151
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Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Gut instincts: microbiota as a key regulator of brain development, ageing and neurodegeneration. J Physiol 2017; 595:489-503. [PMID: 27641441 PMCID: PMC5233671 DOI: 10.1113/jp273106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing realisation that the gut-brain axis and its regulation by the microbiota may play a key role in the biological and physiological basis of neurodevelopmental, age-related and neurodegenerative disorders. The routes of communication between the microbiota and brain are being unravelled and include the vagus nerve, gut hormone signalling, the immune system, tryptophan metabolism or by way of microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids. The importance of early life gut microbiota in shaping future health outcomes is also emerging. Disturbances of this composition by way of antibiotic exposure, lack of breastfeeding, infection, stress and the environmental influences coupled with the influence of host genetics can result in long-term effects on physiology and behaviour, at least in animal models. It is also worth noting that mode of delivery at birth influences microbiota composition with those born by Caesarean section having a distinctly different microbiota in early life to those born per vaginum. At the other extreme of life, ageing is associated with a narrowing in microbial diversity and healthy ageing correlates with a diverse microbiome. Recently, the gut microbiota has been implicated in a variety of conditions including depression, autism, schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. There is still considerable debate as to whether or not the gut microbiota changes are core to the pathophysiology of such conditions or are merely epiphenomenal. It is plausible that such neuropsychiatric disorders might be treated in the future by targeting the microbiota either by microbiota transplantation, antibiotics or psychobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G. Dinan
- APC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College CorkIreland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural ScienceUniversity College CorkIreland
| | - John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College CorkIreland
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkIreland
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152
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Kynurenine pathway metabolism and the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Neuropharmacology 2017; 112:399-412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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153
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Hoban A, Moloney R, Golubeva A, McVey Neufeld K, O’Sullivan O, Patterson E, Stanton C, Dinan T, Clarke G, Cryan J. Behavioural and neurochemical consequences of chronic gut microbiota depletion during adulthood in the rat. Neuroscience 2016; 339:463-477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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154
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Luczynski P, Whelan SO, O'Sullivan C, Clarke G, Shanahan F, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Adult microbiota-deficient mice have distinct dendritic morphological changes: differential effects in the amygdala and hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2654-2666. [PMID: 27256072 PMCID: PMC5113767 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence implicates the microbiota in the regulation of brain and behaviour. Germ-free mice (GF; microbiota deficient from birth) exhibit altered stress hormone signalling and anxiety-like behaviours as well as deficits in social cognition. Although the mechanisms underlying the ability of the gut microbiota to influence stress responsivity and behaviour remain unknown, many lines of evidence point to the amygdala and hippocampus as likely targets. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine if the volume and dendritic morphology of the amygdala and hippocampus differ in GF versus conventionally colonized (CC) mice. Volumetric estimates revealed significant amygdalar and hippocampal expansion in GF compared to CC mice. We also studied the effect of GF status on the level of single neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and ventral hippocampus. In the BLA, the aspiny interneurons and pyramidal neurons of GF mice exhibited dendritic hypertrophy. The BLA pyramidal neurons of GF mice had more thin, stubby and mushroom spines. In contrast, the ventral hippocampal pyramidal neurons of GF mice were shorter, less branched and had less stubby and mushroom spines. When compared to controls, dentate granule cells of GF mice were less branched but did not differ in spine density. These findings suggest that the microbiota is required for the normal gross morphology and ultrastructure of the amygdala and hippocampus and that this neural remodelling may contribute to the maladaptive stress responsivity and behavioural profile observed in GF mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Luczynski
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Room 3.86, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Seán O Whelan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colette O'Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Room 3.86, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Room 3.86, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Room 3.86, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Room 3.86, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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155
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Kelly JR, Borre Y, O' Brien C, Patterson E, El Aidy S, Deane J, Kennedy PJ, Beers S, Scott K, Moloney G, Hoban AE, Scott L, Fitzgerald P, Ross P, Stanton C, Clarke G, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Transferring the blues: Depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 82:109-18. [PMID: 27491067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 970] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota interacts with the host via neuroimmune, neuroendocrine and neural pathways. These pathways are components of the brain-gut-microbiota axis and preclinical evidence suggests that the microbiota can recruit this bidirectional communication system to modulate brain development, function and behaviour. The pathophysiology of depression involves neuroimmune-neuroendocrine dysregulation. However, the extent to which changes in gut microbiota composition and function mediate the dysregulation of these pathways is unknown. Thirty four patients with major depression and 33 matched healthy controls were recruited. Cytokines, CRP, Salivary Cortisol and plasma Lipopolysaccharide binding protein were determined by ELISA. Plasma tryptophan and kynurenine were determined by HPLC. Fecal samples were collected for 16s rRNA sequencing. A Fecal Microbiota transplantation was prepared from a sub group of depressed patients and controls and transferred by oral gavage to a microbiota-deficient rat model. We demonstrate that depression is associated with decreased gut microbiota richness and diversity. Fecal microbiota transplantation from depressed patients to microbiota-depleted rats can induce behavioural and physiological features characteristic of depression in the recipient animals, including anhedonia and anxiety-like behaviours, as well as alterations in tryptophan metabolism. This suggests that the gut microbiota may play a causal role in the development of features of depression and may provide a tractable target in the treatment and prevention of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Kelly
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yuliya Borre
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ciaran O' Brien
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elaine Patterson
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Deane
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul J Kennedy
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sasja Beers
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen Scott
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Moloney
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan E Hoban
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lucinda Scott
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Paul Ross
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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156
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Kennedy PJ, Murphy AB, Cryan JF, Ross PR, Dinan TG, Stanton C. Microbiome in brain function and mental health. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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157
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Clarke G, Cryan JF. Preface: The Gut Microbiome and Behavior under the microscope: Where to focus? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 131:xv-xxiii. [PMID: 27793229 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(16)30165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - J F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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158
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Manook A, Hiergeist A, Rupprecht R, Baghai TC. Dickdarmmikrobiom und Depression. DER NERVENARZT 2016; 87:1227-1240. [DOI: 10.1007/s00115-016-0230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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159
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Młyniec K, Gaweł M, Doboszewska U, Starowicz G, Nowak G. The Role of Elements in Anxiety. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 103:295-326. [PMID: 28061974 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Elements (bioelements) are necessary factors required for the physiological function of organisms. They are critically involved in fundamental processes of life. Extra- and intracellular message and metabolic pathway factors as well as structural components include one or many elements in their functional structure. Recent years have seen an intensification in terms of knowledge gained about the roles of elements in anxiety disorders. In this chapter we present a review of the most important current data concerning the involvement of zinc, magnesium, copper, lithium, iron, and manganese, and their deficiency, in the pathophysiology and treatment of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Młyniec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
| | - M Gaweł
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - U Doboszewska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - G Starowicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - G Nowak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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160
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Principi N, Esposito S. Gut microbiota and central nervous system development. J Infect 2016; 73:536-546. [PMID: 27725185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gut dysbiosis has been associated with several clinically relevant conditions, including alterations of central nervous system (CNS) structure and function development. This review discussed aspects of the relationship between gut microbiota and the CNS during development. METHODS PubMed was used to search for all of the studies published over the last 15 years using the key word "microbiota" and "gut" or "intestinal" and "nervous system". More than 350 articles were found, and only those published in English and providing data on aspects related to neurologic diseases were included in the evaluation. RESULTS The data indicate that the gut microbiota influences CNS development and function and that gut dysbiosis is associated with significant neurological problems. However, most of these data have been collected in experimental animals and cannot be transferred to humans. Moreover, it is not definitively established whether neurologic diseases depend on a generic modification of the gut microbiota or whether a single bacterial phylum or species plays a specific role for any single condition. Furthermore, limited information exists regarding protective bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Both probiotics and prebiotics can have different impacts on CNS according to the microbial species or oligosaccharides that are administered. In humans, particularly in children, several factors may be important in conditioning gut microbiota modifications; unfortunately, most of these factors act simultaneously. More efforts are required to fully define both the array of complex behaviors that are influenced by the gut microbiota at the CNS level and the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Principi
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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161
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Eisthen HL, Theis KR. Animal-microbe interactions and the evolution of nervous systems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150052. [PMID: 26598731 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals ubiquitously interact with environmental and symbiotic microbes, and the effects of these interactions on animal physiology are currently the subject of intense interest. Nevertheless, the influence of microbes on nervous system evolution has been largely ignored. We illustrate here how taking microbes into account might enrich our ideas about the evolution of nervous systems. For example, microbes are involved in animals' communicative, defensive, predatory and dispersal behaviours, and have likely influenced the evolution of chemo- and photosensory systems. In addition, we speculate that the need to regulate interactions with microbes at the epithelial surface may have contributed to the evolutionary internalization of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Eisthen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane Rm 203, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, 567 Wilson Road Rm 1441, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kevin R Theis
- BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, 567 Wilson Road Rm 1441, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, MSRB I Rm 1510A, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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162
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MicroRNAs as biomarkers for major depression: a role for let-7b and let-7c. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e862. [PMID: 27483380 PMCID: PMC5022079 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing emphasis in the field of psychiatry on the need to identify candidate biomarkers to aid in diagnosis and clinical management of depression, particularly with respect to predicting response to specific therapeutic strategies. MicroRNAs are small nucleotide sequences with the ability to regulate gene expression at the transcriptomic level and emerging evidence from a range of studies has highlighted their biomarker potential. Here we compared healthy controls (n=20) with patients diagnosed with major depression (n=40) and who were treatment-resistant to identify peripheral microRNA biomarkers, which could be used for diagnosis and to predict response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and ketamine (KET) infusions, treatments that have previously shown to be effective in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). At baseline and after treatment, blood samples were taken and symptom severity scores rated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Samples were analyzed for microRNA expression using microarray and validated using quantitative PCR. As expected, both treatments reduced HDRS scores. Compared with controls, the baseline expression of the microRNA let-7b was less by ~40% in TRD patients compared with controls. The baseline expression of let-7c was also lower by ~50% in TRD patients who received ECT. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that let-7b and let-7c regulates the expression of 27 genes in the PI3k-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, which has previously been reported to be dysfunctional in depression. The expression of miR-16, miR-182, miR-451 and miR-223 were similar to that in controls. Baseline microRNA expression could not predict treatment response and microRNAs were unaffected by treatment. Taken together, we have identified let-7b and let-7c as candidate biomarkers of major depression.
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163
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Luczynski P, McVey Neufeld KA, Oriach CS, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Growing up in a Bubble: Using Germ-Free Animals to Assess the Influence of the Gut Microbiota on Brain and Behavior. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw020. [PMID: 26912607 PMCID: PMC5006193 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing recognition of the importance of the commensal intestinal microbiota in the development and later function of the central nervous system. Research using germ-free mice (mice raised without any exposure to microorganisms) has provided some of the most persuasive evidence for a role of these bacteria in gut-brain signalling. Key findings show that the microbiota is necessary for normal stress responsivity, anxiety-like behaviors, sociability, and cognition. Furthermore, the microbiota maintains central nervous system homeostasis by regulating immune function and blood brain barrier integrity. Studies have also found that the gut microbiota influences neurotransmitter, synaptic, and neurotrophic signalling systems and neurogenesis. The principle advantage of the germ-free mouse model is in proof-of-principle studies and that a complete microbiota or defined consortiums of bacteria can be introduced at various developmental time points. However, a germ-free upbringing can induce permanent neurodevelopmental deficits that may deem the model unsuitable for specific scientific queries that do not involve early-life microbial deficiency. As such, alternatives and complementary strategies to the germ-free model are warranted and include antibiotic treatment to create microbiota-deficient animals at distinct time points across the lifespan. Increasing our understanding of the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behavior has the potential to inform novel management strategies for stress-related gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Luczynski
- APC Microbiome Institute (Ms Luczynski, Dr McVey Neufeld, Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, Dr Dinan, and Dr Cryan), Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science (Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, and Dr Dinan), and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld
- APC Microbiome Institute (Ms Luczynski, Dr McVey Neufeld, Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, Dr Dinan, and Dr Cryan), Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science (Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, and Dr Dinan), and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Clara Seira Oriach
- APC Microbiome Institute (Ms Luczynski, Dr McVey Neufeld, Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, Dr Dinan, and Dr Cryan), Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science (Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, and Dr Dinan), and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Institute (Ms Luczynski, Dr McVey Neufeld, Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, Dr Dinan, and Dr Cryan), Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science (Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, and Dr Dinan), and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute (Ms Luczynski, Dr McVey Neufeld, Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, Dr Dinan, and Dr Cryan), Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science (Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, and Dr Dinan), and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute (Ms Luczynski, Dr McVey Neufeld, Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, Dr Dinan, and Dr Cryan), Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science (Ms Oriach, Dr Clarke, and Dr Dinan), and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience (Dr Cryan), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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164
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Zeng L, Zeng B, Wang H, Li B, Huo R, Zheng P, Zhang X, Du X, Liu M, Fang Z, Xu X, Zhou C, Chen J, Li W, Guo J, Wei H, Xie P. Microbiota Modulates Behavior and Protein Kinase C mediated cAMP response element-binding protein Signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29998. [PMID: 27444685 PMCID: PMC4956747 DOI: 10.1038/srep29998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary pressure drives gut microbiota–host coevolution and results in complex interactions between gut microbiota and neural development; however, the molecular mechanisms by which the microbiota governs host behavior remain obscure. Here, we report that colonization early in life is crucial for the microbiota to modulate brain development and behavior; later colonization or deletion of microbiota cannot completely reverse the behaviors. Microarray analysis revealed an association between absence of gut microbiota and expression in cAMP responding element-binding protein (CREB) regulated genes in the hippocampus. The absence of gut microbiota from birth was shown to be associated with decreased CREB expression, followed by decreases of protein kinase C beta (PRKCB) and AMPA receptors expression, and an increase of phosphorylation CREB (pCREB) expression. Microbiota colonization in adolescence restored CREB and pCREB expression, but did not alter PRKCB and AMPARs expression. The removal of the gut microbiota from SPF mice using antibiotics only reduced pCREB expression. These findings suggest that (i) colonization of the gut microbiota early in life might facilitate neurodevelopment via PKC–CREB signaling and (ii) although GF mice and ABX mice display reduced anxiety-related behaviors, the molecular mechanisms behind this might differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Benhua Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ran Huo
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangyu Du
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuejiao Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Chanjuan Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenxia Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Cancer Hospital &Institute &Cancer Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Mind and Brain Theme, and Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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165
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Callaghan BL, Cowan CSM, Richardson R. Treating Generational Stress. Psychol Sci 2016; 27:1171-80. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797616653103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget L. Callaghan
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne
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166
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Probiotic modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and behaviour in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30046. [PMID: 27416816 PMCID: PMC4945902 DOI: 10.1038/srep30046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the bi-directional gut–brain axis, a communication that integrates the gut and central nervous system (CNS) activities. Animal studies reveal that gut bacteria influence behaviour, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels and serotonin metabolism. In the present study, we report for the first time an analysis of the microbiota–gut–brain axis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). After 28 days of dietary administration with the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501, we found differences in shoaling behaviour, brain expression levels of bdnf and of genes involved in serotonin signalling/metabolism between control and treated zebrafish group. In addition, in microbiota we found a significant increase of Firmicutes and a trending reduction of Proteobacteria. This study demonstrates that selected microbes can be used to modulate endogenous neuroactive molecules in zebrafish.
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167
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O'Callaghan TF, Ross RP, Stanton C, Clarke G. The gut microbiome as a virtual endocrine organ with implications for farm and domestic animal endocrinology. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 56 Suppl:S44-55. [PMID: 27345323 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome exerts a marked influence on host physiology, and manipulation of its composition has repeatedly been shown to influence host metabolism and body composition. This virtual endocrine organ also has a role in the regulation of the plasma concentrations of tryptophan, an essential amino acid and precursor to serotonin, a key neurotransmitter within both the enteric and central nervous systems. Control over the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis also appears to be under the influence of the gut microbiota. This is clear from studies in microbiota-deficient germ-free animals with exaggerated responses to psychological stress that can be normalized by monocolonization with certain bacterial species including Bifidobacterium infantis. Therapeutic targeting of the gut microbiota may thus be useful in treating or preventing stress-related microbiome-gut-brain axis disorders and metabolic diseases, much the same way as redirections of metabolopathies can be achieved through more traditional endocrine hormone-based interventions. Moreover, the implications of these findings need to be considered in the context of farm and domestic animal physiology, behavior, and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F O'Callaghan
- Department of Biosciences, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R P Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; College of Science Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - C Stanton
- Department of Biosciences, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - G Clarke
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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168
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Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e774. [PMID: 27045844 PMCID: PMC4872400 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a key region implicated in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, schizophrenia and autism. In parallel, the role of the gut microbiota in contributing to these disorders is emerging. Germ-free (GF) animals, microbiota-deficient throughout life, have been instrumental in elucidating the role of the microbiota in many aspects of physiology, especially the role of the microbiota in anxiety-related behaviours, impaired social cognition and stress responsivity. Here we aim to further elucidate the mechanisms of the microbial influence by investigating changes in the homeostatic regulation of neuronal transcription of GF mice within the PFC using a genome-wide transcriptome profiling approach. Our results reveal a marked, concerted upregulation of genes linked to myelination and myelin plasticity. This coincided with upregulation of neural activity-induced pathways, potentially driving myelin plasticity. Subsequent investigation at the ultrastructural level demonstrated the presence of hypermyelinated axons within the PFC of GF mice. Notably, these changes in myelin and activity-related gene expression could be reversed by colonization with a conventional microbiota following weaning. In summary, we believe we demonstrate for the first time that the microbiome is necessary for appropriate and dynamic regulation of myelin-related genes with clear implications for cortical myelination at an ultrastructural level. The microbiota is therefore a potential therapeutic target for psychiatric disorders involving dynamic myelination in the PFC.
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169
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Cryan JF. Stress and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: An Evolving Concept in Psychiatry. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2016; 61:201-3. [PMID: 27254411 PMCID: PMC4794959 DOI: 10.1177/0706743716635538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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170
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Exercise and gut symptomatology have long been connected. The possibility that regular exercise fosters intestinal health and function has been somewhat overlooked in the scientific literature. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and discuss a selection of recent, relevant, and innovative studies, hypotheses and reviews that elucidate a complex topic. RECENT FINDINGS The multiorgan benefits of regular exercise are extensive. When taken in moderation, these benefits transcend improved cardio-respiratory fitness and likely reach the gut in a metabolic, immunological, neural, and microbial manner. This is applicable in both health and disease. However, further work is required to provide safe, effective recommendations on physical activity in specific gastrointestinal conditions. SUMMARY Challenging methodology investigating the relationship between exercise and gut health should not deter from exploring exercise in the promotion of gastrointestinal health.
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171
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Luna RA, Savidge TC, Williams KC. The Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis: What Role Does It Play in Autism Spectrum Disorder? CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2016; 3:75-81. [PMID: 27398286 PMCID: PMC4933016 DOI: 10.1007/s40474-016-0077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The brain-gut-microbiome axis refers to the interactions between the central nervous system, gastrointestinal system, and microorganisms that live in the gastrointestinal tract. Exploring these interactions provides a rationale for why gastrointestinal disorders commonly occur in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Signs of altered brain-gut interactions that are closely associated with functional GI disorders (FGIDs) commonly occur in children with ASD. Studies of microbiome in ASD suggest that changes in the gut microbiome may be associated with ASD and with GI disorders in children with ASD. Further studies into the brain-gut-microbiome axis could lead to new techniques for identifying GI disorders in children with ASD and novel therapies for treating ASD behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Ann Luna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tor C. Savidge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kent C. Williams
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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172
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Early‐life exercise may promote lasting brain and metabolic health through gut bacterial metabolites. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:151-7. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Arentsen T, Raith H, Qian Y, Forssberg H, Diaz Heijtz R. Host microbiota modulates development of social preference in mice. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2015; 26:29719. [PMID: 26679775 PMCID: PMC4683992 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.29719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting evidence indicates that the indigenous gut microbiota exerts long-lasting programming effects on brain function and behaviour. OBJECTIVE In this study, we used the germ-free (GF) mouse model, devoid of any microbiota throughout development, to assess the influence of the indigenous microbiota on social preference and repetitive behaviours (e.g. self-grooming). METHODS AND RESULTS Using the three-chambered social approach task, we demonstrate that when adult GF mice were given a choice to spend time with a novel mouse or object, they spent significantly more time sniffing and interacting with the stimulus mouse compared to conventionally raised mice (specific pathogen-free, SPF). Time spent in repetitive self-grooming behaviour, however, did not differ between GF and SPF mice. Real-time PCR-based gene expression analysis of the amygdala, a key region that is part of the social brain network, revealed a significant reduction in the mRNA levels of total brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), BDNF exon I-, IV-, VI-, IX-containing transcripts, and NGFI-A (a signalling molecule downstream of BDNF) in GF mice compared to SPF mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that differential regulation of BDNF exon transcripts in the amygdala by the indigenous microbes may contribute to the altered social development of GF mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Arentsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrike Raith
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Forssberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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