151
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Simon J, Bastin C, Salmon E, Willems S. Increasing the salience of fluency cues does not reduce the recognition memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease! J Neuropsychol 2016; 12:216-230. [PMID: 27653236 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is now well established that recollection is impaired from the beginning of the disease, whereas findings are less clear concerning familiarity. One of the most important mechanisms underlying familiarity is the sense of familiarity driven by processing fluency. In this study, we attempted to attenuate recognition memory deficits in AD by maximizing the salience of fluency cues in two conditions of a recognition memory task. In one condition, targets and foils have been created from the same pool of letters (Overlap condition). In a second condition, targets and foils have been derived from two separate pools of letters (No-Overlap condition), promoting the use of letter-driven visual and phonetic fluency. Targets and foils were low-frequency words. The memory tasks were performed by 15 patients with AD and 16 healthy controls. Both groups improved their memory performance in the No-Overlap condition compared to the Overlap condition. Patients with AD were able to use fluency cues during recognition memory as older adults did, but this did not allow to compensate for dysfunction of recognition memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Simon
- GIGA - CRC In vivo Imaging, University of Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Eric Salmon
- GIGA - CRC In vivo Imaging, University of Liege, Belgium.,Memory Clinics, Hospital Center of Liege, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Willems
- Psychological and Speech Therapy Consultation Center, CPLU, University of Liege, Belgium
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152
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Brambilla M, Manenti R, de Girolamo G, Adenzato M, Bocchio-Chiavetto L, Cotelli M. Effects of Intranasal Oxytocin on Long-Term Memory in Healthy Humans: A Systematic Review. Drug Dev Res 2016; 77:479-488. [PMID: 27633648 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical Research The neuropeptide oxytocin (Oxt) is implicated in complex emotional and social behaviors and appears to play an important role in learning and memory. Animal studies have shown that the effects of exogenous Oxt on memory vary according to the timing of administration, context, gender, and dose and may improve the memory of social, but not nonsocial stimuli. Oxt is intimately involved in a broad array of neuropsychiatric functions and may therefore be a pharmacological target for several psychiatric disorders. This review summarizes the potential effects of Oxt on long-term memory processes in healthy humans based on a PubMed search over the period 1980-2016. The effects of intranasal Oxt on human memory are controversial and the studies included in this review have applied a variety of learning paradigms, in turn producing variable outcomes. Specifically, data on the long-term memory of nonemotional stimuli found no effect or even worsening in memory, while studies using emotional stimuli showed an improvement of long-term memory performance. In conclusion, this review identified a link between long-term memory performance and exogenous intranasal Oxt in humans, although these results still warrant further confirmation in large, multicenter randomized controlled trials. Drug Dev Res 77 : 479-488, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Brambilla
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Saint John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rosa Manenti
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Saint John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni de Girolamo
- Psychiatric Epidemiology and Evaluation Unit, IRCCS Saint John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mauro Adenzato
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Center for Cognitive Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisella Bocchio-Chiavetto
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Saint John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy.,Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate (Como), Italy
| | - Maria Cotelli
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Saint John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy
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153
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Unitization improves source memory in older adults: An event-related potential study. Neuropsychologia 2016; 89:232-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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154
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Leal SL, Noche JA, Murray EA, Yassa MA. Positivity effect specific to older adults with subclinical memory impairment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:415-21. [PMID: 27421893 PMCID: PMC4947236 DOI: 10.1101/lm.042010.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have suggested that older adults preferentially remember positive information (“positivity effect”), however others have reported mixed results. One potential source of conflict is that aging is not a unitary phenomenon and individual differences exist. We modified a standard neuropsychological test to vary emotional content and tested memory at three time points (immediate/20 min/1 wk). Cognitively normal older adults were stratified into those with and without subclinical memory impairment. We found that the positivity effect was limited to those with subclinical memory impairment, suggesting that consideration of subclinical memory impairment is necessary for understanding age-related emotional memory alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Leal
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Jessica A Noche
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Murray
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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155
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Goodrich RI, Yonelinas AP. The medial temporal lobe supports sensing-based visual working memory. Neuropsychologia 2016; 89:485-494. [PMID: 27417038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that the medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the hippocampus, is essential for long-term memory. In addition, recent studies suggest that the MTL may also support visual working memory (VWM), but the conditions under which the MTL plays a critical role are not yet clear. To address this issue, we used a color change detection paradigm to examine the effects of MTL damage on VWM by analyzing the receiver operating characteristics of patients with MTL damage and healthy age- and education-matched controls. Compared to controls, patients with MTL damage demonstrated significant reductions in VWM accuracy. Importantly, the patients were not impaired at making accurate high-confidence judgments that a change had occurred; however, they were impaired when making low-confidence responses indicating that they sensed whether or not there had been a visual change. Moreover, these impairments were observed under conditions that emphasized the retrieval of complex bindings or the retrieval of high-resolution bindings. That is, patients with MTL damage exhibited VWM impairments when they were required to remember either a larger number of low-resolution bindings (i.e., set size of 5 and obvious color changes) or a smaller number of high-resolution bindings (i.e., set size of 3 and subtle color changes). The results indicate that only some VWM processes are dependent on the MTL, and are consistent with the proposal that the MTL plays a critical role in forming complex, high-resolution bindings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin I Goodrich
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Andrew P Yonelinas
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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156
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Abstract
A decline in recollection is a hallmark of even healthy aging and is associated with wider impairments in mental control. Older adults have difficulty internally directing thought and action in line with their goals, and often rely more on external cues. To assess the impact this has on memory, emerging brain-imaging and behavioral approaches investigate the operation and effectiveness of goal-directed control before information is retrieved. Current data point to effects of aging at more than one stage in this process, particularly in the face of competing goals. These effects may reflect wider changes in the proactive, self-initiated regulation of thought and action. Understanding them is essential for establishing whether internal “self-cuing” of memory can be improved, and whether—and when—it is best to use environmental support from external cues to maximize memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa M. Morcom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology and Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh
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157
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Jones BJ, Schultz KS, Adams S, Baran B, Spencer RMC. Emotional bias of sleep-dependent processing shifts from negative to positive with aging. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 45:178-189. [PMID: 27459938 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Age-related memory decline has been proposed to result partially from impairments in memory consolidation over sleep. However, such decline may reflect a shift toward selective processing of positive information with age rather than impaired sleep-related mechanisms. In the present study, young and older adults viewed negative and neutral pictures or positive and neutral pictures and underwent a recognition test after sleep or wake. Subjective emotional reactivity and affect were also measured. Compared with waking, sleep preserved valence ratings and memory for positive but not negative pictures in older adults and negative but not positive pictures in young adults. In older adults, memory for positive pictures was associated with slow wave sleep. Furthermore, slow wave sleep predicted positive affect in older adults but was inversely related to positive affect in young adults. These relationships were strongest for older adults with high memory for positive pictures and young adults with high memory for negative pictures. Collectively, these results indicate preserved but selective sleep-dependent memory processing with healthy aging that may be biased to enhance emotional well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany J Jones
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002
| | - Kurt S Schultz
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002
- Commonwealth Honors College, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002
| | - Sydney Adams
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002
- Commonwealth Honors College, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002
| | - Bengi Baran
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002
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158
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The neural correlates of recollection and retrieval monitoring: Relationships with age and recollection performance. Neuroimage 2016; 138:164-175. [PMID: 27155127 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships between age, retrieval-related neural activity, and episodic memory performance were investigated in samples of young (18-29yrs), middle-aged (43-55yrs) and older (63-76yrs) healthy adults. Participants underwent fMRI scanning during an associative recognition test that followed a study task performed on visually presented word pairs. Test items comprised pairs of intact (studied pairs), rearranged (items studied on different trials) and new words. fMRI recollection effects were operationalized as greater activity for studied pairs correctly endorsed as intact than for pairs incorrectly endorsed as rearranged. The reverse contrast was employed to identify retrieval monitoring effects. Robust recollection effects were identified in the core recollection network, comprising the hippocampus, along with parahippocampal and posterior cingulate cortex, left angular gyrus and medial prefrontal cortex. Retrieval monitoring effects were identified in the anterior cingulate and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Neither recollection effects within the core network, nor the monitoring effects differed significantly across the age groups after controlling for individual differences in associative recognition performance. Whole brain analyses did however identify three clusters outside of these regions where recollection effects were greater in the young than in the other age groups. Across-participant regression analyses indicated that the magnitude of hippocampal and medial prefrontal cortex recollection effects, and both of the prefrontal monitoring effects, correlated significantly with memory performance. None of these correlations were moderated by age. The findings suggest that the relationships between memory performance and functional activity in regions consistently implicated in successful recollection and retrieval monitoring are stable across much of the healthy adult lifespan.
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159
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Steinmetz AB, Johnson SA, Iannitelli DE, Pollonini G, Alberini CM. Insulin-like growth factor 2 rescues aging-related memory loss in rats. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 44:9-21. [PMID: 27318130 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by declines in memory performance, and particularly affects memories that rely on hippocampal-cortical systems, such as episodic and explicit. With aged populations significantly increasing, the need for preventing or rescuing memory deficits is pressing. However, effective treatments are lacking. Here, we show that the level of the mature form of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2), a peptide regulated in the hippocampus by learning, required for memory consolidation and a promoter of memory enhancement in young adult rodents, is significantly reduced in hippocampal synapses of aged rats. By contrast, the hippocampal level of the immature form proIGF-2 is increased, suggesting an aging-related deficit in IGF-2 processing. In agreement, aged compared to young adult rats are deficient in the activity of proprotein convertase 2, an enzyme that likely mediates IGF-2 posttranslational processing. Hippocampal administration of the recombinant, mature form of IGF-2 rescues hippocampal-dependent memory deficits and working memory impairment in aged rats. Thus, IGF-2 may represent a novel therapeutic avenue for preventing or reversing aging-related cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Steinmetz
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah A Johnson
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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160
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Wang TH, Johnson JD, de Chastelaine M, Donley BE, Rugg MD. The Effects of Age on the Neural Correlates of Recollection Success, Recollection-Related Cortical Reinstatement, and Post-Retrieval Monitoring. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:1698-1714. [PMID: 25631058 PMCID: PMC4785952 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to investigate whether age-related differences in episodic memory performance are accompanied by a reduction in the specificity of recollected information. We addressed this question by comparing recollection-related cortical reinstatement in young and older adults. At study, subjects viewed objects and concrete words, making 1 of 2 different semantic judgments depending on the study material. Test items were words that corresponded to studied words or the names of studied objects. Subjects indicated whether each test item was recollected, familiar, or novel. Reinstatement of information differentiating the encoding tasks was quantified both with a univariate analysis of the fMRI signal and with a multivoxel pattern analysis, using a classifier that had been trained to discriminate between the 2 classes of study episode. The results of these analyses converged to suggest that reinstatement did not differ according to age. Thus, there was no evidence that specificity of recollected information was reduced in older individuals. Additionally, there were no age effects in the magnitude of recollection-related modulations in regional activity or in the neural correlates of post-retrieval monitoring. Taken together, the findings suggest that the neural mechanisms engaged during successful episodic retrieval can remain stable with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy H. Wang
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Johnson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Marianne de Chastelaine
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Brian E. Donley
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael D. Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
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161
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de Chastelaine M, Mattson JT, Wang TH, Donley BE, Rugg MD. The relationships between age, associative memory performance, and the neural correlates of successful associative memory encoding. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 42:163-76. [PMID: 27143433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, subsequent memory effects (greater activity for later remembered than later forgotten study items) predictive of associative encoding were compared across samples of young, middle-aged, and older adults (total N = 136). During scanning, participants studied visually presented word pairs. In a later test phase, they discriminated between studied pairs, "rearranged" pairs (items studied on different trials), and new pairs. Subsequent memory effects were identified by contrasting activity elicited by study pairs that went on to be correctly judged intact or incorrectly judged rearranged. Effects in the hippocampus were age-invariant and positively correlated across participants with associative memory performance. Subsequent memory effects in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) were greater in the older than the young group. In older participants only, both left and, in contrast to prior reports, right IFG subsequent memory effects correlated positively with memory performance. We suggest that the IFG is especially vulnerable to age-related decline in functional integrity and that the relationship between encoding-related activity in right IFG and memory performance depends on the experimental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne de Chastelaine
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | | | - Tracy H Wang
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Brian E Donley
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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162
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Pitarque A, Meléndez J, Sales A, Mayordomo T, Escudero J, Algarabel S. Differences in false recollection according to the cognitive reserve of healthy older people. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2016; 23:625-37. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2016.1146221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Meléndez
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Sales
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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163
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Repetto C, Serino S, Macedonia M, Riva G. Virtual Reality as an Embodied Tool to Enhance Episodic Memory in Elderly. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1839. [PMID: 27909424 PMCID: PMC5113123 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Repetto
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Department of PsychologyMilan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Claudia Repetto
| | - Silvia Serino
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Department of PsychologyMilan, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology LabMilan, Italy
| | - Manuela Macedonia
- Johannes Kepler University, Information EngineeringLinz, Austria
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Department of PsychologyMilan, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology LabMilan, Italy
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164
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Schoemaker D, Poirier J, Escobar S, Gauthier S, Pruessner J. Selective familiarity deficits in otherwise cognitively intact aging individuals with genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2015; 2:132-9. [PMID: 27239534 PMCID: PMC4879663 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Familiarity has been associated with integrity of the rhinal cortex. Thus, impairment in familiarity is expected in very early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is a major risk factor for AD. Here, we investigated the effect of the APOE ε4 status on familiarity in cognitively normal aging individuals. Methods Eighty-one individuals aged between 55 and 80 years, 21 carriers and 60 noncarriers, were used in these analyses. A cognitive evaluation was performed on all participants to document the absence of objective cognitive deficits. The effect of APOE ε4 status on familiarity was tested using independent sample t test and an analysis of covariance controlling for age, gender, and education. Results The groups did not differ in term of age, education, and male/female ratio. APOE ε4 carriers showed a significant reduction in familiarity. No other cognitive deficit was observed in the group of ε4 carriers, relative to noncarriers. Discussion APOE ε4 is associated with a reduction in familiarity in the absence of other cognitive deficits. These results suggest that performance in familiarity could represent an early cognitive marker for individuals at risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Schoemaker
- McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Serge Gauthier
- McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jens Pruessner
- McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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165
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Neurocognitive Aging and the Hippocampus across Species. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:800-812. [PMID: 26607684 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is extensive evidence that aging is associated with impairments in episodic memory. Many of these changes have been ascribed to neurobiological alterations to the hippocampal network and its input pathways. A cross-species consensus is beginning to emerge suggesting that subtle synaptic and functional changes within this network may underlie the majority of age-related memory impairments. In this review we survey convergent data from animal and human studies that have contributed significantly to our understanding of the brain-behavior relationships in this network, particularly in the aging brain. We utilize a cognitive as well as a neurobiological perspective and synthesize data across approaches and species to reach a more detailed understanding of age-related alterations in hippocampal memory function.
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166
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A correlativity study of plasma APL1β28 and clusterin levels with MMSE/MoCA/CASI in aMCI patients. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15546. [PMID: 26503441 PMCID: PMC4621490 DOI: 10.1038/srep15546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is a sub-clinical condition characterized by memory deficits that are not severe enough to affect daily functioning. Here we investigated two potential biomarkers found in the cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients, APLP1-derived Aβ-like peptides 28 (APL1β28) and clusterin plasma levels, in terms of their relationship to cognitive function, as reflected in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Cognitive Assessment Screening Instrument (CASI) in aMCI patients. Forty-seven aMCI patients and thirty-five age- and gender-matched healthy adult controls were recruited for this study. Using the ELISA method, we found that the mean concentrations of both APL1β28 and clusterin were not significantly different between the control and aMCI groups. The APL1β28 levels were positively correlated with clusterin and that both were negatively correlated with the MMSE scores of the aMCI patients. Clusterin levels were negatively correlated with the MoCA and CASI scores of the aMCI patients. Using multivariate analysis, the correlation between clusterin and MMSE/MoCA/CASI was independent of other AD risk factors including age, education, sex, body mass index and ApoE genotype. The data presented here demonstrate that plasma clusterin levels reflect cognitive function in aMCI patients.
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167
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Wahlheim CN, Huff MJ. Age differences in the focus of retrieval: Evidence from dual-list free recall. Psychol Aging 2015; 30:768-80. [PMID: 26322551 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present experiment, we examined age differences in the focus of retrieval using a dual-list free recall paradigm. Younger and older adults studied 2 lists of unrelated words and recalled from the first list, the second list, or both lists. Older adults showed impaired use of control processes to recall items correctly from a target list and prevent intrusions. This pattern reflected a deficit in recollection verified using a process dissociation procedure. We examined the consequences of an age-related deficit in control processes on the focus of retrieval using measures of temporal organization. Evidence that older adults engaged a broader focus of retrieval than younger adults was shown clearly when participants were instructed to recall from both lists. First-recalled items originated from more distant positions across lists for older adults. We interpret older adults' broader retrieval orientation as consistent with their impaired ability to elaborate cues to constrain retrieval. These findings show that age-related deficits in control processes impair context reinstatement and the subsequent focus of retrieval to target episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark J Huff
- Department of Psychology, Washington University
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168
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Mazurek A, Bhoopathy RM, Read JCA, Gallagher P, Smulders TV. Effects of age on a real-world What-Where-When memory task. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:74. [PMID: 26042030 PMCID: PMC4435419 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cognitive abilities decline with aging, making it difficult to detect pathological changes against a background of natural changes in cognition. Most of the tests to assess cognitive decline are artificial tasks that have little resemblance to the problems faced by people in everyday life. This means both that people may have little practice doing such tasks (potentially contributing to the decline in performance) and that the tasks may not be good predictors of real-world cognitive problems. In this study, we test the performance of young people (18–25 years) and older people (60+-year-olds) on a novel, more ecologically valid test of episodic memory: the real-world What-Where-When (WWW) memory test. We also compare them on a battery of other cognitive tests, including working memory, psychomotor speed, executive function, and episodic memory. Older people show the expected age-related declines on the test battery. In the WWW memory task, older people were more likely to fail to remember any WWW combination than younger people were, although they did not significantly differ in their overall WWW score due to some older people performing as well as or better than most younger people. WWW memory performance was significantly predicted by other measures of episodic memory, such as the single-trial learning and long-term retention in the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning task and Combined Object Location Memory in the Object Relocation task. Self-reported memory complaints also predicted performance on the WWW task. These findings confirm that our real-world WWW memory task is a valid measure of episodic memory, with high ecological validity, which may be useful as a predictor of everyday memory abilities. The task will require a bit more development to improve its sensitivity to cognitive declines in aging and to potentially distinguish between mentally healthy older adults and those with early signs of cognitive pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adèle Mazurek
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Jenny C A Read
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tom V Smulders
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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169
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Electrophysiological evidence for the effects of unitization on associative recognition memory in older adults. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 121:59-71. [PMID: 25858698 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Normal aging is associated with greater decline in associative memory relative to item memory due to impaired recollection. Familiarity may also contribute to associative recognition when stimuli are perceived as a 'unitized' representation. Given that familiarity is relatively preserved in older adults, we explored whether age-related associative memory deficits could be attenuated when associations were unitized (i.e., compounds) compared with those non-unitized (i.e., unrelated word pairs). Young and older adults performed an associative recognition task while electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. Behavioral results showed that age differences were smaller for recognition of compounds than for unrelated word pairs. ERP results indicated that only compounds evoked an early frontal old/new effect in older adults. Moreover, the early frontal old/new effect was positively correlated with associative discrimination accuracy. These findings suggest that reduced age-related associative deficits under unitized condition may be associated with the presence of familiarity-based retrieval of compounds in older adults.
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170
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Prull MW. Adult age differences in memory for schema-consistent and schema-inconsistent objects in a real-world setting. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2015; 22:731-54. [PMID: 25915577 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2015.1037821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined age-related differences in the inconsistency effect, in which memory is enhanced for schema-inconsistent information compared to schema-consistent information. Young and older adults studied schema-consistent and schema-inconsistent objects in an academic office under either intentional or incidental encoding instructions, and were given two recognition tests either immediately or after 48 hr: A yes/no item recognition test that included modified remember/know judgments and a token recognition test that required determining whether an original object was replaced with a different object with the same name. Young and older adults showed equivalent inconsistency effects in both item and token recognition tests, although older adults reported phenomenologically less rich memories of schema-inconsistent objects relative to young adults. These findings run counter to previous reports suggesting that aging is associated with processing declines at encoding that impair memory for details of schema-inconsistent or distinctive events. The results are consistent with a retrieval-based account in which age-related difficulties in retrieving contextual details can be offset by environmental support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Prull
- a Department of Psychology , Whitman College , Walla Walla , WA , USA
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171
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Hertz L, Chen Y, Waagepetersen HS. Effects of ketone bodies in Alzheimer's disease in relation to neural hypometabolism, β-amyloid toxicity, and astrocyte function. J Neurochem 2015; 134:7-20. [PMID: 25832906 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diet supplementation with ketone bodies (acetoacetate and β-hydroxybuturate) or medium-length fatty acids generating ketone bodies has consistently been found to cause modest improvement of mental function in Alzheimer's patients. It was suggested that the therapeutic effect might be more pronounced if treatment was begun at a pre-clinical stage of the disease instead of well after its manifestation. The pre-clinical stage is characterized by decade-long glucose hypometabolism in brain, but ketone body metabolism is intact even initially after disease manifestation. One reason for the impaired glucose metabolism may be early destruction of the noradrenergic brain stem nucleus, locus coeruleus, which stimulates glucose metabolism, at least in astrocytes. These glial cells are essential in Alzheimer pathogenesis. The β-amyloid peptide Aβ interferes with their cholinergic innervation, which impairs synaptic function because of diminished astrocytic glutamate release. Aβ also reduces glucose metabolism and causes hyperexcitability. Ketone bodies are similarly used against seizures, but the effectively used concentrations are so high that they must interfere with glucose metabolism and de novo synthesis of neurotransmitter glutamate, reducing neuronal glutamatergic signaling. The lower ketone body concentrations used in Alzheimer's disease may owe their effect to support of energy metabolism, but might also inhibit release of gliotransmitter glutamate. Alzheimer's disease is a panglial-neuronal disorder with long-standing brain hypometabolism, aberrations in both neuronal and astrocytic glucose metabolism, inflammation, hyperexcitability, and dementia. Relatively low doses of β-hydroxybutyrate can have an ameliorating effect on cognitive function. This could be because of metabolic supplementation or inhibition of Aβ-induced release of glutamate as gliotransmitter, which is likely to reduce hyperexcitability and inflammation. The therapeutic β-hydroxybutyrate doses are too low to reduce neuronally released glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Hertz
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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172
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Koen JD, Yonelinas AP. Recollection, not familiarity, decreases in healthy ageing: Converging evidence from four estimation methods. Memory 2014; 24:75-88. [PMID: 25485974 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2014.985590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although it is generally accepted that ageing is associated with recollection impairments, there is considerable disagreement surrounding how healthy ageing influences familiarity-based recognition. One factor that might contribute to the mixed findings regarding age differences in familiarity is the estimation method used to quantify the two mnemonic processes. Here, this issue is examined by having a group of older adults (N = 39) between 40 and 81 years of age complete remember/know (RK), receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) and process dissociation (PD) recognition tests. Estimates of recollection, but not familiarity, showed a significant negative correlation with chronological age. Inconsistent with previous findings, the estimation method did not moderate the relationship between age and estimates of recollection and familiarity. In a final analysis, recollection and familiarity were estimated as latent factors in a confirmatory factor analysis that modelled the covariance between measures of free recall and recognition, and the results converged with the results from the RK, PD and ROC tasks. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that episodic memory declines in older adults are primary driven by recollection deficits, and also suggest that the estimation method plays little to no role in age-related decreases in familiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Koen
- a Center for Vital Longevity , University of Texas at Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Andrew P Yonelinas
- b Department of Psychology , University of California , Davis , CA , USA
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173
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Lockhart S, DeCarli C, Fama R. Neuroimaging of the aging brain: introduction to the special issue of neuropsychology review. Neuropsychol Rev 2014; 24:267-70. [PMID: 25146996 PMCID: PMC4262518 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-014-9269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Lockhart
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rosemary Fama
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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