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Pan Y, Lei T, Teng B, Liu J, Zhang J, An Y, Xiao Y, Han J, Pan X, Wang J, Yu H, Ren H, Li X. Role of vimentin in the inhibitory effects of low-molecular-weight heparin on PC-3M cell adhesion to, and migration through, endothelium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 339:82-92. [PMID: 21733881 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.182055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) has been used in cancer patients with venous thromboembolic complications, resulting in a higher survival rate and an inhibitory action on experimental metastasis. In the present study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with LMWH for 24 h. We found that the resulting HUVECs could significantly inhibit the highly metastatic human prostate cancer cell line (PC-3M) in terms of its adhesion to the endothelium and migration across the endothelium, according to scanning electron microscopy. We also determined the elevated levels of endothelial intercellular Ca(2+) concentration after the adhesion of PC-3M cells to HUVECs was greatly reduced by incubation with LMWH. Using proteomics, we surveyed the global protein changes in HUVECs after LMWH treatment and identified four down-regulated proteins that were possible isoforms of cytoskeletal vimentin intermediate filaments, cartilage-derived C-type lectin, and serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1β (PP-1B). LMWH affected the morphology of vimentin and the expression levels of α(v) integrin and PP-1B in HUVECs bound to PC-3M cells. Vimentin assists in the adhesion of PC-3M cells, which was confirmed by short interfering RNA experiments. Furthermore, the direct binding of purified vimentin protein with LMWH was detected with surface plasmon resonance methods. However, when we used fluorescence-labeled heparin for 24 h to identify whether this binding occurred within cells, heparin was distributed principally around endothelial cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that the monoincubation of LMWH with HUVECs could inhibit PC-3M cell adhesion to, and migration through, endothelium. LMWH's regulation of vimentin plays a role in the antimetastatic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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152
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Abdraboh ME, Gaur RL, Hollenbach AD, Sandquist D, Raj MHG, Ouhtit A. Survivin is a novel target of CD44-promoted breast tumor invasion. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:555-63. [PMID: 21718681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The hyaluronan (HA) receptor CD44 plays an essential role in cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix communications and is a bioactive signal transmitter. Although a number of studies have described the function of CD44 in breast cancer (BC) metastasis, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be determined. By using a validated tetracycline-off-regulated CD44 expression system in the MCF-7 cell line combined with microarray analysis, we identified survivin (SVV) as a potential downstream transcriptional target of CD44. To test the hypothesis that SVV underpins CD44-promoted BC cell invasion, we combined molecular and pharmacologic approaches and showed that CD44 induction increased SVV expression levels, which in turn promotes BC cell invasion. Further, clinical analysis of breast tissue samples showed that SVV expression patterns paralleled those of the standard form of CD44 during breast tumor progression. More interestingly, we identified the PI3K/E2F1 pathway as a potential molecular link between HA/CD44 activation and SVV transcription. In addition to identifying SVV as a target for HA/CD44 signaling, this investigation provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underpin the novel function of SVV in breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E Abdraboh
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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153
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Whyte J, Thornton L, McNally S, McCarthy S, Lanigan F, Gallagher WM, Stein T, Martin F. PKCzeta regulates cell polarisation and proliferation restriction during mammary acinus formation. J Cell Sci 2011; 123:3316-28. [PMID: 20844151 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.065243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary epithelial cells organize in three dimensions and generate acini when supported on laminin-rich extracellular matrix. Acinus formation begins with the apicobasal polarisation of the outer cells of the assembly and the withdrawal of these cells from the cell cycle. Internal cells then clear out to form a hollow lumen. Here, we show that PKCζ is phosphorylated (at T410) and activated in the early stages of acinus formation in both primary cells and MCF10A cells, and during mammary tree maturation in vivo. Phospho-PKCζ colocalised with tight junction components and bound to the Par polarising complex in developing acini. To further investigate the importance of PKCζ phosphorylation in this context, acinus formation was studied in MCF10A cells overexpressing non-phosphorylatable (T410A) or 'constitutively phosphorylated' (T410E) PKCζ. In both cell types, acinus-associated cell polarisation and lumen clearance were compromised, emphasising the importance of regulated phosphorylation of PKCζ at T410 for successful acinus formation. PKCζ can be activated in a phosphorylation (at T410)-dependent and a phosphorylation-independent manner. Cells overexpressing a complete kinase-deficient PKCζ (K281W) displayed a cell polarising deficit, but also generated large 'multi-acinar' structures with associated early lumenal cell hyperproliferation. Therefore our data shows, for the first time, that two separable PKCζ activities (one phosphorylation-dependent, the other not) are required to support the cell polarisation and proliferation restriction that underpins successful acinus formation. Paralleling these contributions, we found that low levels of PKCζ mRNA expression are associated with more 'poorly differentiated' tumours and a poor outcome in a cohort of 295 breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Whyte
- UCD Conway Institute and School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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154
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Deep G, Gangar SC, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Role of E-cadherin in antimigratory and antiinvasive efficacy of silibinin in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1222-32. [PMID: 21546539 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in prostate cancer (PCA) cells is considered prerequisite for acquiring migratory/invasive phenotype, and subsequent metastasis. We hypothesized that promoting the E-cadherin expression in PCA cells by using nontoxic phytochemicals, like silibinin, would prevent EMT and consequently invasiveness. Our results showed that silibinin treatment (5-90 μmol/L) significantly inhibits migratory and invasive potential of advance human PCA PC3, PC3MM2, and C4-2B cells in in vitro assays. Importantly, the antimigratory/antiinvasive efficacy of silibinin was not due to its cytotoxicity toward PCA cells. Molecular analyses showed that silibinin increases E-cadherin level that was localized mainly at cellular membrane as evidenced by subcellular fractional and confocal analyses in PC3 cells, which might be responsible for morphologically observed shift toward epithelial character. Silibinin also decreased the levels of Slug, Snail, phospho-Akt(ser(473)), nuclear β-catenin, phospho-Src(tyr(419)) and Hakai; together they play an important role in regulating E-cadherin expression/function and EMT. Similar silibinin effects on E-cadherin, β-catenin, phospho-Src(tyr(419)), and Hakai levels were also observed in PC3MM2 and C4-2B PCA cells. Selective Src inhibition by dasatinib also showed increased E-cadherin expression in PC3 cells suggesting a possible involvement of Src inhibition in silibinin-caused increase in E-cadherin level. Additional studies in PC3 cells with stable knock-down of E-cadherin expression revealed that antimigratory/antiinvasive efficacy of silibinin is in-part dependent on E-cadherin expression. Together, our results showing antimigratory/antiinvasive effects of silibinin and associated mechanisms suggest that silibinin should be tested further in clinically relevant animal models toward exploiting its potential benefits against metastatic PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, USA
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155
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Sehrawat A, Singh SV. Benzyl isothiocyanate inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cultured and xenografted human breast cancer cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1107-17. [PMID: 21464039 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We showed previously that cruciferous vegetable constituent benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) inhibits growth of cultured and xenografted human breast cancer cells and suppresses mammary cancer development in a transgenic mouse model. We now show, for the first time, that BITC inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human breast cancer cells. Exposure of estrogen-independent MDA-MB-231 and estrogen-responsive MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines and a pancreatic cancer cell line (PL-45) to BITC resulted in upregulation of epithelial markers (e.g., E-cadherin and/or occludin) with a concomitant decrease in protein levels of mesenchymal markers, including vimentin, fibronectin, snail, and/or c-Met. The BITC-mediated induction of E-cadherin protein was accompanied by an increase in its transcription, whereas BITC-treated MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited suppression of vimentin, snail, and slug mRNA levels. Experimental EMT induced by exposure to TGFβ and TNFα or Rb knockdown in a spontaneously immortalized nontumorigenic human mammary epithelial cell line (MCF-10A) was also partially reversed by BITC treatment. The TGFβ-/TNFα-induced migration of MCF-10A cells was inhibited in the presence of BITC, which was partially attenuated by RNA interference of E-cadherin. Inhibition of MDA-MB-231 xenograft growth in vivo in female athymic mice by BITC administration was associated with an increase in protein level of E-cadherin and suppression of vimentin and fibronectin protein expression. In conclusion, this study reports a novel anticancer effect of BITC involving inhibition of EMT, a process triggered during progression of cancer to invasive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Sehrawat
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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156
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Botlagunta M, Krishnamachary B, Vesuna F, Winnard PT, Bol GM, Patel AH, Raman V. Expression of DDX3 is directly modulated by hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha in breast epithelial cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17563. [PMID: 21448281 PMCID: PMC3063174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DEAD box protein, DDX3, is aberrantly expressed in breast cancer cells ranging from weakly invasive to aggressive phenotypes and functions as an important regulator of cancer cell growth and survival. Here, we demonstrate that hypoxia inducible factor-1α is a transcriptional activator of DDX3 in breast cancer cells. Within the promoter region of the human DDX3 gene, we identified three putative hypoxia inducible factor-1 responsive elements. By luciferase reporter assays in combination with mutated hypoxia inducible factor-1 responsive elements, we determined that the hypoxia inducible factor-1 responsive element at position -153 relative to the translation start site is essential for transcriptional activation of DDX3 under hypoxic conditions. We also demonstrated that hypoxia inducible factor-1 binds to the DDX3 promoter and that the binding is specific, as revealed by siRNA against hypoxia inducible factor-1 and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Thus, the activation of DDX3 expression during hypoxia is due to the direct binding of hypoxia inducible factor-1 to hypoxia responsive elements in the DDX3 promoter. In addition, we observed a significant overlap in the protein expression pattern of hypoxia inducible factor-1α and DDX3 in MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors. Taken together, our results demonstrate, for the first time, the role of DDX3 as a hypoxia-inducible gene that exhibits enhanced expression through the interaction of hypoxia inducible factor-1 with hypoxia inducible factor-1 responsive elements in its promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendran Botlagunta
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Balaji Krishnamachary
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Farhad Vesuna
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Winnard
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guus M. Bol
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arvind H. Patel
- Medical Research Council Virology Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Venu Raman
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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157
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Nery LR, Rodrigues MM, Rosemberg DB, Bogo MR, De Farias CB, Abujamra AL, Schwartsmann G, Roesler R, Vianna MR. Regulation of E-cadherin expression by growth factor receptors in cancer cells. J Surg Oncol 2011; 104:220-1. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.21898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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158
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Tiraby C, Hazen BC, Gantner ML, Kralli A. Estrogen-related receptor gamma promotes mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and suppresses breast tumor growth. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2518-28. [PMID: 21339306 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptors (ERR), ERR alpha (ERRα) and ERR gamma (ERRγ), are orphan nuclear receptors implicated in breast cancer that function similarly in the regulation of oxidative metabolism genes. Paradoxically, in clinical studies, high levels of ERRα are associated with poor outcomes whereas high levels of ERRγ are associated with a favorable course. Recent studies suggest that ERRα may indeed promote breast tumor growth. The roles of ERRγ in breast cancer progression and how ERRα and ERRγ may differentially affect cancer growth are unclear. In mammary carcinoma cells that do not express endogenous ERRγ, we found that ectopic expression of ERRγ enhanced oxidative metabolism in vitro and inhibited the growth of tumor xenografts in vivo. In contrast, ectopic expression of the ERRα coactivator PGC-1α enhanced oxidative metabolism but did not affect tumor growth. Notably, ERRγ activated expression of a genetic program characteristic of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). This program was apparent by changes in cellular morphology, upregulation of epithelial cell markers, downregulation of mesenchymal markers, and decreased cellular invasiveness. We determined that this program was also associated with upregulation of E-cadherin, which is activated directly by ERRγ. In contrast, PGC-1α activated only a subset of genes characteristic of the MET program and, unlike ERRγ, did not upregulate E-cadherin. In conclusion, these results show that ERRγ induces E-cadherin, promotes MET, and suppresses breast cancer growth. Our findings suggest that ERRγ agonists may have applications in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Tiraby
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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159
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Gauchotte G, Gauchotte É, Bressenot A, Verhaeghe JL, Guillemin F, Leroux A, Genin P. Les carcinomes métaplasiques du sein : une étude morphologique et immunohistochimique. Ann Pathol 2011; 31:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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160
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ElMoneim HMA, Zaghloul NM. Expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin and snail and their correlation with clinicopathological variants: an immunohistochemical study of 132 invasive ductal breast carcinomas in Egypt. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:1765-71. [PMID: 22012049 PMCID: PMC3180143 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011001000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of the cell adhesion molecules E-cadherin and N-cadherin and the transcription factor Snail in invasive ductal breast carcinomas and to determine their relationships with clinicopathological features. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to examine E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Snail protein expression in 132 invasive breast carcinomas. RESULTS The expression of E-cadherin was decreased (negative or weak) in 37.1% of invasive carcinomas, while N-cadherin and Snail overexpression were detected in 51.9% and 40.9% of carcinomas, respectively. Low E-cadherin expression was significantly correlated with poorly differentiated carcinoma (53.1%), positive node status (80.9%), poor Nottingham Prognostic Index (64.7%), and the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors. Overexpression of N-cadherin and Snail were also significantly correlated with poorly differentiated carcinoma, positive node status, and poor Nottingham Prognostic Index but were correlated with the absence of hormone receptors. Loss of E-cadherin immunoexpression was strongly associated with the presence of membranous N-cadherin (87.8%) and nuclear Snail (69.4%). CONCLUSION Loss of E-cadherin and overexpression of N-cadherin and Snail in breast carcinomas may play a central role in the development of invasive ductal breast carcinoma. These biomarkers may provide a valuable reference for the study of invasive ductal carcinoma progression and to characterize the biological behavior of the tumor. In the future, increased N-cadherin and decreased E-cadherin expression may be used as indicators of the progression and prognosis of invasive ductal carcinoma.
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161
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Khilko N, Wang J, Wei B, Hicks DG, Tang P. Invasive Lobular Carcinomas Do Not Express Basal Cytokeratin Markers CK5/6, CK14 and CK17. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2010; 4:49-55. [PMID: 21151863 PMCID: PMC2999514 DOI: 10.4137/bcbcr.s5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The expression of basal cytokeratin markers CK5/6 in breast carcinomas has been associated with high histological grade and poor clinical outcome. A previous study has shown that CK5/6 can be detected in up to 17% of invasive lobular carcinomas (ILC). Here we study the expression of three basal cytokeratin markers (CK5/6, CK14, and CK17) in 53 ILC cases diagnosed by histology and lack of E-cadherin expression. Among them, 42 were classic lobular carcinomas, 6 were tubular-lobular carcinoma, and 5 were pleomorphic lobular carcinomas. There was no significant difference among these three groups in patients’ age, tumor size, uni- and multi-focality, expression of ER and PR, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion and lymph node metastasis. The only statistically different factor was HER2 over-expression, which was observed only in pleomorphic ILC (P = 0.0073). None of the 53 cases expressed CK5/6, CK14 or CK17; and 51/53 cases expressed luminal markers CK8 and CK18, and the two negative cases were both classic lobular carcinoma, with positivity for ER and PR. In conclusion, all 53 cases of ILC failed to show expression by any of the three basal CK markers, suggesting that very few ILC will demonstrate a basal phenotype when assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). More studies are needed to investigate molecular classification in lobular carcinoma of the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Khilko
- Drexel University College of Medicine/Hahnemann University Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129
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162
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Deep G, Agarwal R. Antimetastatic efficacy of silibinin: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential against cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010; 29:447-63. [PMID: 20714788 PMCID: PMC3928361 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major health problem around the world. Research efforts in the last few decades have been successful in providing better and effective treatments against both early stage and localized cancer, but clinical options against advanced metastatic stage/s of cancer remain limited. The high morbidity and mortality in most of the cancers are attributed to their metastatic spread to distant organs. Due to its extreme clinical relevance, metastasis has been extensively studied and is now understood as a highly complex biological event that involves multiple steps including acquisition of invasiveness by cancer cells, intravasation into circulatory system, survival in the circulation, arrest in microvasculature, extravasation, and growth at distant organs. The increasing understanding of molecular underpinnings of these events has provided excellent opportunity to target metastasis especially through nontoxic and biologically effective nutraceuticals. Silibinin, a popular dietary supplement isolated from milk thistle seed extracts, is one such natural agent that has shown biological efficacy through pleiotropic mechanisms against a variety of cancers and is currently in clinical trials. Recent preclinical studies have also shown strong efficacy of silibinin to target cancer cell's migratory and invasive characteristics as well as their ability to metastasize to distant organs. Detailed mechanistic analyses revealed that silibinin targets signaling molecules involved in the regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, proteases activation, adhesion, motility, invasiveness as well as the supportive tumor-microenvironment components, thereby inhibiting metastasis. Overall, the long history of human use, remarkable nontoxicity, and preclinical efficacy strongly favor the clinical use of silibinin against advanced metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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163
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Junxia W, Ping G, Yuan H, Lijun Z, Jihong R, Fang L, Min L, Xi W, Ting H, Ke D, Huizhong Z. Double strand RNA-guided endogeneous E-cadherin up-regulation induces the apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of breast carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1790-6. [PMID: 20518789 PMCID: PMC11158458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin plays a crucial role in epithelial cell-cell adhesion and in the maintenance of tissue architecture. Down-regulation of E-cadherin expression correlates with a strong invasive potential, resulting in poor prognosis in many human carcinomas, including breast cancer. Restoration of E-cadherin can inhibit cell invasion and metastasis in many types of tumors. It has been demonstrated that promoter hypermethylation causes transcriptional down-regulation of E-cadherin. Here, using an RNAa technique specifically activating the expression of E-cadherin through transcriptional regulation, we assessed the phenotype changes of a breast carcinoma cell line with transfection of small-activating RNAs (saRNAs). We observed cell apoptosis, proliferation inhibition and reduction in human breast cancer migration in vitro. Animal experiment results showed that saRNA could inhibit tumor growth in vivo compared with scramble double-small RNA (dsRNA).This study provides a new potential strategy for breast cancer therapy, and also demonstrates the potential for saRNA as a therapeutic option for enhancing tumor suppressor gene expression in breast cancer. (Cancer Sci 2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Junxia
- Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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164
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Abstract
Purpose: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype of breast cancer that is oestrogen receptor (ER) negative, progesterone receptor (PR) negative, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative, has a poor prognosis. Although a correlation between E-cadherin expression level and outcome has been demonstrated among all types of breast cancer, little is known about the significance of E-cadherin expression levels in TNBC. Methods: A total of 574 patients who had undergone a resection of a primary breast cancer except for invasive lobular carcinomas were enrolled in this study. Expressions of ER, PR, HER2, and E-cadherin were assessed by immunohistochemistry. We examined the association between TNBC and other clinicopathological variables and evaluated the significance of the E-cadherin expression. Results: Among the 574 breast cancer cases, 123 (21.4%) revealed a triple-negative phenotype. Patients with TNBC experienced more frequent lymph node metastasis (P=0.024) and a poorer prognosis (P<0.001) in comparison with non-TNBC patients. Triple-negative breast cancer was an independent prognostic factor. Reduced levels of E-cadherin were observed in 238 (41.5%) of the 574 breast cancer cases. E-cadherin reduction was significantly frequent in cases of TNBC (P<0.001) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.032). Furthermore, in the 123 TNBC cases, the prognosis of patients with an E-cadherin-negative expression was significantly worse than that of E-cadherin-positive patients (P=0.0265), especially for those in clinical stage II (P=0.002). A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a reduction of the E-cadherin expression to be an independent prognostic factor (P=0.046). Conclusion: E-cadherin expression may be a useful prognostic marker for classifying subgroups of TNBC.
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165
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Yori JL, Johnson E, Zhou G, Jain MK, Keri RA. Kruppel-like factor 4 inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through regulation of E-cadherin gene expression. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:16854-63. [PMID: 20356845 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.114546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a transcriptional regulator of proliferation and differentiation in epithelial cells, both during development and tumorigenesis. Although KLF4 functions as a tumor suppressor in several tissues, including the colon, the role of KLF4 in breast cancer is less clear. Here, we show that KLF4 is necessary for maintenance of the epithelial phenotype in non-transformed MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells. KLF4 silencing led to alterations in epithelial cell morphology and migration, indicative of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Consistent with these changes, decreased levels of KLF4 also resulted in the loss of E-cadherin protein and mRNA. Promoter/reporter analyses revealed decreased E-cadherin promoter activity with KLF4 silencing, while chromatin immunoprecipitation identified endogenous KLF4 binding to the GC-rich/E-box region of this promoter. Furthermore, forced expression of KLF4 in the highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cell line was sufficient to restore E-cadherin expression and suppress migration and invasion. These findings identify E-cadherin as a novel transcriptional target of KLF4. The clear requirement for KLF4 to maintain E-cadherin expression and prevent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in mammary epithelial cells supports a metastasis suppressive role for KLF4 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Yori
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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166
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Arachidonic acid promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transition in mammary epithelial cells MCF10A. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 89:476-88. [PMID: 20207443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies and animal models suggest an association between high levels of dietary fat intake and an increased risk of breast cancer. Cancer progression requires the development of metastasis, which is characterized by an increase in cell motility and invasion. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process, by which epithelial cells are transdifferentiated to a more mesenchymal state. A similar process takes place during tumor progression, when carcinoma cells stably or transiently lose epithelial polarities and acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. Arachidonic acid (AA) is a fatty acid that mediates cellular processes, such as cell survival, angiogenesis, chemotaxis, mitogenesis, migration and apoptosis. However, the role of AA on the EMT process in human mammary epithelial cells remains to be studied. We demonstrate here that AA promotes an increase in vimentin and N-cadherin expression, MMP-9 secretion, a decrease in E-cadherin junctional levels, and the activation of FAK, Src and NF-kappaB in MCF10A cells. Furthermore, AA also promotes cell migration in an Src kinase activity-dependent fashion. In conclusion, our results demonstrate, for the first time, that AA promotes an epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like transition in MCF10A human mammary non-tumorigenic epithelial cells.
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167
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Abstract
MicroRNAs have emerged as a novel class of noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-translational level in almost every biological event. A large body of evidence indicates that microRNAs regulate the expression of different genes that play an important role in cancer cell invasion, migration and metastasis. In this review, we briefly describe the role of various miRNAs in invasion, migration and metastasis which are essential steps during cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somesh Baranwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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168
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Ahmed H. Promoter methylation in prostate cancer and its application for the early detection of prostate cancer using serum and urine samples. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2010; 2:17-33. [PMID: 24179382 PMCID: PMC2908742 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and the second leading cause of
cancer death in men. However, prostate cancer can be effectively treated and
cured, if it is diagnosed in its early stages when the tumor is still confined
to the prostate. Combined with the digital rectal examination, the PSA test has
been widely used to detect prostate cancer. But, the PSA screening method for
early detection of prostate cancer is not reliable due to the high prevalence of
false positive and false negative results. Epigenetic alterations including
hypermethylation of gene promoters are believed to be the early events in
neoplastic progression and thus these methylated genes can serve as biomarkers
for the detection of cancer from clinical specimens. This review discusses DNA
methylation of several gene promoters during prostate carcinogenesis and
evaluates the usefulness of monitoring methylated DNA sequences, such as
GSTP1, RASSF1A, RARβ2 and galectin-3, for early detection
of prostate cancer in tissue biopsies, serum and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Oncology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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169
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Rajoria S, Suriano R, Shanmugam A, Wilson YL, Schantz SP, Geliebter J, Tiwari RK. Metastatic phenotype is regulated by estrogen in thyroid cells. Thyroid 2010; 20:33-41. [PMID: 20067378 PMCID: PMC2833180 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 200 million people worldwide are affected by thyroid proliferative diseases, including cancer, adenoma, and goiter, annually. The incidences of thyroid malignancies are three to four times higher in women, suggesting the possible involvement of estrogen. Based on this observed sex bias, we hypothesize that estrogen modulates the growth and metastatic propensity of thyroid cancer cells. METHODS In this study, two thyroid cell lines (Nthy-ori 3-1 and BCPAP) were evaluated for the presence of estrogen receptor (ER) by Western blot analysis and estrogen responsiveness by using a cell proliferation assay. In addition, the effect of estradiol (E(2)) on modulation of metastatic phenotype was determined by using in vitro adhesion, migration, and invasion assays. RESULTS Thyroid cells expressed a functionally active ER-alpha and ER-beta as evidenced by 50-150% enhancement of proliferation in the presence of E(2). E(2) also enhanced adhesion, migration, and invasion of thyroid cells in an in vitro experimental model system that, based on our results, is modulated by beta-catenin. CONCLUSION Our data provide evidence that the higher incidence of thyroid cancer in women is potentially attributed to the presence of a functional ER that participates in cellular processes contributing to enhanced mitogenic, migratory, and invasive properties of thyroid cells. These findings will enable and foster the possible development of antiestrogenic therapy targeting invasion and migration, thus affecting metastatic propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Rajoria
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Robert Suriano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Arulkumaran Shanmugam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Yushan Lisa Wilson
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, New York
| | - Stimson P. Schantz
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, New York
| | - Jan Geliebter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Raj K. Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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170
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Sphyris N, Mani SA. The importance of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-009-0032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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171
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Zou XP, Dai WJ, Cao J. CDH1 promoter polymorphism (-347G→GA) is a possible prognostic factor in sporadic colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:5340-5. [PMID: 19908344 PMCID: PMC2776863 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.5340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of the -347G→GA polymorphism in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC).
METHODS: We designed a case-control study based on a population of CRC patients in China and normal healthy controls with no history of tumors or inherited diseases. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analyses were used to genotype the variants, and immunohistochemical staining was performed to measure the expression of E-cadherin in different allele cases among the CRC patients and normal controls.
RESULTS: The GA-allele (G/GA heterozygous and GA/GA homozygous) did not increase the risk of CRC compared with the G-allele (OR = 1.232, 95% CI = 0.898-1.691). However, the frequencies of the GA-allele were higher in poorly differentiated (P = 0.002) and proximal (P = 0.019) CRC patients than in normal controls. We also observed that E-cadherin expression was lower in poorly differentiated CRC patients than in well differentiated CRC patients (P = 0.001). Furthermore, E-cadherin expression was lower for the GA-allele than for the G-allele (G/G heterozygous) in CRC patients (P = 0.018). In contrast, there was no significant difference in E-cadherin expression for the G-allele and GA-allele in normal controls (P = 0.292).
CONCLUSION: The -347G→GA promoter polymorphism in E-cadherin gene is associated with specific CRC features, and may be a prognostic factor rather than a susceptibility factor during the progression of CRC.
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Beeghly-Fadiel A, Lu W, Gao YT, Long J, Deming SL, Cai Q, Zheng Y, Shu XO, Zheng W. E-cadherin polymorphisms and breast cancer susceptibility: a report from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 121:445-52. [PMID: 19834798 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial transmembrane glycoprotein E-cadherin (CDH1) is necessary for intercellular adhesion, cell signaling, and maintenance of cellular differentiation; reduced expression contributes to cell proliferation, invasion, and cancer progression. Functional or potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in E-cadherin have been previously identified and evaluated in relation to cancer risk; however, studies on breast cancer have been sparse. Forty-six SNPs were genotyped to capture genetic variation of the CDH1 gene among 2,290 Phase 1 and 1,944 Phase 2 participants of the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study (SBCS), a large, population-based, case-control study. No overall associations between E-cadherin SNPs and breast cancer risk were observed. When stratified by menopausal status, associations that were consistent between Phases 1 and 2 and significant when data from both phases were combined were observed for several SNPs. Although none of these associations retained statistical significance after correcting for the total number of polymorphisms evaluated, this study suggests that genetic variation in CDH1 may be associated with breast cancer risk, and that this relationship may vary by menopausal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Beeghly-Fadiel
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Institute of Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2525 West End Avenue, 8th Floor, Nashville, TN 37203-1738, USA
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Schröder M. Human DEAD-box protein 3 has multiple functions in gene regulation and cell cycle control and is a prime target for viral manipulation. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 79:297-306. [PMID: 19782656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The human DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3 has been implicated to play a role in the whole repertoire of processes regulating gene expression, including transcription, splicing, mRNA export and translation. It has also been suggested to be involved in cell cycle control and the regulation of apoptosis. In addition, DDX3 was recently shown to be part of innate immune signalling pathways and to contribute to the induction of anti-viral mediators, such as type I interferon. Interestingly, DDX3 appears to be a prime target for viral manipulation: at least four different viruses, namely Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and poxviruses, encode proteins that interact with DDX3 and modulate its function. HIV and HCV seem to co-opt DDX3 and require it for their replication. It has therefore been suggested that DDX3 could be a novel target for the development of drugs against these two viruses, both of which still pose major global health threats. However, in the light of the apparent multifunctionality of DDX3 in the cell, drug development strategies targeting DDX3 will have to be carefully evaluated. This review summarises the available data on the cellular functions of DDX3 and discusses their manipulation by the different viruses known to target DDX3. Understanding the viral strategies for manipulating or co-opting DDX3 in functional and molecular detail can provide valuable insights for the development of strategies to therapeutically target DDX3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schröder
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co.Kildare, Ireland.
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