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d'Arcy R, Tirelli N. Fishing for fire: strategies for biological targeting and criteria for material design in anti-inflammatory therapies. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard d'Arcy
- School of Medicine/Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- School of Medicine/Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
- School of Materials; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
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152
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Early diagnosis of orthopedic implant failure using macromolecular imaging agents. Pharm Res 2014; 31:2086-94. [PMID: 24590878 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and evaluate diagnostic tools for early detection of wear particle-induced orthopaedic implant loosening. METHODS N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer was tagged with a near infrared dye and used to detect the inflammation induced by polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particles in a murine peri-implant osteolysis model. It was established by inserting an implant into the distal femur and challenging with routine PMMA particles infusion. The osteolysis was evaluated by micro-CT and histological analysis at different time points. RESULTS Significant peri-implant osteolysis was found 3-month post PMMA particle challenge by micro-CT and histological analysis. At 1-month post challenge, when there was no significant peri-implant bone loss, the HPMA copolymer-near infrared dye conjugate was found to specifically target the femur with PMMA particles deposition, but not the contralateral control femur with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) infusion. CONCLUSION The results from this study demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing the macromolecular diagnostic agent to detect particle-induced peri-implant inflammation prior to the development of detectable osteolysis. Recognition of this early pathological event would provide the window of opportunity for prevention of peri-implant osteolysis and subsequent orthopaedic implant failure.
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153
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Application of liposomes in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: quo vadis. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:978351. [PMID: 24688450 PMCID: PMC3932268 DOI: 10.1155/2014/978351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common treatments for rheumatoid arthritis include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and some biological agents. However, none of the treatments available is able to achieve the ultimate goal of treatment, that is, drug-free remission. This limitation has shifted the focus of treatment to delivery strategies with an ability to deliver the drugs into the synovial cavity in the proper dosage while mitigating side effects to other tissues. A number of approaches like microemulsions, microspheres, liposomes, microballoons, cocrystals, nanoemulsions, dendrimers, microsponges, and so forth, have been used for intrasynovial delivery of these drugs. Amongst these, liposomes have proven to be very effective for retaining the drug in the synovial cavity by virtue of their size and chemical composition. The fast clearance of intra-synovially administered drugs can be overcome by use of liposomes leading to increased uptake of drugs by the target synovial cells, which in turn reduces the exposure of nontarget sites and eliminates most of the undesirable effects associated with therapy. This review focuses on the use of liposomes in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and summarizes data relating to the liposome formulations of various drugs. It also discusses emerging trends of this promising technology.
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154
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Quan L, Zhang Y, Crielaard BJ, Dusad A, Lele SM, Rijcken CJF, Metselaar JM, Kostková H, Etrych T, Ulbrich K, Kiessling F, Mikuls TR, Hennink WE, Storm G, Lammers T, Wang D. Nanomedicines for inflammatory arthritis: head-to-head comparison of glucocorticoid-containing polymers, micelles, and liposomes. ACS NANO 2014; 8:458-466. [PMID: 24341611 PMCID: PMC3947749 DOI: 10.1021/nn4048205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging research direction, nanomedicine has been increasingly utilized to treat inflammatory diseases. In this head-to-head comparison study, four established nanomedicine formulations of dexamethasone, including liposomes (L-Dex), core-cross-linked micelles (M-Dex), slow releasing polymeric prodrugs (P-Dex-slow), and fast releasing polymeric prodrugs (P-Dex-fast), were evaluated in an adjuvant-induced arthritis rat model with an equivalent dose treatment design. It was found that after a single i.v. injection, the formulations with the slower drug release kinetics (i.e., M-Dex and P-Dex-slow) maintained longer duration of therapeutic activity than those with relatively faster drug release kinetics, resulting in better joint protection. This finding will be instructional in the future development and optimization of nanomedicines for the clinical management of rheumatoid arthritis. The outcome of this study also illustrates the value of such head-to-head comparison studies in translational nanomedicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdong Quan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, (USA)
| | - Yijia Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, (USA)
| | - Bart J. Crielaard
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, (The Netherlands)
| | - Anand Dusad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, (USA)
| | - Subodh M. Lele
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, (USA)
| | | | - Josbert M Metselaar
- Department of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede (The Netherlands)
| | - Hana Kostková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, (Czech Republic)
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, (Czech Republic)
| | - Karel Ulbrich
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, (Czech Republic)
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH - Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen (Germany)
| | - Ted R. Mikuls
- Omaha VA Medical Center, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, (USA)
- Department Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, (USA)
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, (The Netherlands)
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, (The Netherlands)
- Department of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede (The Netherlands)
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, (The Netherlands)
- Department of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede (The Netherlands)
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH - Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen (Germany)
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, (USA)
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155
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Zhang Y, Bradley AD, Wang D, Reinhardt RA. Statins, bone metabolism and treatment of bone catabolic diseases. Pharmacol Res 2014; 88:53-61. [PMID: 24407282 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that statins had bone anabolic properties initiated many investigations into their use for treatment of bone catabolic diseases, such as osteoporosis. This paper reviews the molecular basis of statin's role in bone metabolism, and animal and human studies on the impact of systemic statins on osteoporosis-induced bone fracture incidence and healing, and on bone density. Limitations of systemic statins are described along with alternative dosing strategies, including local applications and bone-targeting systemic preparations. The principal findings of this review are: (1) traditional oral dosing with statins results in minimal efficacy in the treatment of osteoporosis; (2) local applications of statins show promise in the treatment of accessible bony defects, such as periodontitis; and (3) systemically administered statins which can target bone or inflammation near bone may be the safest and most effective strategy in the treatment of osseous deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Aaron D Bradley
- Department of Surgical Specialties, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Richard A Reinhardt
- Department of Surgical Specialties, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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156
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Abstract
Diarthrodial joints are well suited to intra-articular injection, and the local delivery of therapeutics in this fashion brings several potential advantages to the treatment of a wide range of arthropathies. Possible benefits over systemic delivery include increased bioavailability, reduced systemic exposure, fewer adverse events, and lower total drug costs. Nevertheless, intra-articular therapy is challenging because of the rapid egress of injected materials from the joint space; this elimination is true of both small molecules, which exit via synovial capillaries, and of macromolecules, which are cleared by the lymphatic system. In general, soluble materials have an intra-articular dwell time measured only in hours. Corticosteroids and hyaluronate preparations constitute the mainstay of FDA-approved intra-articular therapeutics. Recombinant proteins, autologous blood products and analgesics have also found clinical use via intra-articular delivery. Several alternative approaches, such as local delivery of cell and gene therapy, as well as the use of microparticles, liposomes, and modified drugs, are in various stages of preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Evans
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, RN-115, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Virginia B Kraus
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Box 3416, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lori A Setton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Room 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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157
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Ren K, Dusad A, Yuan F, Yuan H, Purdue PE, Fehringer EV, Garvin KL, Goldring SR, Wang D. Macromolecular prodrug of dexamethasone prevents particle-induced peri-implant osteolysis with reduced systemic side effects. J Control Release 2013; 175:1-9. [PMID: 24326124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aseptic implant loosening related to implant wear particle-induced inflammation is the most common cause of failure after joint replacement. Modulation of the inflammatory reaction to the wear products represents a rational approach for preventing aseptic implant failure. Long-term treatment using anti-inflammatory agents, however, can be associated with significant systemic side effects due to the drugs' lack of tissue specificity. To address this issue, N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-dexamethasone conjugate (P-Dex) was developed and evaluated for prevention of wear particle-induced osteolysis and the loss of fixation in a murine prosthesis failure model. Daily administration of free dexamethasone (Dex) was able to prevent wear particle-induced osteolysis, as assessed by micro-CT and histological analysis. Remarkably, monthly P-Dex administration (dose equivalent to free Dex treatment) was equally effective as free dexamethasone, but was not associated with systemic bone loss (a major adverse side effect of glucocorticoids). The reduced systemic toxicity of P-Dex is related to preferential targeting of the sites of wear particle-induced inflammation and its subcellular sequestration and retention by local inflammatory cell populations, resulting in sustained therapeutic action. These results demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing a macromolecular prodrug with reduced systemic toxicity to prevent wear particle-induced osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198, USA
| | - Anand Dusad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198, USA
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198, USA
| | - Hongjiang Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198, USA
| | | | - Edward V Fehringer
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198, USA
| | - Kevin L Garvin
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198, USA
| | | | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198, USA.
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158
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Lee SJ, Lee A, Hwang SR, Park JS, Jang J, Huh MS, Jo DG, Yoon SY, Byun Y, Kim SH, Kwon IC, Youn I, Kim K. TNF-α gene silencing using polymerized siRNA/thiolated glycol chitosan nanoparticles for rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Ther 2013; 22:397-408. [PMID: 24145554 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among various proinflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α plays a pivotal role in the release of other cytokines and induction of chronic inflammation. Even though siRNA has the therapeutic potential, they have a challenge to be delivered into the target cells because of their poor stability in physiological fluids. Herein, we design a nanocomplex of polymerized siRNA (poly-siRNA) targeting TNF-α with thiolated glycol chitosan (tGC) polymers for the treatment of RA. Poly-siRNA is prepared through self-polymerization of thiol groups at the 5' end of sense and antisense strand of siRNA and encapsulated into tGC polymers, resulting in poly-siRNA-tGC nanoparticles (psi-tGC-NPs) with an average diameter of 370 nm. In the macrophage culture system, psi-tGC-NPs exhibit rapid cellular uptake and excellent in vitro TNF-α gene silencing efficacy. Importantly, psi-tGC-NPs show the high accumulation at the arthritic joint sites in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice. Treatment monitoring data obtained by the matrix metalloproteinase 3-specific nanoprobe and microcomputed tomography show that intravenous injection of psi-tGC-NPs significantly inhibits inflammation and bone erosion in CIA mice, comparable to methotrexate (5 mg/kg). Therefore, the availability of psi-tGC-NP therapy that target specific cytokines may herald new era in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Jin Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aeju Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Rim Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jong-Sung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Myung Sook Huh
- Korean Intellectual Property Office, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Soo-Young Yoon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngro Byun
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Inchan Youn
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea.
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159
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Efficiency of high molecular weight backbone degradable HPMA copolymer-prostaglandin E1 conjugate in promotion of bone formation in ovariectomized rats. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6528-38. [PMID: 23731780 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiblock, high molecular weight, linear, backbone degradable HPMA copolymer-prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) conjugate has been synthesized by RAFT polymerization mediated by a new bifunctional chain transfer agent (CTA), which contains an enzymatically degradable oligopeptide sequence flanked by two dithiobenzoate groups, followed by postpolymerization aminolysis and thiol-ene chain extension. The multiblock conjugate contains Asp8 as the bone targeting moiety and enzymatically degradable bonds in the polymer backbone; in vivo degradation produces cleavage products that are below the renal threshold. Using an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model, the accumulation in bone and efficacy to promote bone formation was evaluated; low molecular weight conjugates served as control. The results indicated a higher accumulation in bone, greater enhancement of bone density, and higher plasma osteocalcin levels for the backbone degradable conjugate.
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160
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161
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Sethi V, Rubinstein I, Kuzmis A, Kastrissios H, Artwohl J, Onyuksel H. Novel, biocompatible, and disease modifying VIP nanomedicine for rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:728-38. [PMID: 23211088 DOI: 10.1021/mp300539f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment, efficacious and safe disease-modifying therapy still represents an unmet medical need. Here, we describe an innovative strategy to treat RA by targeting low doses of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) self-associated with sterically stabilized micelles (SSMs). This spontaneous interaction of VIP with SSM protects the peptide from degradation or inactivation in biological fluids and prolongs circulation half-life. Treatment with targeted low doses of nanosized SSM-VIP but not free VIP in buffer significantly reduced the incidence and severity of arthritis in an experimental model, completely abrogating joint swelling and destruction of cartilage and bone. In addition, SSM associated VIP, unlike free VIP, had no side-effects on the systemic functions due to selective targeting to inflamed joints. Finally, low doses of VIP in SSM successfully downregulated both inflammatory and autoimmune components of RA. Collectively, our data clearly indicate that VIP-SSM should be developed to be used as a novel nanomedicine for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Sethi
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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162
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Kopeček J. Polymer-drug conjugates: origins, progress to date and future directions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:49-59. [PMID: 23123294 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This overview focuses on bioconjugates of water-soluble polymers with low molecular weight drugs and proteins. After a short discussion of the origins of the field, the state-of-the-art is reviewed. Then research directions needed for the acceleration of the translation of nanomedicines into the clinic are outlined. Two most important directions, synthesis of backbone degradable polymer carriers and drug-free macromolecular therapeutics, a new paradigm in drug delivery, are discussed in detail. Finally, the future perspectives of the field are briefly discussed.
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163
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Pharmacokinetic considerations for targeted drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:139-47. [PMID: 23280371 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems involve technology designed to maximize therapeutic efficacy of drugs by controlling their biodistribution profile. In order to optimize a function of the delivery systems, their biodistribution characteristics should be systematically understood. Pharmacokinetic analysis based on the clearance concepts provides quantitative information of the biodistribution, which can be related to physicochemical properties of the delivery system. Various delivery systems including macromolecular drug conjugates, chemically or genetically modified proteins, and particulate drug carriers have been designed and developed so far. In this article, we review physiological and pharmacokinetic implications of the delivery systems.
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164
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Low SA, Kopeček J. Targeting polymer therapeutics to bone. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1189-204. [PMID: 22316530 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An aging population in the developing world has led to an increase in musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoporosis and bone metastases. Left untreated many bone diseases cause debilitating pain and in the case of cancer, death. Many potential drugs are effective in treating diseases but result in side effects preventing their efficacy in the clinic. Bone, however, provides a unique environment of inorganic solids, which can be exploited in order to effectively target drugs to diseased tissue. By integration of bone targeting moieties to drug-carrying water-soluble polymers, the payload to diseased area can be increased while side effects decreased. The realization of clinically relevant bone targeted polymer therapeutics depends on (1) understanding bone targeting moiety interactions, (2) development of controlled drug delivery systems, as well as (3) understanding drug interactions. The latter makes it possible to develop bone targeted synergistic drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart A Low
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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