151
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Dimitrov I, Trzebicka B, Müller AH, Dworak A, Tsvetanov CB. Thermosensitive water-soluble copolymers with doubly responsive reversibly interacting entities. Prog Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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152
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Ou J, Chang C, Sung Y, Ou K, Tseng C, Ling H, Ger M. Uniform polystyrene microspheres decorated with noble metal nanoparticles formed without using extra reducing agent. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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153
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Omer-Mizrahi M, Margel S. Synthesis and characterization of spherical and hemispherical polyepoxide micrometer-sized particles of narrow size distribution by a single-step swelling of uniform polystyrene template microspheres with glycidyl methacrylate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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154
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Ali AMI, Pareek P, Sewell L, Schmid A, Fujii S, Armes SP, Shirley IM. Synthesis of poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate) latex particles via aqueous dispersion polymerization. SOFT MATTER 2007; 3:1003-1013. [PMID: 32900050 DOI: 10.1039/b704425a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate) latexes were prepared by aqueous dispersion polymerization at 60 °C using poly(-vinylpyrrolidone) [PNVP] as a steric stabilizer. The mean latex diameter can be controlled over a wide range by varying the synthesis parameters (initiator type, stabilizer concentration, addition of co-surfactant or comonomer), and narrow size distributions were observed in most cases. These sterically-stabilized latex particles were characterized by electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Malvern Mastersizer and FT-IR spectroscopy. The presence of the PNVP stabilizer at the surface of the latex particles was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the stabilizer content was assessed by H NMR spectroscopy and nitrogen microanalyses. Colloidally stable surfactant-stabilized poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate) latexes could also be prepared in the absence of any PNVP stabilizer. Since 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate contains a small amount of dimethacrylate impurity, these latexes are actually lightly cross-linked; their degree of swelling in DO, d-methanol and d-pyridine was investigated using dynamic light scattering and H NMR spectroscopy. Finally, three ionic water-soluble comonomers were successfully copolymerized with 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate under aqueous dispersion conditions, as judged by aqueous electrophoresis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M I Ali
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, UKS3 7HF.
| | - P Pareek
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, UKS3 7HF.
| | - L Sewell
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, UKS3 7HF.
| | - A Schmid
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, UKS3 7HF.
| | - S Fujii
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, UKS3 7HF.
| | - S P Armes
- The University of Sheffield, Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield, UKS3 7HF.
| | - I M Shirley
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UKRG42 6EY
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155
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Horák D, Babic M, Macková H, Benes MJ. Preparation and properties of magnetic nano- and microsized particles for biological and environmental separations. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:1751-72. [PMID: 17623453 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a critical overview on magnetic nanoparticles and microspheres used as separation media in different fields of chemistry, biochemistry, biology, and environment protection. The preparation of most widely used magnetic iron oxides in appropriate form, their coating or encapsulation in polymer microspheres, and functionalization is discussed in the first part. In the second part, new developments in the main application areas of magnetic composite particles for separation and catalytical purposes are briefly described. They cover separations and isolations of toxic inorganic and organic ions, proteins, and other biopolymers, cells, and microorganisms. Only selected number of relevant papers could be included due to the restricted extent of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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156
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Mayr T, Moser C, Klimant I. Luminescence decay time encoding of magnetic micro spheres for multiplexed analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 597:137-44. [PMID: 17658323 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic microspheres are optically encoded by doping with three luminescent dyes. The combination of a fluorophore with a nanosecond decay profile and two phosphorescent Ruthenium metal ligand complexes with a microsecond decay profile generates a characteristic signature described by three features: bead brightness, luminescent decay time and dual lifetime referencing (DLR). The beads are identified by time resolved imaging in the microsecond range. A series of fluorophores is tested and the interference of the resulting luminescent code in the red and green label detection channels is investigated. A detailed staining procedure is worked out to increase the staining efficiency of the dyes with hydrophilic character into the lipophilic polystyrene microspheres. A mathematical model is established to calculate the dye amounts that are needed for staining a bead family with a specific feature set. Nineteen bead families were prepared representing the grid points in the three planes of a cube referring to the three features. The coefficient of variation over all bead families is 7%, 1.4% and 1.6% for bead brightness, luminescence decay time and DLR, respectively. The combination of these features and the bead size as additional feature enables the creation of 840 distinguishable bead families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Technikerstr. 4, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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157
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Sun Y, Wang B, Wang H, Jiang J. Controllable preparation of magnetic polymer microspheres with different morphologies by miniemulsion polymerization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007; 308:332-6. [PMID: 17289068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) microspheres were prepared by water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) miniemulsion polymerization of monomers in the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The copolymerizable monomers of acrylic acid and acrylamide were used not only to modify the surfaces of the microspheres with functional groups, but also to act as viscosity regulators to control the morphology and size of these microspheres. It was experimentally observed that the surfaces of these microspheres were functionalized with NH2 groups produced by copolymerization, the morphologies (sphere, ringlike, and one-hole) of the microspheres were controlled by the concentration of copolymerizable monomers, and all samples prepared were superparamagnetic. The possible mechanism of formation of these magnetic microspheres is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fiber and Polymers, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, People's Republic of China
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158
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Preparation of highly cross-linked, monodisperse poly(methyl methacrylate) microspheres by dispersion polymerization; Part I. Batch Processes. Macromol Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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159
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Ahmad H, Hossain MM, Rahman MM, Miah MAJ. Monodispersed Carboxylated Composite Polymer Microspheres and Physical Immobilization of Biomolecules. Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.pj2006204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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160
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Babič M, Horák D. Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-Based Microspheres Prepared by Heterogeneous Polymerizations. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.200600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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161
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Shpaisman N, Margel S. Synthesis and characterization of air-stable magnetic Fe composites microspheres of narrow size distribution. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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162
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Cui L, Xu H, He P, Sumitomo K, Yamaguchi Y, Gu H. Developing a hybrid emulsion polymerization system to synthesize Fe3O4/polystyrene latexes with narrow size distribution and high magnetite content. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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163
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El-Nahas HH, Khalil FH, Ibrahim GM, El-Gammal B. Preparation of unsaturated polyester–styrene beads using gamma irradiation and chemical polymerization routes for use in the recovery of some alkali metal ions. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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164
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Synthesis and characterization of nano‐ and micron‐sized iron oxide and iron particles for biomedical applications. LABORATORY TECHNIQUES IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0075-7535(06)32006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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165
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Huang J, Han B, Yue W, Yan H. Magnetic polymer microspheres with polymer brushes and the immobilization of protein on the brushes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b705815b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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166
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Magnetic CLEAR Supports for Solid-Phase Synthesis of Peptides and Small Organic Molecules. Int J Pept Res Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-006-9056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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167
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Yamagata M, Abe M, Handa H, Kawaguchi H. Magnetite/Polymer Composite Particles Prepared by Molecular Assembling Followed by In-Situ Magnetite Formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200651350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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168
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Xu H, Cui L, Tong N, Gu H. Development of High Magnetization Fe3O4/Polystyrene/Silica Nanospheres via Combined Miniemulsion/Emulsion Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:15582-3. [PMID: 17147355 DOI: 10.1021/ja066165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monodispersed, hydrophilic, superparamagnetic magnetic nanospheres with a high fraction of magnetite were synthesized by combining modified miniemulsion/emulsion polymerization and sol-gel technique for the first time. The surface of the nanospheres was coated by a silica layer with controlled thickness. Transmission electron microscopy experimental results showed well-proportioned, equal-sized, magnetite/polystyrene (Fe3O4/PS) nanospheres with a thin silica shell. Based on the TGA data, the fraction of magnetite in the Fe3O4/PS nanospheres core was estimated to be 80 wt %. Magnetization measurements indicated that the superparamagnetic nature of the nanospheres had high saturation magnetization of 40 emu/g at 300 K. The procedures of the novel synthesis are described in detail. Also discussed are the mechanisms of the novel combined miniemulsion/emulsion polymerization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Research Institute for Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
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169
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Berensmeier S. Magnetic particles for the separation and purification of nucleic acids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 73:495-504. [PMID: 17063328 PMCID: PMC7080036 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid separation is an increasingly important tool for molecular biology. Before modern technologies could be used, nucleic acid separation had been a time- and work-consuming process based on several extraction and centrifugation steps, often limited by small yields and low purities of the separation products, and not suited for automation and up-scaling. During the last few years, specifically functionalised magnetic particles were developed. Together with an appropriate buffer system, they allow for the quick and efficient purification directly after their extraction from crude cell extracts. Centrifugation steps were avoided. In addition, the new approach provided for an easy automation of the entire process and the isolation of nucleic acids from larger sample volumes. This review describes traditional methods and methods based on magnetic particles for nucleic acid purification. The synthesis of a variety of magnetic particles is presented in more detail. Various suppliers of magnetic particles for nucleic acid separation as well as suppliers offering particle-based kits for a variety of different sample materials are listed. Furthermore, commercially available manual magnetic separators and automated systems for magnetic particle handling and liquid handling are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Berensmeier
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Technical Chemistry, Water Technology and Geotechnology Division, Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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170
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Jayachandran KNN, Chatterji PR. PREPARATION OF LINEAR AND CROSSLINKED POLYMER MICROSPHERES BY DISPERSION POLYMERIZATION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/mc-100002056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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171
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Sun Y, Wang B, Hui C, Wang H, Jiang J. Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Polymer Microspheres. J MACROMOL SCI B 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340600770319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- a State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fiber and Polymers, College of Material Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Biao Wang
- a State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fiber and Polymers, College of Material Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Chun Hui
- b College of Micro\Nano Science , Jiaotong University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Huaping Wang
- a State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fiber and Polymers, College of Material Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Jianming Jiang
- a State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fiber and Polymers, College of Material Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai , P.R. China
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172
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Unsal E, Elmas B, Caglayan B, Tuncel M, Patir S, Tuncel A. Preparation of an Ion-Exchange Chromatographic Support by A “Grafting From” Strategy Based on Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Anal Chem 2006; 78:5868-75. [PMID: 16906734 DOI: 10.1021/ac060506l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new "grafting from" strategy based on surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was first used for the preparation of a polymer-based ion-exchange support for HPLC. The most important property of the proposed method is to be applicable for the synthesis of any type of ion exchanger in both the strong and the weak forms. Monodisperse, porous poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate), poly(GMA-co-EDM) particles 5.8 mum in size were synthesized by "modified seeded polymerization". Poly(dihydroxypropyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate), poly(DHPM-co-EDM) particles were then obtained by the acidic hydrolysis of poly(GMA-co-EDM) particles. The ATRP initiator, 3-(2-bromoisobutyramido)propyl(triethoxy)silane was covalently attached onto poly(DHPM-co-EDM) particles via the reaction between triethoxysilane and diol groups. In the next stage, the selected monomer carrying strong cation exchanger groups, 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate (SPM), was polymerized on the initiator-immobilized particles via surface-initiated ATRP. The degree of polymerization of SPM (i.e., length of polyionic ligand) on the particles was precisely controlled by adjusting ATRP conditions. Poly(SPM)-grafted poly(DHPM-co-EDM) particles obtained with different ATRP formulations were tried as chromatographic packing in the separation of proteins by ion-exchange chromatography. The proteins were successfully separated with higher column yields with respect to the previously proposed materials. The plate heights between 100 and 150 mum were achieved with the column packed with the particles carrying the shortest poly(SPM) chains. The plate height showed no significant increase with increasing flow rate in the range of 0.5-16 cm/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ender Unsal
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Education, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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173
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Qiu GL, Li YL, Zhao K. Thiobacillus thioparus immobilized by magnetic porous beads: Preparation and characteristic. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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174
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Unsal E, Irmak T, Durusoy E, Tuncel M, Tuncel A. Monodisperse porous polymer particles with polyionic ligands for ion exchange separation of proteins. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 570:240-8. [PMID: 17723405 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new "grafting to" strategy was proposed for the preparation of polymer based ion exchange supports carrying polymeric ligands in the form of weak or strong ion exchangers. Monodisperse porous poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate), poly(GMA-co-EDM) particles 5.9 microm in size were synthesized by "modified seeded polymerization". Poly(2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate), poly(DHPM-co-EDM) particles were then obtained by the acidic hydrolysis of poly(GMA-co-EDM) particles. The hydroxyl functionalized beads were treated with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate to have covalently linked methacrylate groups on the particle surface. The selected monomers carrying weak or strong ionizable groups (2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid, AMPS; 2-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate, DMAEM and N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] methacrylamide, DMAPM) were subsequently grafted onto the particles via immobilized methacrylate groups. The final polymer based materials with polyionic ligands were tried as chromatographic packing in the separation of proteins by ion exchange chromatography. The proteins were successfully separated both in the anion and cation exchange mode with higher column yields with respect to the previously proposed materials. The plate heights obtained for poly(AMPS) and poly(DMAEM) grafted poly(DHPM-co-EDM) particles by using proteins as the analytes were 80 and 200 microm, respectively. Additionally, the plate height exhibited no significant increase with the increasing linear flow rate in the range of 1-20 cm/min. The most important property of the proposed strategy is to be applicable for the synthesis of any type of ion exchanger both in the strong and weak form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ender Unsal
- Hacettepe University, Chemical Engineering Department, Beytepe 06352, Ankara, Turkey
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175
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Ding Y, Hu Y, Zhang L, Chen Y, Jiang X. Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Biocompatible Hybrid Hollow Spheres. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:1766-72. [PMID: 16768396 DOI: 10.1021/bm060085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic hybrid hollow spheres of about 200 nm were prepared by a core-template-free route, that is, adding Fe3O4 nanoparticles stabilized by poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to an aqueous solution of polymer-monomer pairs composed of a cationic polymer, chitosan (CS), and an anionic monomer, acrylic acid (AA), followed by polymerization of acrylic acid and selective cross-linking of chitosan at the end of polymerization. The obtained hybrid spheres were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) in aqueous solution and observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the solid state. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray and electron diffractions revealed that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were incorporated into the shells of chitosan-poly(acrylic acid) (CS-AA) hollow spheres. Magnetization studies and Mössbauer spectroscopy suggested that the chains (or islands) of iron oxide nanoparticles were most likely formed in the walls of the hollow spheres. The phantom test of magnetic resonance imaging showed that the synthesized hybrid hollow spheres had a significant magnetic resonance signal enhancement in T2-weighted image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Ding
- Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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176
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Partouche E, Waysbort D, Margel S. Surface modification of crosslinked poly(styrene-divinyl benzene) micrometer-sized particles of narrow size distribution by ozonolysis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 294:69-78. [PMID: 16083893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Micrometer-sized polystyrene template particles of narrow size distribution were prepared by dispersion polymerization of styrene in 2-methoxyethanol. Uniform micrometer-sized polystyrene/crosslinked poly(styrene-divinyl benzene) composite particles were formed by a single-step swelling process of the template particles with styrene, divinyl benzene and benzoyl peroxide, followed by polymerization at 70 degrees C. Uniform micrometer-sized crosslinked poly(styrene-divinyl benzene) particles of higher surface area were produced by dissolution of the template polystyrene part of the former composite particles with N,N-dimethylformamide. Hydroperoxide conjugated crosslinked poly(styrene-divinyl benzene) particles were produced by ozonolysis of these particles. The effect of ozonolysis conditions, such as exposure time and flow rate of the ozone, on the hydroperoxide conjugation to the crosslinked particles was also studied. Functionalization of the crosslinked poly(styrene-divinyl benzene) particles was performed by graft polymerization of vinylic monomers such as acrylonitrile and chloromethylstyrene on the hydroperoxide conjugated crosslinked particles. This was accomplished by raising the temperature (e.g., 70 degrees C) of deairated acetonitrile dispersions containing the hydroperoxide conjugated particles and the vinylic monomers. The influence of various polymerization parameters on the grafting yield, e.g., monomer concentration, conjugated hydroperoxide concentration, and temperature, was also elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Partouche
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
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177
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178
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Chu Y, Hu J, Yang W, Wang C, Zhang JZ. Growth and Characterization of Highly Branched Nanostructures of Magnetic Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:3135-9. [PMID: 16494320 DOI: 10.1021/jp056506r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles of Fe(3)O(4) have been found to grow into large highly branched nanostructures including nanochains and highly branched nanotrees in the solid state through a postannealing process. By varying the preparation conditions such as annealing time and temperature, the nanostructures could be easily manipulated. Changing the starting concentration of the magnetic nanoparticle solution also caused significant changes of the nanoarchitectures. When the magnetic nanoparticle concentration is low, the nanoparticles formed straight rods mainly with an average diameter of 80 nm and a length of several microns. With increasing concentration of the nanoparticles, treelike structures began to form. With further increase of the concentration, well-ordered nanostructures with the appearance of snowflakes were generated. The driving force for the formation of the highly ordered nanostructures includes interaction between the nanoparticles and interaction through surface-capping molecules. This experiment demonstrates that novel nanostructures can be generated by self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles under the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Chu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Minister of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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179
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Jung MO, Ryu JH, Park JG, Jun JB, Suh KD. Surface modification of monodisperse-crosslinked polymeric microspheres using a redox initiation system. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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180
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Tartaj P, Morales MP, Veintemillas-Verdaguer S, Gonzalez-Carreño T, Serna CJ. chapter 5 Synthesis, Properties and Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles. HANDBOOK OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-2719(05)16005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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181
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Emerging New Technologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0713-2743(06)80097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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182
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Metallurgical Slags, Dust and Fumes. RESOURCE RECOVERY AND RECYCLING FROM METALLURGICAL WASTES 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0713-2743(06)80093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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183
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Lin CL, Chiu WY, Don TM. Superparamagnetic thermoresponsive composite latex via W/O miniemulsion polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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184
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Physical and Physico-Chemical Processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0713-2743(06)80088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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185
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Huang J, Wan S, Guo M, Yan H. Preparation of narrow or mono-disperse crosslinked poly((meth)acrylic acid)/iron oxide magnetic microspheres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b609088e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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186
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Kim H, Daniels ES, Dimonie VL, Klein A. Preparation and characterization of imidazole-functionalized microspheres. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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187
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Ramachandra Rao S. Hydrometallurgical Processes. RESOURCE RECOVERY AND RECYCLING FROM METALLURGICAL WASTES 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0713-2743(06)80089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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188
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Abstract
This review summarizes the preparation and application of chromatographic separation media based on methacrylate monomers with a major focus on highly crosslinked macroporous beads prepared from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate, respectively. The effects of process variables such as composition of the polymerization mixture that includes monomers, porogenic solvents, and free radical initiator, suspension stabilizer, reaction temperature, and stirring are detailed for both classical and templated suspension polymerization. In addition, specific features of the preparation of monodisperse beads are also discussed. The performance of methacrylate-based separation media is demonstrated on numerous separations in a variety of chromatographic modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan J Benes
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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189
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Cho SH, Ryu JH, Park JG, Suh KD. Surface modification of monodisperse hydroxyl functionalized polymeric microspheres using ceric ammonium nitrate. Eur Polym J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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190
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New approach to hybrid materials: Functional sub-micrometer core/shell particles coated with NiS clusters by γ-irradiation. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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191
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Schmid A, Fujii S, Armes SP. Synthesis of micrometer-sized silica-stabilized polystyrene latex particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:8103-5. [PMID: 16114909 DOI: 10.1021/la051687+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Micrometer-sized silica-stabilized polystyrene latexes have been readily prepared by alcoholic dispersion polymerization using a 13 or 22 nm commercial alcoholic silica sol as the sole stabilizing agent. These resulting surfactant-free polystyrene particles have relatively narrow particle size distributions and contain surprisingly low levels of silica (</=1.1% by mass), as judged by disk centrifuge photosedimentometry and thermogravimetry, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy studies indicate that the silica sol is located exclusively at the surface of the polystyrene latex particles at submonolayer coverage. The polymerization of styrene in the absence of the silica sol leads to macroscopic precipitation of the polystyrene. Hence, the presence of silica sol is essential for the colloid stability of these latexes, which presumably involves a charge stabilization mechanism.
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192
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Cho SH, Ryu JH, Jun JB, Suh KD. Monodisperse polystyrene particles crosslinked with poly(dimethyl siloxane) diacrylate using dispersion polymerization and their monomer swelling capability. Colloid Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-005-1369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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193
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Gen-Ping S, Jie B, Rong G. Preparation of Polystyrene/Fe3O4 Nanoparticles in Triton X-100/ Sodium Dodecyl Benzenesulfonate Mixed Surfactant System. CHINESE J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200590997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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194
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Characterisation by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of surface layers of poly(vinyl alcohol) on particles formed by dispersion polymerisation of divinylbenzene. Colloid Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-004-1256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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195
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Guo J, Yang W, Deng Y, Wang C, Fu S. Organic-dye-coupled magnetic nanoparticles encaged inside thermoresponsive PNIPAM Microcapsules. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2005; 1:737-43. [PMID: 17193517 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200400145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a new approach for the fabrication of thermoresponsive polymer microcapsules with mobile magnetic cores that undergo a volume phase-transition upon changing the temperature and are collected under an external magnetic field. We have prepared organic/inorganic composite microspheres with a well-defined core-shell structure that are composed of a crosslinked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) shell and silica cores dotted centrally by magnetite nanoparticles. Since the infiltration of template-decomposed products is dependent on the permeability of PNIPAM shells triggered by changes of exterior temperature, the silica layer sandwiched between the magnetic core and the PNIPAM shell was quantitatively removed to generate PNIPAM microcapsules with mobile magnetic cores by treatment with aqueous NaOH solution. For development of the desired multifunctional microcapsules, modification of the unetched silica surface interiors can be realized by treatment with a silane coupling agent containing functional groups that can easily bind to catalysts, enzymes, or labeling molecules. Herein, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), which is a common organic dye, is attached to the insides of the mobile magnetic cores to give PNIPAM microcapsules with FITC-labeled magnetic cores. In this system, it can be expected that an extension of the functionalization of the cavity properties of smart polymer microcapsules is to immobilize other target molecules onto the mobile cores in order to introduce other desired functions in the hollow cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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196
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Unsal E, Tolga Çamli S, Teksen T, Tuncel M, Tuncel A. Hydroxyl Functionalized Uniform‐Porous Beads, Synthesis and Chromatographic Use. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/ma-200056333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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197
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. GSB, . SA. Chitinolytic and Microsclerostatic Activity of Iranian Strains of Streptomyces
plicatus and Frankia sp. on Olive Isolate of Verticillium
dahliae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2005.108.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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198
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Cho SH, Jun JB, Ryu JH, Suh KD. Preparation of monodisperse poly(divinylbenzene) macrobeads via a drop breaking and polymerization method. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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199
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Liu G, Yang H, Zhou J, Law SJ, Jiang Q, Yang G. Preparation of Magnetic Microspheres from Water-in-Oil Emulsion Stabilized by Block Copolymer Dispersant. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:1280-8. [PMID: 15877343 DOI: 10.1021/bm049316f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the preparation of magnetic microspheres is reported. The preparation involved first the dispersion of an aqueous phase, containing magnetite nanoparticles and a water-soluble homopolymer, into droplets in an organic medium using an amphiphilic block copolymer as the dispersant. This was followed by water distillation at a raised temperature from the aqueous droplets to yield polymer/magnetite particles. The structure of the particles was then locked in by a reagent being added to cross-link the water-soluble copolymer block and homopolymer. Since the hydrophobic block of the copolymer consisted of a protected polyester, the removal of the protective moieties from the coronal chains yielded poly(acrylic acid) or other functional polymers to render water dispersibility to the spheres and to enable biomolecule immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Queen's Crescent, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6.
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200
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Puskas JE, Dahman Y, Margaritis A, Cunningham M. Novel thymine-functionalized polystyrenes for applications in biotechnology. 2. Adsorption of model proteins. Biomacromolecules 2005; 5:1412-21. [PMID: 15244459 DOI: 10.1021/bm034497r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bovine hemoglobin (BHb) model proteins onto novel thymine-functionalized polystyrene (PS-VBT) microspheres, in comparison with polystyrene (PS) microspheres. Maximum adsorption was obtained for both proteins near their corresponding isoelectric points (pI at pH = 4.7 for BSA and 7.1 for BHb). FTIR and adsorption isotherm analysis demonstrated that, although both proteins were physisorbed onto PS through nonspecific hydrophobic interactions, adsorption onto the functionalized copolymers occurred by both physisorption and chemisorption via hydrogen bonding. FTIR analysis also indicated conformational changes in the secondary structure of BSA and BHb adsorbed onto PS, whereas little or no conformation change was seen in the case of adsorption onto PS-VBT. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), consistent with the isotherm results, also demonstrated monolayer adsorption for both proteins. AFM images of BSA adsorbed onto copolymers with 20 mol % surface VBT loading showed exclusively end-on orientation. Adsorption onto copolymers with lower functionality showed mixed end-on and side-on orientation modes of BSA, and only the side-on orientation was observed on PS. The AFM results agreed well with theoretically calculated and experimentally obtained adsorption capacities. AFM together with calculated and observed adsorption capacity data for BHb indicated that this protein might be highly compressed on the copolymer surface. Adsorption from a binary mixture of BSA and BHb onto PS-VBT showed good separation at pH=7.0; approximately 90% of the adsorbed protein was BHb. The novel copolymers have potential applications in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit E Puskas
- Macromolecular Engineering Research Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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