151
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Jeevanandam J, Pal K, Danquah MK. Virus-like nanoparticles as a novel delivery tool in gene therapy. Biochimie 2018; 157:38-47. [PMID: 30408502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are considered as natural nanomaterials as they are in the size range of 20-500 nm with a genetical material either DNA or RNA, which is surrounded by a protein coat capsid. Recently, the field of virus nanotechnology is gaining significant attention from researchers. Attention is given to the utilization of viruses as nanomaterials for medical, biotechnology and energy applications. Removal of genetic material from the viral capsid creates empty capsid for drug incorporation and coating the capsid protein crystals with antibodies, enzymes or aptamers will enhance their targeted drug deliver efficiency. Studies reported that these virus-like nanoparticles have been used in delivering drugs for cancer. It is also used in imaging and sensory applications for various diseases. However, there is reservation among researchers to utilize virus-like nanoparticles in targeted delivery of genes in gene therapy, as there is a possibility of using virus-like nanoparticles for targeted gene delivery. In addition, other biomedical applications that are explored using virus-like nanoparticles and the probable mechanism of delivering genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaison Jeevanandam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, CDT250, Miri, Sarawak, 98009, Malaysia
| | - Kaushik Pal
- Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Bharath University, Department of Nanotechnology, Research Park, 173 Agharam Road, Selaiyur, Chennai, 600073, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Michael K Danquah
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN, 37403, United States
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152
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Schulz E, Goes A, Garcia R, Panter F, Koch M, Müller R, Fuhrmann K, Fuhrmann G. Biocompatible bacteria-derived vesicles show inherent antimicrobial activity. J Control Release 2018; 290:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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153
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Taguchi K, Nagao S, Maeda H, Yanagisawa H, Sakai H, Yamasaki K, Wakayama T, Watanabe H, Otagiri M, Maruyama T. Biomimetic carbon monoxide delivery based on hemoglobin vesicles ameliorates acute pancreatitis in mice via the regulation of macrophage and neutrophil activity. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:1266-1274. [PMID: 29847178 PMCID: PMC6058524 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1477860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in various inflammatory disorders and are broadly divided into two subpopulations, M1 and M2 macrophage. In the healing process in acute inflammatory disorders, shifting the production of M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages is desirable, because M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, whilst the M2 variety secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines. Previous findings indicate that when macrophages are treated with carbon monoxide (CO), the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine is increased and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines is inhibited, indicating that CO may have a potential to modulate the production of macrophages toward the M2-like phenotype. In this study, we examined the issue of whether CO targeting macrophages using a nanotechnology-based CO donor, namely CO-bound hemoglobin vesicles (CO-HbV), modulates their polarization and show therapeutic effects against inflammatory disorders. The results showed that the CO-HbV treatment polarized a macrophage cell line toward an M2-like phenotype. Furthermore, in an in vivo study using acute pancreatitis model mice as a model of an inflammatory disease, a CO-HbV treatment also tended to polarize macrophages toward an M2-like phenotype and inhibited neutrophil infiltration in the pancreas, resulting in a significant inflammation. In addition to the suppression of acute pancreatitis, CO-HbV diminished a subsequent pancreatitis-associated acute lung injury. This could be due to the inhibition of the systemic inflammation, neutrophil infiltration in the lungs and the production of HMGB-1. These findings suggest that CO-HbV exerts superior anti-inflammatory effects against inflammatory disorders via the regulation of macrophage and neutrophil activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Taguchi
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sojo University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Saori Nagao
- b Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Hitoshi Maeda
- b Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Hiroki Yanagisawa
- b Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakai
- c Department of Chemistry , Nara Medical University , Kashihara , Japan
| | - Keishi Yamasaki
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sojo University , Kumamoto , Japan.,d DDS Research Institute , Sojo University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Tomohiko Wakayama
- e Department of Histology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- b Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan.,f Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sojo University , Kumamoto , Japan.,d DDS Research Institute , Sojo University , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- b Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan.,f Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan
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154
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Cong VT, Gaus K, Tilley RD, Gooding JJ. Rod-shaped mesoporous silica nanoparticles for nanomedicine: recent progress and perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:881-892. [PMID: 30173560 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1517748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interest in mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug delivery has resulted in a good understanding of the impact of size and surface chemistry of these nanoparticles on their performance as drug carriers. Shape has emerged as an additional factor that can have a significant effect on delivery efficacy. Rod-shaped mesoporous silica nanoparticles show improvements in drug delivery relative to spherical mesoporous silica nanoparticles. AREAS COVERED This review summarises the synthesis methods for producing rod-shaped mesoporous silica nanoparticles for use in nanomedicine. The second part covers recent progress of mesoporous silica nanorods by comparing the impact of sphere and rod-shape on drug delivery efficiency. EXPERT OPINION As hollow mesoporous silica nanorods are capable of higher drug loads than most other drug delivery vehicles, such particles will reduce the amount of mesoporous silica in the body for efficient therapy. However, the importance of nanoparticle shape on drug delivery efficiency is not well understood for mesoporous silica. Studies that visualize and quantify the uptake pathway of mesoporous silica nanorods in specific cell types and compare the cellular uptake to the well-studied nanospheres should be the focus of research to better understand the role of shape in uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thanh Cong
- a School of Chemistry, Australian of NanoMedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- b EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Richard D Tilley
- a School of Chemistry, Australian of NanoMedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - J Justin Gooding
- a School of Chemistry, Australian of NanoMedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
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155
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Patel R, Muir M, Cvetkovic C, Krencik R. Concepts toward directing human astroplasticity to promote neuroregeneration. Dev Dyn 2018; 248:21-33. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline Cvetkovic
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery; Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston Texas
| | - Robert Krencik
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery; Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston Texas
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156
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Wang S, Yu G, Wang Z, Jacobson O, Tian R, Lin LS, Zhang F, Wang J, Chen X. Hierarchical Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Nanomedicine for Programmed Delivery of Chemotherapeutics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1803926. [PMID: 30168612 PMCID: PMC6462425 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicines have been demonstrated to have passive or active tumor targeting behaviors, which are promising for cancer chemotherapy. However, most nanomedicines still suffer from a suboptimal targeting effect and drug leakage, resulting in unsatisfactory treatment outcome. Herein, a hierarchical responsive nanomedicine (HRNM) is developed for programmed delivery of chemotherapeutics. The HRNMs are prepared via the self-assembly of cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide conjugated triblock copolymer, poly(2-(hexamethyleneimino)ethyl methacrylate)-poly(oligo-(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether methacrylate)-poly[reduction-responsive camptothecin] (PC7A-POEG-PssCPT). In blood circulation, the RGD peptides are shielded by the POEG coating; therefore, the nanosized HRNMs can achieve effective tumor accumulation through passive targeting. Once the HRNMs reach a tumor site, due to the hydrophobic-tohydrophilic conversion of PC7A chains induced by the acidic tumor microenvironment, the RGD peptides will be exposed for enhanced tumor retention and cellular internalization. Moreover, in response to the glutathione inside cells, active CPT drugs will be released rapidly for chemotherapy. The in vitro and in vivo results confirm effective tumor targeting, potent antitumor effect, and reduced systemic toxicity of the HRNMs. This HRNM is promising for enhanced chemotherapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Guocan Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zhantong Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Orit Jacobson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rui Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Li-Sen Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Fuwu Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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157
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Evangelopoulos M, Parodi A, Martinez JO, Tasciotti E. Trends towards Biomimicry in Theranostics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E637. [PMID: 30134564 PMCID: PMC6164646 DOI: 10.3390/nano8090637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, imaging and therapeutic modalities have seen considerable progress as a result of advances in nanotechnology. Theranostics, or the marrying of diagnostics and therapy, has increasingly been employing nano-based approaches to treat cancer. While first-generation nanoparticles offered considerable promise in the imaging and treatment of cancer, toxicity and non-specific distribution hindered their true potential. More recently, multistage nanovectors have been strategically designed to shield and carry a payload to its intended site. However, detection by the immune system and sequestration by filtration organs (i.e., liver and spleen) remains a major obstacle. In an effort to circumvent these biological barriers, recent trends have taken inspiration from biology. These bioinspired approaches often involve the use of biologically-derived cellular components in the design and fabrication of biomimetic nanoparticles. In this review, we provide insight into early nanoparticles and how they have steadily evolved to include bioinspired approaches to increase their theranostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Evangelopoulos
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Jonathan O Martinez
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Department of Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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158
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Jiang YC, Wang XF, Xu YY, Qiao YH, Guo X, Wang DF, Li Q, Turng LS. Polycaprolactone Nanofibers Containing Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Encapsulated Gelatin Particles Enhance Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation and Angiogenesis of Endothelial Cells. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3747-3753. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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159
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Mauri E, Cappella F, Masi M, Rossi F. PEGylation influences drug delivery from nanogels. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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160
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Gaur D, Yogalakshmi Y, Kulanthaivel S, Agarwal T, Mukherjee D, Prince A, Tiwari A, Maiti TK, Pal K, Giri S, Saleem M, Banerjee I. Osteoblast-Derived Giant Plasma Membrane Vesicles Induce Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepanjali Gaur
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology Rourkela; Odisha 769008 India
| | - Yamini Yogalakshmi
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology Rourkela; Odisha 769008 India
| | - Senthilguru Kulanthaivel
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology Rourkela; Odisha 769008 India
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Devdeep Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Ashutosh Prince
- Department of Life Science; National Institute of Technology Rourkela; Odisha 769008 India
| | - Anuj Tiwari
- Department of Life Science; National Institute of Technology Rourkela; Odisha 769008 India
| | - Tapas K. Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology Rourkela; Odisha 769008 India
| | - Supratim Giri
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Rourkela; Odisha 769008 India
| | - Mohammed Saleem
- Department of Life Science; National Institute of Technology Rourkela; Odisha 769008 India
| | - Indranil Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering; National Institute of Technology Rourkela; Odisha 769008 India
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161
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Harmatys KM, Chen J, Charron DM, MacLaughlin CM, Zheng G. Multipronged Biomimetic Approach To Create Optically Tunable Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara M. Harmatys
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Juan Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
| | - Danielle M. Charron
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Christina M. MacLaughlin
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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162
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Harmatys KM, Chen J, Charron DM, MacLaughlin CM, Zheng G. Multipronged Biomimetic Approach To Create Optically Tunable Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8125-8129. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara M. Harmatys
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Juan Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
| | - Danielle M. Charron
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Christina M. MacLaughlin
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health Network 101 College St., PMCRT 5-354 Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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163
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Li H, Jin H, Wan W, Wu C, Wei L. Cancer nanomedicine: mechanisms, obstacles and strategies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:1639-1656. [PMID: 30035660 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting nanoparticles to cancers for improved therapeutic efficacy and decreased side effects remains a popular concept in the past decades. Although the enhanced permeability and retention effect serves as a key rationale for all the currently commercialized nanoformulations, it does not enable uniform delivery of nanoparticles to all tumorous regions in all patients with sufficient quantities. Also, the increase in overall survival is often modest. Many factors may influence the delivering process of nanoparticles, which must be taken into consideration for the promise of nanomedicine in patients to be realized. Herein, we review the mechanisms and influencing factors during the delivery of cancer therapeutics and summarize current strategies that have been developed for the fabrication of smart drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafei Li
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
- Tumor Immunology & Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
- International Joint Cancer Institute, Translational Medicine Institute, the Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Hai Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/LaboratoryDiagnosis, First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University,168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Wei Wan
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Spine Tumor Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, PR China
| | - Cong Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery/LaboratoryDiagnosis, First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University,168 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Lixin Wei
- Tumor Immunology & Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
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164
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Zhu Q, Heon M, Zhao Z, He M. Microfluidic engineering of exosomes: editing cellular messages for precision therapeutics. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1690-1703. [PMID: 29780982 PMCID: PMC5997967 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00246k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Study of extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, holds significant promise; however, it is technically challenging to define these small and molecularly diverse nanovesicles. With intrinsic molecular payload and biodegradability, molecular engineering of exosomes opens new avenues for mediating cellular responses and developing novel nano-delivery systems in precision therapeutics. Microfluidic lab-on-chip technology is playing pivotal roles in this emerging field. In this review, we have examined scientific advancements of microfluidic technology for engineering exosomes and assessed future applications and perspectives in developing precision therapeutics; this can serve the community via identification of potential new research areas or technologies that are urgently needed in precision therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfu Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.
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165
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Goes A, Fuhrmann G. Biogenic and Biomimetic Carriers as Versatile Transporters To Treat Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:881-892. [PMID: 29553240 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic and biomimetic therapeutics are a relatively new class of systems that are of physiological origin and/or take advantage of natural pathways or aim at mimicking these to improve selective interaction with target tissue. The number of biogenic and bioengineered avenues for drug therapy and diagnostics has multiplied over the past years for many applications, indicating the high expectations associated with this biological route. Nevertheless, the use of "bio"-related approaches for treating or diagnosing infectious diseases is still rare. Given that infectious diseases, in particular bacterial resistances, are seriously on the rise, there is an urgent need to take advantage of biogenic and bioengineered systems to target these challenges. In this manuscript, we first give a definition of the various "bio" terms, including biogenic, biomimetic, bioinspired, and bioengineered and we highlight them using tangible applications in the field of infectious diseases. Our examples cover cell-derived systems, including bioengineered bacteria, virus-like particles, and different cell-mimetics. Moreover, we discuss natural and bioengineered particles such as extracellular vesicles from mammalian and bacterial sources and liposomes. A concluding section outlines the potential for biomaterial-related avenues to overcome challenges associated with difficult-to-treat infections. We critically discuss benefits and risks for these applications and give an outlook on the future of biogenic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriely Goes
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Biogenic Nanotherapeutics group (BION), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Biogenic Nanotherapeutics group (BION), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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166
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Zhang C, Zhang A, Hou W, Li T, Wang K, Zhang Q, de la Fuente JM, Jin W, Cui D. Mimicking Pathogenic Invasion with the Complexes of Au 22(SG) 18-Engineered Assemblies and Folic Acid. ACS NANO 2018; 12:4408-4418. [PMID: 29723464 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems provide the richest spectrum of sophisticated design for materials engineering. We herein provide a paradigm of Au22(SG)18-engineered (SG, glutathione thiolate) and hydrogen bonds engaged assemblies for mimicking capsid protein self-assembly. The water-evaporation-induced self-assembly method allows discrete ultrasmall gold nanoclusters (GNCs) to be self-assembled into super-GNCs assemblies (SGNCs) ranging from nano-, meso- to microscale in water-dimethyl sulfoxide binary solvents in a template-free manner. After removing free and hydration layer water molecules, the formation of SGNCs is engaged by the collective cohesion of hydrogen bonds between glutathione ligands of gradually approaching GNCs. Then, a series of tightly orchestrated cellular events induced by the complexes of Au22(SG)18-engineered assemblies and folic acid are demonstrated to mimic the invasion of eukaryotic cells by pathogens. First, the activation of macropinocytosis mimics the macropinocytic entry used by the pathogens to invade host cells. Then the cytoplasmic vacuolization is a mimicry of vacuolating effects induced by the oligomeric vacuolating toxins secreted by some bacteria. Lastly, the escaping from macropinosomes into cytosol is in a vacuolating toxin's strategy. The findings demonstrate the capabilities of artificial pathogens to emulate the structures and functions of natural pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Zhang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
- National Center for Translational Medicine, Collaborative Innovational Center for System Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Amin Zhang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Wenxiu Hou
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Tianliang Li
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Kan Wang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Jesús M de la Fuente
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA-CSIC) , Universidad de Zaragoza & CIBER-BBN , 50009 Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Weilin Jin
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Instrument for Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Instrument Science & Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
- National Center for Translational Medicine, Collaborative Innovational Center for System Biology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
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167
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Molinaro R, Evangelopoulos M, Hoffman JR, Corbo C, Taraballi F, Martinez JO, Hartman KA, Cosco D, Costa G, Romeo I, Sherman M, Paolino D, Alcaro S, Tasciotti E. Design and Development of Biomimetic Nanovesicles Using a Microfluidic Approach. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1702749. [PMID: 29512198 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of nanotechnology toward more sophisticated bioinspired approaches has highlighted the gap between the advantages of biomimetic and biohybrid platforms and the availability of manufacturing processes to scale up their production. Though the advantages of transferring biological features from cells to synthetic nanoparticles for drug delivery purposes have recently been reported, a standardizable, batch-to-batch consistent, scalable, and high-throughput assembly method is required to further develop these platforms. Microfluidics has offered a robust tool for the controlled synthesis of nanoparticles in a versatile and reproducible approach. In this study, the incorporation of membrane proteins within the bilayer of biomimetic nanovesicles (leukosomes) using a microfluidic-based platform is demonstrated. The physical, pharmaceutical, and biological properties of microfluidic-formulated leukosomes (called NA-Leuko) are characterized. NA-Leuko show extended shelf life and retention of the biological functions of donor cells (i.e., macrophage avoidance and targeting of inflamed vasculature). The NA approach represents a universal, versatile, robust, and scalable tool, which is extensively used for the assembly of lipid nanoparticles and adapted here for the manufacturing of biomimetic nanovesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Molinaro
- Center of Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Nanoinspired Biomedicine Lab, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca, Pediatrica Città della Speranza, 35127, Padua, Italy
| | - Michael Evangelopoulos
- Center of Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jessica R Hoffman
- Center of Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Claudia Corbo
- Center of Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Francesca Taraballi
- Center of Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan O Martinez
- Center of Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kelly A Hartman
- Center of Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Donato Cosco
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta,", Viale S. Venuta, Germaneto, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giosue' Costa
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta,", Viale S. Venuta, Germaneto, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Isabella Romeo
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta,", Viale S. Venuta, Germaneto, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michael Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Donatella Paolino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta,", Viale S. Venuta, Germaneto, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario "S. Venuta,", Viale S. Venuta, Germaneto, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Center of Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Houston Methodist Orthopedic and Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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168
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Sabir N, Hussain T, Shah SZA, Peramo A, Zhao D, Zhou X. miRNAs in Tuberculosis: New Avenues for Diagnosis and Host-Directed Therapy. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:602. [PMID: 29651283 PMCID: PMC5885483 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most fatal infectious diseases and a leading cause of mortality, with 95% of these deaths occurring in developing countries. The causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has a well-established ability to circumvent the host's immune system for its intracellular survival. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs having an important function at the post-transcriptional level and are involved in shaping immunity by regulating the repertoire of genes expressed in immune cells. It has been established in recent studies that the innate immune response against TB is significantly regulated by miRNAs. Moreover, differential expression of miRNA in Mtb infection can reflect the disease progression and may help distinguish between active and latent TB infection (LTBI). These findings encouraged the application of miRNAs as potential biomarkers. Similarly, active participation of miRNAs in modulation of autophagy and apoptosis responses against Mtb opens an exciting avenue for the exploitation of miRNAs as host directed therapy (HDT) against TB. Nanoparticles mediated delivery of miRNAs to treat various diseases has been reported and this technology has a great potential to be used in TB. In reality, this exploitation of miRNAs as biomarkers and in HDT is still in its infancy stage, and more studies using animal models mimicking human TB are advocated to assess the role of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In this review, we attempt to summarize the recent advancements in the role of miRNAs in TB as immune modulator, miRNAs' capability to distinguish between active and latent TB and, finally, usage of miRNAs as therapeutic targets against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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169
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Ai X, Hu M, Wang Z, Zhang W, Li J, Yang H, Lin J, Xing B. Recent Advances of Membrane-Cloaked Nanoplatforms for Biomedical Applications. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:838-851. [PMID: 29509403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In terms of the extremely small size and large specific surface area, nanomaterials often exhibit unusual physical and chemical properties, which have recently attracted considerable attention in bionanotechnology and nanomedicine. Currently, the extensive usage of nanotechnology in medicine holds great potential for precise diagnosis and effective therapeutics of various human diseases in clinical practice. However, a detailed understanding regarding how nanomedicine interacts with the intricate environment in complex living systems remains a pressing and challenging goal. Inspired by the diversified membrane structures and functions of natural prototypes, research activities on biomimetic and bioinspired membranes, especially for those cloaking nanosized platforms, have increased exponentially. By taking advantage of the flexible synthesis and multiple functionality of nanomaterials, a variety of unique nanostructures including inorganic nanocrystals and organic polymers have been widely devised to substantially integrate with intrinsic biomoieties such as lipids, glycans, and even cell and bacteria membrane components, which endow these abiotic nanomaterials with specific biological functionalities for the purpose of detailed investigation of the complicated interactions and activities of nanomedicine in living bodies, including their immune response activation, phagocytosis escape, and subsequent clearance from vascular system. In this review, we summarize the strategies established recently for the development of biomimetic membrane-cloaked nanoplatforms derived from inherent host cells (e.g., erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and exosomes) and invasive pathogens (e.g., bacteria and viruses), mainly attributed to their versatile membrane properties in biological fluids. Meanwhile, the promising biomedical applications based on nanoplatforms inspired by diverse moieties, such as selective drug delivery in targeted sites and effective vaccine development for disease prevention, have also been outlined. Finally, the potential challenges and future prospects of the biomimetic membrane-cloaked nanoplatforms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhao Ai
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , 637371
| | - Ming Hu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , 637371
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , 637371
| | - Wenmin Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , 637371.,College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Huanghao Yang
- College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , 130022 , China
| | - Bengang Xing
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , 637371.,College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350116 , China
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170
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Mentkowski KI, Snitzer JD, Rusnak S, Lang JK. Therapeutic Potential of Engineered Extracellular Vesicles. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:50. [PMID: 29546642 PMCID: PMC8299397 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) comprise a heterogeneous group of small membrane vesicles, including exosomes, which play a critical role in intracellular communication and regulation of numerous physiological processes in health and disease. Naturally released from virtually all cells, these vesicles contain an array of nucleic acids, lipids and proteins which they transfer to target cells within their local milieu and systemically. They have been proposed as a means of “cell-free, cell therapy” for cancer, immune disorders, and more recently cardiovascular disease. In addition, their unique properties of stability, biocompatibility, and low immunogenicity have prompted research into their potential as therapeutic delivery agents for drugs and small molecules. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of extracellular vesicle biology as well as engineering strategies in play to improve their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle I Mentkowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 895 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jonathan D Snitzer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 895 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Sarah Rusnak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 895 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jennifer K Lang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Clinical and Translational Research Center, 895 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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171
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172
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Martinez JO, Molinaro R, Hartman KA, Boada C, Sukhovershin R, De Rosa E, Kuri D, Zhang S, Evangelopoulos M, Carter AM, Bibb JA, Cooke JP, Tasciotti E. Biomimetic nanoparticles with enhanced affinity towards activated endothelium as versatile tools for theranostic drug delivery. Theranostics 2018; 8:1131-1145. [PMID: 29464004 PMCID: PMC5817115 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the vascular endothelium is characterized by increased expression of vascular adhesion molecules and chemokines. This activation occurs early in the progression of several diseases and triggers the recruitment of leukocytes. Inspired by the tropism of leukocytes, we investigated leukocyte-based biomimetic nanoparticles (i.e., leukosomes) as a novel theranostic platform for inflammatory diseases. Methods: Leukosomes were assembled by combining phospholipids and membrane proteins from leukocytes. For imaging applications, phospholipids modified with rhodamine and gadolinium were used. Leukosomes incubated with antibodies blocking lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and CD45 were administered to explore their roles in targeting inflammation. In addition, relaxometric assessment of NPs was evaluated. Results: Liposomes and leukosomes were both spherical in shape with sizes ranging from 140-170 nm. Both NPs successfully integrated 8 and 13 µg of rhodamine and gadolinium, respectively, and demonstrated less than 4% variation in physicochemical features. Leukosomes demonstrated a 16-fold increase in breast tumor accumulation relative to liposomes. Furthermore, quantification of leukosomes in tumor vessels demonstrated a 4.5-fold increase in vessel lumens and a 14-fold increase in vessel walls. Investigating the targeting mechanism of action revealed that blockage of LFA-1 on leukosomes resulted in a 95% decrease in tumor accumulation. Whereas blockage of CD45 yielded a 60% decrease in targeting and significant increases in liver and spleen accumulation. In addition, when administered in mice with atherosclerotic plaques, leukosomes exhibited a 4-fold increase in the targeting of inflammatory vascular lesions. Lastly, relaxometric assessment of NPs demonstrated that the incorporation of membrane proteins into leukosomes did not impact the r1 and r2 relaxivities of the NPs, demonstrating 6 and 30 mM-1s-1, respectively. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the ability of leukosomes to target activated vasculature and exhibit superior accumulation in tumors and vascular lesions. The versatility of the phospholipid backbone within leukosomes permits the incorporation of various contrast agents. Furthermore, leukosomes can potentially be loaded with therapeutics possessing diverse physical properties and thus warrant further investigation toward the development of powerful theranostic agents.
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