity in ALS, a majority of studies have focused on their cytoplasmic aggregation and disruption of their RNA-binding functions. However, TDP-43 and FUS also bind to DNA, although the significance of their DNA binding in disease-affected neurons has been less investigated. A recent observation of accumulated genomic damage in TDP-43 and FUS-linked ALS and association of FUS with neuronal DNA damage repair pathways indicate a possible role of deregulated DNA binding function of TDP-43 and FUS in ALS. In this review, we discuss the different ALS disease subtypes, crosstalk of etiopathologies in disease progression, available animal models and their limitations, and recent advances in understanding the specific involvement of RNA/DNA binding proteins, TDP-43 and FUS, in motor neuron diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika N. Guerrero
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Centre for Neuroscience, Institute for Scientific Research and Technology Services (INDICASAT-AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Joy Mitra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Pavana M. Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sara E. Stowell
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York
| | - Nicole F Liachko
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Brian C. Kraemer
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Ralph M. Garruto
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York
| | - K. S. Rao
- Centre for Neuroscience, Institute for Scientific Research and Technology Services (INDICASAT-AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - Muralidhar L. Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York
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183
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Schipper LJ, Raaphorst J, Aronica E, Baas F, de Haan R, de Visser M, Troost D. Prevalence of brain and spinal cord inclusions, including dipeptide repeat proteins, in patients with the C9ORF72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion: a systematic neuropathological review. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 42:547-60. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Schipper
- Department of Neurology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - J. Raaphorst
- Department of Neurology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - E. Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - F. Baas
- Department of Genome Analysis; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - R. de Haan
- Clinical Research Unit; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - M. de Visser
- Department of Neurology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - D. Troost
- Department of Neuropathology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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184
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Geevasinga N, Menon P, Özdinler PH, Kiernan MC, Vucic S. Pathophysiological and diagnostic implications of cortical dysfunction in ALS. Nat Rev Neurol 2016; 12:651-661. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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185
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Wen X, Westergard T, Pasinelli P, Trotti D. Pathogenic determinants and mechanisms of ALS/FTD linked to hexanucleotide repeat expansions in the C9orf72 gene. Neurosci Lett 2016; 636:16-26. [PMID: 27619540 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are two apparently distinct neurodegenerative diseases, the former characterized by selective loss of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord and the latter characterized by selective atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes. Over the years, however, growing evidence from clinical, pathological and genetic findings has suggested that ALS and FTD belong to the same clinic-pathological spectrum disorder. This concept has been further supported by the identification of the most common genetic cause for both diseases, an aberrantly expanded hexanucleotide repeat GGGGCC/ CCCCGG sequence located in a non-coding region of the gene C9orf72. Three hypotheses have been proposed to explain how this repeats expansion causes diseases: 1) C9orf72 haploinsufficiency-expanded repeats interfere with transcription or translation of the gene, leading to decreased expression of the C9orf72 protein; 2) RNA gain of function-RNA foci formed by sense and antisense transcripts of expanded repeats interact and sequester essential RNA binding proteins, causing neurotoxicity; 3) Repeat associated non-ATG initiated (RAN) translation of expanded sense GGGGCC and antisense CCCCGG repeats produces potential toxic dipeptide repeat protein (DPR). In this review, we assess current evidence supporting or arguing against each proposed mechanism in C9 ALS/FTD disease pathogenesis. Additionally, controversial findings are also discussed. Lastly, we discuss the possibility that the three pathogenic mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and all three might be involved in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Wen
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Thomas Westergard
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Piera Pasinelli
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Davide Trotti
- Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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186
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Early Cerebellar Hypometabolism in Patients With Frontotemporal Dementia Carrying the C9orf72 Expansion. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2016; 29:353-6. [PMID: 25203513 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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187
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Saberi S, Stauffer JE, Schulte DJ, Ravits J. Neuropathology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Its Variants. Neurol Clin 2016; 33:855-76. [PMID: 26515626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neuropathologic molecular signature common to almost all sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and most familial ALS is TDP-43 immunoreactive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions. The neuropathologic and molecular neuropathologic features of ALS variants, primarily lateral sclerosis and progressive muscular atrophy, are less certain but also seem to share the primary features of ALS. Genetic causes, including mutations in SOD1, TDP-43, FUS, and C9orf72, all have distinctive molecular neuropathologic signatures. Neuropathology will continue to play an increasingly key role in solving the puzzle of ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Saberi
- Department of Neurosciences, ALS Translational Research, University of California (San Diego), 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0624, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer E Stauffer
- Department of Neurosciences, ALS Translational Research, University of California (San Diego), 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0624, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Derek J Schulte
- Department of Neurosciences, ALS Translational Research, University of California (San Diego), 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0624, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John Ravits
- Department of Neurosciences, ALS Translational Research, University of California (San Diego), 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0624, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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188
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Prpar Mihevc S, Darovic S, Kovanda A, Bajc Česnik A, Župunski V, Rogelj B. Nuclear trafficking in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Brain 2016; 140:13-26. [PMID: 27497493 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration are two ends of a phenotypic spectrum of disabling, relentlessly progressive and ultimately fatal diseases. A key characteristic of both conditions is the presence of TDP-43 (encoded by TARDBP) or FUS immunoreactive cytoplasmic inclusions in neuronal and glial cells. This cytoplasmic mislocalization of otherwise predominantly nuclear RNA binding proteins implies a perturbation of the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling as a possible event in the pathogenesis. Compromised nucleocytoplasmic shuttling has recently also been associated with a hexanucleotide repeat expansion mutation in C9orf72, which is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and leads to accumulation of cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions. Mutation in C9orf72 may disrupt nucleocytoplasmic shuttling on the level of C9ORF72 protein, the transcribed hexanucleotide repeat RNA, and/or dipeptide repeat proteins translated form the hexanucleotide repeat RNA. These defects of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling may therefore, constitute the common ground of the underlying disease mechanisms in different molecular subtypes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Prpar Mihevc
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Darovic
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Kovanda
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Bajc Česnik
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vera Župunski
- 2 Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Rogelj
- 1 Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia .,2 Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,3 Biomedical Research Institute BRIS, Puhova 10, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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189
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Hadano S, Mitsui S, Pan L, Otomo A, Kubo M, Sato K, Ono S, Onodera W, Abe K, Chen X, Koike M, Uchiyama Y, Aoki M, Warabi E, Yamamoto M, Ishii T, Yanagawa T, Shang HF, Yoshii F. Functional links between SQSTM1 and ALS2 in the pathogenesis of ALS: cumulative impact on the protection against mutant SOD1-mediated motor dysfunction in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3321-3340. [PMID: 27439389 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a selective loss of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Multiple toxicity pathways, such as oxidative stress, misfolded protein accumulation, and dysfunctional autophagy, are implicated in the pathogenesis of ALS. However, the molecular basis of the interplay between such multiple factors in vivo remains unclear. Here, we report that two independent ALS-linked autophagy-associated gene products; SQSTM1/p62 and ALS2/alsin, but not antioxidant-related factor; NFE2L2/Nrf2, are implicated in the pathogenesis in mutant SOD1 transgenic ALS models. We generated SOD1H46R mice either on a Nfe2l2-null, Sqstm1-null, or Sqstm1/Als2-double null background. Loss of SQSTM1 but not NFE2L2 exacerbated disease symptoms. A simultaneous inactivation of SQSTM1 and ALS2 further accelerated the onset of disease. Biochemical analyses revealed that loss of SQSTM1 increased the level of insoluble SOD1 at the intermediate stage of the disease, whereas no further elevation occurred at the end-stage. Notably, absence of SQSTM1 rather suppressed the mutant SOD1-dependent accumulation of insoluble polyubiquitinated proteins, while ALS2 loss enhanced it. Histopathological examinations demonstrated that loss of SQSTM1 accelerated motor neuron degeneration with accompanying the preferential accumulation of ubiquitin-positive aggregates in spinal neurons. Since SQSTM1 loss is more detrimental to SOD1H46R mice than lack of ALS2, the selective accumulation of such aggregates in neurons might be more insulting than the biochemically-detectable insoluble proteins. Collectively, two ALS-linked factors, SQSTM1 and ALS2, have distinct but additive protective roles against mutant SOD1-mediated toxicity by modulating neuronal proteostasis possibly through the autophagy-endolysosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Hadano
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan .,Research Center for Brain and Nervous Diseases, Tokai University Graduate School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.,The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shun Mitsui
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Lei Pan
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Asako Otomo
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.,The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.,Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kubo
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kai Sato
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Suzuka Ono
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wakana Onodera
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koichiro Abe
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - XuePing Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Eiji Warabi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ishii
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toru Yanagawa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hui-Fang Shang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fumihito Yoshii
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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190
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Picher-Martel V, Valdmanis PN, Gould PV, Julien JP, Dupré N. From animal models to human disease: a genetic approach for personalized medicine in ALS. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:70. [PMID: 27400686 PMCID: PMC4940869 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is the most frequent motor neuron disease in adults. Classical ALS is characterized by the death of upper and lower motor neurons leading to progressive paralysis. Approximately 10 % of ALS patients have familial form of the disease. Numerous different gene mutations have been found in familial cases of ALS, such as mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), fused in sarcoma (FUS), C9ORF72, ubiquilin-2 (UBQLN2), optineurin (OPTN) and others. Multiple animal models were generated to mimic the disease and to test future treatments. However, no animal model fully replicates the spectrum of phenotypes in the human disease and it is difficult to assess how a therapeutic effect in disease models can predict efficacy in humans. Importantly, the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of ALS leads to a variety of responses to similar treatment regimens. From this has emerged the concept of personalized medicine (PM), which is a medical scheme that combines study of genetic, environmental and clinical diagnostic testing, including biomarkers, to individualized patient care. In this perspective, we used subgroups of specific ALS-linked gene mutations to go through existing animal models and to provide a comprehensive profile of the differences and similarities between animal models of disease and human disease. Finally, we reviewed application of biomarkers and gene therapies relevant in personalized medicine approach. For instance, this includes viral delivering of antisense oligonucleotide and small interfering RNA in SOD1, TDP-43 and C9orf72 mice models. Promising gene therapies raised possibilities for treating differently the major mutations in familial ALS cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Picher-Martel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Research Centre of Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Laval University, 2601 Chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada.
| | - Paul N Valdmanis
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR 2110, Stanford, CA, 94305-5164, USA
| | - Peter V Gould
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Neuropathology, Department of Medical Biology, CHU de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, 1401, 18th street, Québec, QC, Canada, G1J 1Z4
| | - Jean-Pierre Julien
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Research Centre of Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Laval University, 2601 Chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Axe Neurosciences & The Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, CHU de Québec, Laval University, 1401, 18th street, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada.
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191
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Macular sub-layer thinning and association with pulmonary function tests in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29187. [PMID: 27383525 PMCID: PMC4935870 DOI: 10.1038/srep29187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that may have anterior visual pathway involvement. In this study, we compare the macular structure of patients with ALS to healthy controls, and examine correlations between macular sub-layer thickness measurements and pulmonary function tests and disease duration. ALS patients underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to obtain macular cube scans of the right eye. Macular cube OCT data from age-matched healthy subjects were provided by the OCT reading center. Semi-automated retinal segmentation software was used to quantify macular sub-layers. Pulmonary function tests and time since symptom onset were collected retrospectively from the electronic medical records of ALS patients. Macular retinal nerve fiber layer was significantly thinner in ALS patients compared to healthy controls (P < 0.05). Total macular and other sub-layer thicknesses were not reduced in the ALS cohort. Macular retinal nerve fiber layer thickness positively correlated with forced vital capacity % predicted and forced expiratory volume in 1 second % predicted (P < 0.05). In conclusion, analysis of OCT measurements supports the involvement of the anterior visual pathway in ALS. Subtle structural thinning in the macular retinal nerve fiber layer correlates with pulmonary function tests.
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192
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Fogh I, Lin K, Tiloca C, Rooney J, Gellera C, Diekstra FP, Ratti A, Shatunov A, van Es MA, Proitsi P, Jones A, Sproviero W, Chiò A, McLaughlin RL, Sorarù G, Corrado L, Stahl D, Del Bo R, Cereda C, Castellotti B, Glass JD, Newhouse S, Dobson R, Smith BN, Topp S, van Rheenen W, Meininger V, Melki J, Morrison KE, Shaw PJ, Leigh PN, Andersen PM, Comi GP, Ticozzi N, Mazzini L, D'Alfonso S, Traynor BJ, Van Damme P, Robberecht W, Brown RH, Landers JE, Hardiman O, Lewis CM, van den Berg LH, Shaw CE, Veldink JH, Silani V, Al-Chalabi A, Powell J. Association of a Locus in the CAMTA1 Gene With Survival in Patients With Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol 2016; 73:812-20. [PMID: 27244217 PMCID: PMC5556366 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder with a poor prognosis and a median survival of 3 years. However, a significant proportion of patients survive more than 10 years from symptom onset. OBJECTIVE To identify gene variants influencing survival in ALS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyzed survival in data sets from several European countries and the United States that were collected by the Italian Consortium for the Genetics of ALS and the International Consortium on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Genetics. The study population included 4256 patients with ALS (3125 [73.4%] deceased) with genotype data extended to 7 174 392 variants by imputation analysis. Samples of DNA were collected from January 1, 1993, to December 31, 2009, and analyzed from March 1, 2014, to February 28, 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cox proportional hazards regression under an additive model with adjustment for age at onset, sex, and the first 4 principal components of ancestry, followed by meta-analysis, were used to analyze data. Survival distributions for the most associated genetic variants were assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS Among the 4256 patients included in the analysis (2589 male [60.8%] and 1667 female [39.2%]; mean [SD] age at onset, 59 [12] years), the following 2 novel loci were significantly associated with ALS survival: at 10q23 (rs139550538; P = 1.87 × 10-9) and in the CAMTA1 gene at 1p36 (rs2412208, P = 3.53 × 10-8). At locus 10q23, the adjusted hazard ratio for patients with the rs139550538 AA or AT genotype was 1.61 (95% CI, 1.38-1.89; P = 1.87 × 10-9), corresponding to an 8-month reduction in survival compared with TT carriers. For rs2412208 CAMTA1, the adjusted hazard ratio for patients with the GG or GT genotype was 1.17 (95% CI, 1.11-1.24; P = 3.53 × 10-8), corresponding to a 4-month reduction in survival compared with TT carriers. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This GWAS robustly identified 2 loci at genome-wide levels of significance that influence survival in patients with ALS. Because ALS is a rare disease and prevention is not feasible, treatment that modifies survival is the most realistic strategy. Therefore, identification of modifier genes that might influence ALS survival could improve the understanding of the biology of the disease and suggest biological targets for pharmaceutical intervention. In addition, genetic risk scores for survival could be used as an adjunct to clinical trials to account for the genetic contribution to survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Fogh
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, England
| | - Kuang Lin
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, England
| | - Cinzia Tiloca
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - James Rooney
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cinzia Gellera
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Frank P Diekstra
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Antonia Ratti
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy6Department of Pathophysiology and Tranplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Università degli Studi d
| | - Aleksey Shatunov
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, England
| | - Michael A van Es
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Petroula Proitsi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, England
| | - Ashley Jones
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, England
| | - William Sproviero
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, England
| | - Adriano Chiò
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy8Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Russell Lewis McLaughlin
- Population Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gianni Sorarù
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Lucia Corrado
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, A. Avogadro University, Novara, Italy
| | - Daniel Stahl
- Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, England
| | - Roberto Del Bo
- Neurologic Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurobiology, IRCCS C. Mondino National Institute of Neurology Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Castellotti
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Steven Newhouse
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, IoPPN, King's College London, London, England17Department of Biostatistics, IoPPN, King's College London, London, England
| | - Richard Dobson
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, IoPPN, King's College London, London, England18NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Dementia, King's College London, London, England
| | - Bradley N Smith
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, England
| | - Simon Topp
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, England
| | - Wouter van Rheenen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Meininger
- Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Réseau SLA (Sclérose Latérale) Île de France, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Judith Melki
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale Unité Mixte de Recherché-788 and University of Paris 11, Bicetre Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Karen E Morrison
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England22Neurosciences Division, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, England
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Academic Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
| | - P Nigel Leigh
- Section of Neurology, Division of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Sussex, East Sussex, England
| | - Peter M Andersen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany26Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- Neurologic Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy6Department of Pathophysiology and Tranplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Università degli Studi d
| | - Letizia Mazzini
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, A. Avogadro University, Novara, Italy27ALS Center Department of Neurology, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Sandra D'Alfonso
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, A. Avogadro University, Novara, Italy
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, Flanders Instititue for Biotechnology, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium30Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven
| | - Wim Robberecht
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, Flanders Instititue for Biotechnology, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - John E Landers
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Population Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- IoPPN Genomics and Biomarker Core, Translational Genetics Group, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, England33Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Lon
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher E Shaw
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, England
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy6Department of Pathophysiology and Tranplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, Università degli Studi d
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, England
| | - John Powell
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, England
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193
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Zufiría M, Gil-Bea FJ, Fernández-Torrón R, Poza JJ, Muñoz-Blanco JL, Rojas-García R, Riancho J, López de Munain A. ALS: A bucket of genes, environment, metabolism and unknown ingredients. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 142:104-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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194
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De Marco G, Lomartire A, Calvo A, Risso A, De Luca E, Mostert M, Mandrioli J, Caponnetto C, Borghero G, Manera U, Canosa A, Moglia C, Restagno G, Fini N, Tarella C, Giordana MT, Rinaudo MT, Chiò A. Monocytes of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis linked to gene mutations display altered TDP-43 subcellular distribution. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 43:133-153. [PMID: 27178390 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cytoplasmic accumulation of the nuclear protein transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is an early determinant of motor neuron degeneration in most amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases. We previously disclosed this accumulation in circulating lymphomonocytes (CLM) of ALS patients with mutant TARDBP, the TDP-43-coding gene, as well as of a healthy individual carrying the parental TARDBP mutation. Here, we investigate TDP-43 subcellular localization in CLM and in the constituent cells, lymphocytes and monocytes, of patients with various ALS-linked mutant genes. METHODS TDP-43 subcellular localization was analysed with western immunoblotting and immunocytofluorescence in CLM of healthy controls (n = 10), patients with mutant TARDBP (n = 4, 1 homozygous), valosin-containing protein (VCP; n = 2), fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma (FUS; n = 2), Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1; n = 6), chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72; n = 4), without mutations (n = 5) and neurologically unaffected subjects with mutant TARDBP (n = 2). RESULTS TDP-43 cytoplasmic accumulation was found (P < 0.05 vs. controls) in CLM of patients with mutant TARDBP or VCP, but not FUS, in line with TDP-43 subcellular localization described for motor neurons of corresponding groups. Accumulation also characterized CLM of the healthy individuals with mutant TARDBP and of some patients with mutant SOD1 or C9ORF72. In 5 patients, belonging to categories described to carry TDP-43 mislocalization in motor neurons (3 C9ORF72, 1 TARDBP and 1 without mutations), TDP-43 cytoplasmic accumulation was not detected in CLM or in lymphocytes but was in monocytes. CONCLUSIONS In ALS forms characterized by TDP-43 mislocalization in motor neurons, monocytes display this alteration, even when not manifest in CLM. Monocytes may be used to support diagnosis, as well as to identify subjects at risk, of ALS and to develop/monitor targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G De Marco
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Lomartire
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Calvo
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,ALS Center, University of Turin and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - A Risso
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - E De Luca
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M Mostert
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - J Mandrioli
- Department of Neuroscience, Sant'Agostino Estense Hospital, University of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - C Caponnetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation and Child Health, IRCCS AOU San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - G Borghero
- Department of Neurology, AOU and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - U Manera
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,ALS Center, University of Turin and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - A Canosa
- ALS Center, University of Turin and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation and Child Health, IRCCS AOU San Martino IST, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - C Moglia
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,ALS Center, University of Turin and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - G Restagno
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - N Fini
- Department of Neuroscience, Sant'Agostino Estense Hospital, University of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - C Tarella
- Clinical Hemato-Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy
| | - M T Giordana
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M T Rinaudo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Chiò
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,ALS Center, University of Turin and AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
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195
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Webster CP, Smith EF, Bauer CS, Moller A, Hautbergue GM, Ferraiuolo L, Myszczynska MA, Higginbottom A, Walsh MJ, Whitworth AJ, Kaspar BK, Meyer K, Shaw PJ, Grierson AJ, De Vos KJ. The C9orf72 protein interacts with Rab1a and the ULK1 complex to regulate initiation of autophagy. EMBO J 2016; 35:1656-76. [PMID: 27334615 PMCID: PMC4969571 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (C9ALS/FTD). C9orf72 encodes two C9orf72 protein isoforms of unclear function. Reduced levels of C9orf72 expression have been reported in C9ALS/FTD patients, and although C9orf72 haploinsufficiency has been proposed to contribute to C9ALS/FTD, its significance is not yet clear. Here, we report that C9orf72 interacts with Rab1a and the Unc‐51‐like kinase 1 (ULK1) autophagy initiation complex. As a Rab1a effector, C9orf72 controls initiation of autophagy by regulating the Rab1a‐dependent trafficking of the ULK1 autophagy initiation complex to the phagophore. Accordingly, reduction of C9orf72 expression in cell lines and primary neurons attenuated autophagy and caused accumulation of p62‐positive puncta reminiscent of the p62 pathology observed in C9ALS/FTD patients. Finally, basal levels of autophagy were markedly reduced in C9ALS/FTD patient‐derived iNeurons. Thus, our data identify C9orf72 as a novel Rab1a effector in the regulation of autophagy and indicate that C9orf72 haploinsufficiency and associated reductions in autophagy might be the underlying cause of C9ALS/FTD‐associated p62 pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Webster
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Emma F Smith
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claudia S Bauer
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Annekathrin Moller
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Guillaume M Hautbergue
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Monika A Myszczynska
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Adrian Higginbottom
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Matthew J Walsh
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Brian K Kaspar
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathrin Meyer
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrew J Grierson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kurt J De Vos
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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196
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Todd TW, Petrucelli L. Insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of Chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) repeat expansions. J Neurochem 2016; 138 Suppl 1:145-62. [PMID: 27016280 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The identification of a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in a non-coding region of C9orf72 as a major cause of both frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) drastically changed the field of research on both of these conditions. Yet, despite the vast amount of work aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of this repeat in disease, the exact pathomechanisms are still unclear. A reduction in the expression of the C9orf72 gene is observed in patients, but a gain-of-function model is now preferred. The hexanucleotide repeat expansion forms RNA foci in the central nervous system (CNS) of repeat-positive FTD and ALS patients, and these foci are believed to sequester RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and impair their function in RNA processing. At the same time, the repeat undergoes repeat-associated non-ATG translation to produce dipeptide repeat proteins that also form inclusions in the patient CNS. Studies from cells and flies suggest that these proteins may also be an important factor in the disease. Finally, the hexanucleotide repeat also induces the mislocalization and aggregation of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) through an as yet unknown mechanism. This review covers the different potential pathogenic factors that have been put forth for C9orf72-repeat-associated FTD and ALS (C9-FTD/ALS), while highlighting some remaining questions. A repeat expansion in C9orf72 is a common cause of both frontal temporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although there is a decrease in C9orf72 expression in patients, this repeat is believed to induce disease primarily through an unknown gain-of-function mechanism involving the RNA, repeat-associated non-AUG translation, or both. This review summarizes and discusses current knowledge on C9orf72 repeat-associated pathophysiology. This article is part of the Frontotemporal Dementia special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany W Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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197
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Geevasinga N, Menon P, Ng K, Van Den Bos M, Byth K, Kiernan MC, Vucic S. Riluzole exerts transient modulating effects on cortical and axonal hyperexcitability in ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2016; 17:580-588. [DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2016.1188961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karl Ng
- Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, University of Sydney, Sydney,
| | | | - Karen Byth
- Westmead Hospital, Research and Education Network, Sydney, Australia NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, and
| | | | - Steve Vucic
- Western Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney,
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198
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Menke RAL, Proudfoot M, Wuu J, Andersen PM, Talbot K, Benatar M, Turner MR. Increased functional connectivity common to symptomatic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and those at genetic risk. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016; 87:580-8. [PMID: 26733601 PMCID: PMC4893149 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2015-311945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discern presymptomatic changes in brain structure or function using advanced MRI in carriers of mutations predisposing to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS T1-weighted, diffusion weighted and resting state functional MRI data were acquired at 3 T for 12 asymptomatic mutation carriers (psALS), 12 age-matched controls and affected patients with ALS. Cortical thickness analysis, voxel-based morphometry, volumetric and shape analyses of subcortical structures, tract-based spatial statistics of metrics derived from the diffusion tensor, and resting state functional connectivity (FC) analyses were performed. RESULTS Grey matter cortical thickness and shape analysis revealed significant atrophy in patients with ALS (but not psALS) compared with controls in the right primary motor cortex and right caudate. Comparison of diffusion tensor metrics showed widespread fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity differences in patients with ALS compared to controls and the psALS group, encompassing parts of the corpus callosum, corticospinal tracts and superior longitudinal fasciculus. While FC in the resting-state sensorimotor network was similar in psALS and controls, FC between the cerebellum and a network comprising the precuneus, cingulate & middle frontal lobe was significantly higher in psALS and affected ALS compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Rather than structural brain changes, increased FC may be among the earliest detectable brain abnormalities in asymptomatic carriers of ALS-causing gene mutations. With replication and significant refinement, this technique has potential in the future assessment of neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda A L Menke
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK FMRIB Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Malcolm Proudfoot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanne Wuu
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Peter M Andersen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Benatar
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK FMRIB Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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199
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Gelpi E. How neuropathology can contribute to the understanding of dementia. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2016; 6:183-6. [PMID: 27230123 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2016-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobank-Hospital Clinic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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200
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Halliday GM, Kiernan MC, Kril JJ, Mito R, Masuda-Suzukake M, Hasegawa M, McCann H, Bartley L, Dobson-Stone C, Kwok JBJ, Hornberger M, Hodges JR, Tan RH. TDP-43 in the hypoglossal nucleus identifies amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol Sci 2016; 366:197-201. [PMID: 27288806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hypoglossal nucleus was recently identified as a key brain region in which the presence of TDP-43 pathology could accurately discriminate TDP-43 proteinopathy cases with clinical amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The objective of the present study was to assess the hypoglossal nucleus in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), and determine whether TDP-43 in this region is associated with clinical ALS. Twenty-nine cases with neuropathological FTLD-TDP and clinical bvFTD that had not been previously assessed for hypoglossal TDP-43 pathology were included in this study. Of these 29 cases, 41% (n=12) had a dual diagnosis of bvFTD-ALS at presentation, all 100% (n=12) of which demonstrated hypoglossal TDP-43 pathology. Of the 59% (n=17) cohort that presented with pure bvFTD, 35% (n=6) were identified with hypoglossal TDP-43 pathology. Review of the case files of all pure bvFTD cases revealed evidence of possible or probable ALS in 5 of the 6 hypoglossal-positive cases (83%) towards the end of disease, and this was absent from all cases without such pathology. In conclusion, the present study validates grading the presence of TDP-43 in the hypoglossal nucleus for the pathological identification of bvFTD cases with clinical ALS, and extends this to include the identification of cases with possible ALS at end-stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda M Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Jillian J Kril
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Remika Mito
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Masami Masuda-Suzukake
- Department of Neuropathology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Department of Neuropathology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
| | | | | | - Carol Dobson-Stone
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - John B J Kwok
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - John R Hodges
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel H Tan
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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