151
|
Bhattacharjee N, Urrios A, Kang S, Folch A. The upcoming 3D-printing revolution in microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1720-42. [PMID: 27101171 PMCID: PMC4862901 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00163g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, the vast majority of microfluidic systems have been built in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) by soft lithography, a technique based on PDMS micromolding. A long list of key PDMS properties have contributed to the success of soft lithography: PDMS is biocompatible, elastomeric, transparent, gas-permeable, water-impermeable, fairly inexpensive, copyright-free, and rapidly prototyped with high precision using simple procedures. However, the fabrication process typically involves substantial human labor, which tends to make PDMS devices difficult to disseminate outside of research labs, and the layered molding limits the 3D complexity of the devices that can be produced. 3D-printing has recently attracted attention as a way to fabricate microfluidic systems due to its automated, assembly-free 3D fabrication, rapidly decreasing costs, and fast-improving resolution and throughput. Resins with properties approaching those of PDMS are being developed. Here we review past and recent efforts in 3D-printing of microfluidic systems. We compare the salient features of PDMS molding with those of 3D-printing and we give an overview of the critical barriers that have prevented the adoption of 3D-printing by microfluidic developers, namely resolution, throughput, and resin biocompatibility. We also evaluate the various forces that are persuading researchers to abandon PDMS molding in favor of 3D-printing in growing numbers.
Collapse
|
152
|
Wu C, Wang B, Zhang C, Wysk RA, Chen YW. Bioprinting: an assessment based on manufacturing readiness levels. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:333-354. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2016.1163321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Wu
- Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ben Wang
- Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chuck Zhang
- Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard A. Wysk
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- 3D Printing Medical Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Abstract
The advent of soft lithography allowed for an unprecedented expansion in the field of microfluidics. However, the vast majority of PDMS microfluidic devices are still made with extensive manual labor, are tethered to bulky control systems, and have cumbersome user interfaces, which all render commercialization difficult. On the other hand, 3D printing has begun to embrace the range of sizes and materials that appeal to the developers of microfluidic devices. Prior to fabrication, a design is digitally built as a detailed 3D CAD file. The design can be assembled in modules by remotely collaborating teams, and its mechanical and fluidic behavior can be simulated using finite-element modeling. As structures are created by adding materials without the need for etching or dissolution, processing is environmentally friendly and economically efficient. We predict that in the next few years, 3D printing will replace most PDMS and plastic molding techniques in academia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony K Au
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Box 355061, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Wilson Huynh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Box 355061, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lisa F Horowitz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Box 355061, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Albert Folch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Box 355061, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Leferink AM, van Blitterswijk CA, Moroni L. Methods of Monitoring Cell Fate and Tissue Growth in Three-Dimensional Scaffold-Based Strategies for In Vitro Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:265-83. [PMID: 26825610 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the field of tissue engineering, there is a need for methods that allow assessing the performance of tissue-engineered constructs noninvasively in vitro and in vivo. To date, histological analysis is the golden standard to retrieve information on tissue growth, cellular distribution, and cell fate on tissue-engineered constructs after in vitro cell culture or on explanted specimens after in vivo applications. Yet, many advances have been made to optimize imaging techniques for monitoring tissue-engineered constructs with a sub-mm or μm resolution. Many imaging modalities have first been developed for clinical applications, in which a high penetration depth has been often more important than lateral resolution. In this study, we have reviewed the current state of the art in several imaging approaches that have shown to be promising in monitoring cell fate and tissue growth upon in vitro culture. Depending on the aimed tissue type and scaffold properties, some imaging methods are more applicable than others. Optical methods are mostly suited for transparent materials such as hydrogels, whereas magnetic resonance-based methods are mostly applied to obtain contrast between hard and soft tissues regardless of their transparency. Overall, this review shows that the field of imaging in scaffold-based tissue engineering is developing at a fast pace and has the potential to overcome the limitations of destructive endpoint analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Leferink
- 1 Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands .,2 Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands .,3 BIOS/Lab-on-a-chip Group, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens A van Blitterswijk
- 1 Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands .,2 Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- 1 Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands .,2 Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Holländer J, Genina N, Jukarainen H, Khajeheian M, Rosling A, Mäkilä E, Sandler N. Three-Dimensional Printed PCL-Based Implantable Prototypes of Medical Devices for Controlled Drug Delivery. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2665-2676. [PMID: 26906174 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to fabricate drug-containing T-shaped prototypes of intrauterine system (IUS) with the drug incorporated within the entire backbone of the medical device using 3-dimensional (3D) printing technique, based on fused deposition modeling (FDM™). Indomethacin was used as a model drug to prepare drug-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone)-based filaments with 3 different drug contents, namely 5%, 15%, and 30%, by hot-melt extrusion. The filaments were further used to 3D print IUS. The results showed that the morphology and drug solid-state properties of the filaments and 3D prototypes were dependent on the amount of drug loading. The drug release profiles from the printed devices were faster than from the corresponding filaments due to a lower degree of the drug crystallinity in IUS in addition to the differences in the external/internal structure and geometry between the products. Diffusion of the drug from the polymer was the predominant mechanism of drug release, whereas poly(ε-caprolactone) biodegradation had a minor effect. This study shows that 3D printing is an applicable method in the production of drug-containing IUS and can open new ways in the fabrication of controlled release implantable devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Holländer
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Natalja Genina
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ari Rosling
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Ermei Mäkilä
- Laboratory of Industrial Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Niklas Sandler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony K. Au
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Washington; 3720 15th Ave NE, Box 355061 Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Wilson Huynh
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Washington; 3720 15th Ave NE, Box 355061 Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Lisa F. Horowitz
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Washington; 3720 15th Ave NE, Box 355061 Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Albert Folch
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Washington; 3720 15th Ave NE, Box 355061 Seattle WA 98195 USA
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Cillo JE, Basi D, Peacock Z, Aghaloo T, Bouloux G, Dodson T, Edwards SP, Kademani D. Proceedings of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 2015 Research Summit. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 74:429-37. [PMID: 26707430 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Fifth Biennial Research Summit of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons and its Committee on Research Planning and Technology Assessment was held in Rosemont, Illinois on May 6 and 7, 2015. The goal of the symposium is to provide a forum for the most recent clinical and scientific advances to be brought to the specialty. The proceedings of the events of that summit are presented in this report.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Cillo
- Assistant Professor and Program Director, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | | | - Zachary Peacock
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Tara Aghaloo
- Assistant Dean, Clinical Research; Professor, Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gary Bouloux
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Thomas Dodson
- Professor and Chair, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Sean P Edwards
- Clinical Associate Professor; Director, Residency Program; Chief, Pediatric Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Deepak Kademani
- Medical Director, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Fellowship Director, Oral-Head and Neck Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery, North Memorial and Hubert Humphrey Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Palma M, Hardy JG, Tadayyon G, Farsari M, Wind SJ, Biggs MJ. Advances in Functional Assemblies for Regenerative Medicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2500-19. [PMID: 26767738 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to synthesise bioresponsive systems and selectively active biochemistries using polymer-based materials with supramolecular features has led to a surge in research interest directed towards their development as next generation biomaterials for drug delivery, medical device design and tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Palma
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry School of Biological and Chemical Sciences; Queen Mary University of London; London E1 4NS UK
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry; Materials Science Institute; Lancaster University; Lancaster LA1 4YB UK
| | - Ghazal Tadayyon
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM); National University of Ireland Galway; Newcastle Road Dangan Ireland
| | - Maria Farsari
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser; Crete Greece
| | | | - Manus J. Biggs
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM); National University of Ireland Galway; Newcastle Road Dangan Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Barucca G, Santecchia E, Majni G, Girardin E, Bassoli E, Denti L, Gatto A, Iuliano L, Moskalewicz T, Mengucci P. Structural characterization of biomedical Co–Cr–Mo components produced by direct metal laser sintering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 48:263-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
160
|
Pilipchuk SP, Plonka AB, Monje A, Taut AD, Lanis A, Kang B, Giannobile WV. Tissue engineering for bone regeneration and osseointegration in the oral cavity. Dent Mater 2015; 31:317-38. [PMID: 25701146 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The focus of this review is to summarize recent advances on regenerative technologies (scaffolding matrices, cell/gene therapy and biologic drug delivery) to promote reconstruction of tooth and dental implant-associated bone defects. METHODS An overview of scaffolds developed for application in bone regeneration is presented with an emphasis on identifying the primary criteria required for optimized scaffold design for the purpose of regenerating physiologically functional osseous tissues. Growth factors and other biologics with clinical potential for osteogenesis are examined, with a comprehensive assessment of pre-clinical and clinical studies. Potential novel improvements to current matrix-based delivery platforms for increased control of growth factor spatiotemporal release kinetics are highlighting including recent advancements in stem cell and gene therapy. RESULTS An analysis of existing scaffold materials, their strategic design for tissue regeneration, and use of growth factors for improved bone formation in oral regenerative therapies results in the identification of current limitations and required improvements to continue moving the field of bone tissue engineering forward into the clinical arena. SIGNIFICANCE Development of optimized scaffolding matrices for the predictable regeneration of structurally and physiologically functional osseous tissues is still an elusive goal. The introduction of growth factor biologics and cells has the potential to improve the biomimetic properties and regenerative potential of scaffold-based delivery platforms for next-generation patient-specific treatments with greater clinical outcome predictability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia P Pilipchuk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Alexandra B Plonka
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1011 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Alberto Monje
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1011 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Andrei D Taut
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1011 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Alejandro Lanis
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1011 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Benjamin Kang
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1011 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - William V Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1011 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
V H, Ali S A M, N J, Ifthikar M, Senthil S, Basak D, Huda F, Priyanka. Evaluation of internal and marginal fit of two metal ceramic system - in vitro study. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:ZC53-6. [PMID: 25654032 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/10372.5300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The high strength porcelain fused metal crowns have been extensively used in dentistry. However, the fit is the most encountered problems in porcelain fused metal crowns. This mainly depends on the fabrication technique. AIM The purpose was to compare the internal and marginal fit of laser sintered and conventionally casted Cobalt-Chromium copings. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty stainless steel dies of dimension 15 x 10 mm with 1 mm finish margin were fabricated using CAD-CAM technology. Twenty dies were divided into two groups Group 1 and Group 2 containing 10 samples each. All 20 dies were scanned using LAVA 3M scanner and data were used to fabricate metal copings using Laser sintering technique (Group-1) and Conventional casting technique (Group-2). Copings were cemented onto respective dies and finished and standardized sectioning were made. The sectioned models were scanned under stereomicroscope at 50 x magnification for internal and marginal fit evaluation. RESULTS Mean and standard deviation of internal and marginal discrepancy of laser sintered copings/conventional cast metal copings was 107.6 ± 10.9μ and 102.1 ± 17.2μ/187.09 ± 11.47 μ and 176.57 ± 25.82 μ respectively. Statistical analysis showed the laser sintered copings have lesser internal and marginal discrepancy than conventional casted copings with p value < 0.001. CONCLUSION The laser sintered Co-Cr copings showed better internal and marginal fit when compared to that of conventional Co-Cr casted copings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harish V
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Srimuthukumaran Medical College , Chennai, India
| | - Mohamed Ali S A
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Indira Gandhi institute of Dental Sciences , Pondicherry, India
| | - Jagadesan N
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Menakshi ammal Dental College , Chennai, India
| | | | - Siva Senthil
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Indira Gandhi institute of Dental Sciences , Pondicherry, India
| | - Debasish Basak
- Consultant Prosthodontist & Private Practioner, West Bengal, India
| | - Febel Huda
- Consultant Prosthodontist, Vasan Dental Care , Trichy, India
| | - Priyanka
- Consultant Prosthodontist, Vasan Dental Care , Madurai, India
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Abstract
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) has been successfully and broadly applied in biomedical engineering to fabricated biomedical part. And the porosity and microstructure of part can be controlled by main sintered parameters. This research focused aliphatic Polycarbonate (PC) sintered with SLS. According to the orthogonal experiment, the effect of laser power energy and interaction between main sintered parameters on porosity has been studied. Then the micro structure and mechanical properties of specimens sintered with the best optimal parameters have been analyzed.
Collapse
|
163
|
Adolphs N, Liu W, Keeve E, Hoffmeister B. Craniomaxillofacial surgery planning based on 3D models derived from Cone-Beam CT data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:101-8. [PMID: 23662655 DOI: 10.3109/10929088.2013.796002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individual planning of complex maxillofacial corrections may require 3D models which can be manufactured based on DICOM datasets. The gold standard for image acquisition is still high-resolution multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT). However, appropriate datasets for model fabrication can be acquired by modern Cone-Beam CT (CBCT) devices that have been developed specifically for maxillofacial imaging. The clinical utility of individual models fabricated on the basis of CBCT datasets was assessed. METHODS In five patients affected by different deficiencies of the maxillofacial skeleton, preoperative imaging was performed with ILUMA CBCT. Segmentation of hard tissues was performed manually by thresholding. Corresponding STL datasets were created and exported to an industrial service provider (Alphaform, Munich, Germany) specializing in rapid prototyping, and 3D models were fabricated by the selective laser sintering (SLS) technique. For variance analysis, landmark measurements were performed on both virtual and 3D models. Subsequently, maxillofacial surgery was performed according to the model-based planning. RESULTS All CBCT-based DICOM datasets could be used for individual model fabrication. Detailed reproduction of individual anatomy was achieved and a topographic survey showed no relevant aberrance between the virtual and real models. The CBCT-based 3D models were therefore used for planning and transfer of different maxillofacial procedures. CONCLUSIONS CBCT-based datasets can be used for the fabrication of surgical 3D models if the correct threshold is set. Preoperative workflow and patient comfort is improved in terms of the fast-track concept by using this "in-house" imaging technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Adolphs
- Klinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Zentrum für rekonstruktive und plastisch-ästhetische Gesichtschirurgie and
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
164
|
Inorganic Polymers: Morphogenic Inorganic Biopolymers for Rapid Prototyping Chain. BIOMEDICAL INORGANIC POLYMERS 2013; 54:235-59. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41004-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
165
|
Henkel J, Hutmacher DW. Design and fabrication of scaffold-based tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1515/bnm-2013-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|