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Rutkowska A, Stoczyńska-Fidelus E, Janik K, Włodarczyk A, Rieske P. EGFR vIII: An Oncogene with Ambiguous Role. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:1092587. [PMID: 32089685 PMCID: PMC7024087 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1092587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) seems to constitute the perfect therapeutic target for glioblastoma (GB), as it is specifically present on up to 28-30% of GB cells. In case of other tumor types, expression and possible role of this oncogene still remain controversial. In spite of EGFRvIII mechanism of action being crucial for the design of small active anticancer molecules and immunotherapies, i.e., CAR-T technology, it is yet to be precisely defined. EGFRvIII is known to be resistant to degradation, but it is still unclear whether it heterodimerizes with EGF-activated wild-type EGFR (EGFRWT) or homodimerizes (including covalent homodimerization). Constitutive kinase activity of this mutated receptor is relatively low, and some researchers even claim that a nuclear, but not a membrane function, is crucial for its activity. Based on the analyses of recurrent tumors that are often lacking EGFRvIII expression despite its initial presence in corresponding primary foci, this oncogene is suggested to play a marginal role during later stages of carcinogenesis, while even in primary tumors EGFRvIII expression is detected only in a small percentage of tumor cells, undermining the rationality of EGFRvIII-targeting therapies. On the other hand, EGFRvIII-positive cells are resistant to apoptosis, more invasive, and characterized with enhanced proliferation rate. Moreover, expression of this oncogenic receptor was also postulated to be a marker of cancer stem cells. Opinions regarding the role that EGFRvIII plays in tumorigenesis and for tumor aggressiveness are clearly contradictory and, therefore, it is crucial not only to determine its mechanism of action, but also to unambiguously define its role at early and advanced cancer stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Rutkowska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Stoczyńska-Fidelus
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Janik
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Włodarczyk
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Rieske
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
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152
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Zhou LN, Li P, Cai S, Li G, Liu F. Ninjurin2 overexpression promotes glioma cell growth. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:11136-11147. [PMID: 31794427 PMCID: PMC6932907 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ninjurin2 (Ninj2) is an adhesion protein expressed in neurons and glial cells. The current study tested its expression and potential functions in human glioma. We show that Ninj2 mRNA and protein levels are significantly upregulated in human glioma cells and tissues. In established and primary human glioma cells, Ninj2 shRNA or knockout (by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing) potently inhibited cell survival, growth, proliferation, cell migration and invasion, while inducing apoptosis activation. Contrarily, ectopic overexpression of Ninj2 promoted glioma cell progression in vitro. In human glioma tissues and cells, Ninj2 co-immunoprecipitated with multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR, PDGFRβ and FGFR), required for downstream Akt and Erk activation. Akt and Erk activation was potently inhibited by Ninj2 shRNA or knockout, but enhanced with ectopic Ninj2 overexpression in glioma cells. In summary, we show that Ninj2 overexpression promotes glioma cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Shang Cai
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Chemoradiation Oncology, The First affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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153
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Barthel FP, Johnson KC, Varn FS, Moskalik AD, Tanner G, Kocakavuk E, Anderson KJ, Abiola O, Aldape K, Alfaro KD, Alpar D, Amin SB, Ashley DM, Bandopadhayay P, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Beroukhim R, Bock C, Brastianos PK, Brat DJ, Brodbelt AR, Bruns AF, Bulsara KR, Chakrabarty A, Chakravarti A, Chuang JH, Claus EB, Cochran EJ, Connelly J, Costello JF, Finocchiaro G, Fletcher MN, French PJ, Gan HK, Gilbert MR, Gould PV, Grimmer MR, Iavarone A, Ismail A, Jenkinson MD, Khasraw M, Kim H, Kouwenhoven MCM, LaViolette PS, Li M, Lichter P, Ligon KL, Lowman AK, Malta TM, Mazor T, McDonald KL, Molinaro AM, Nam DH, Nayyar N, Ng HK, Ngan CY, Niclou SP, Niers JM, Noushmehr H, Noorbakhsh J, Ormond DR, Park CK, Poisson LM, Rabadan R, Radlwimmer B, Rao G, Reifenberger G, Sa JK, Schuster M, Shaw BL, Short SC, Smitt PAS, Sloan AE, Smits M, Suzuki H, Tabatabai G, Van Meir EG, Watts C, Weller M, Wesseling P, Westerman BA, Widhalm G, Woehrer A, Yung WKA, Zadeh G, Huse JT, De Groot JF, Stead LF, Verhaak RGW. Longitudinal molecular trajectories of diffuse glioma in adults. Nature 2019; 576:112-120. [PMID: 31748746 PMCID: PMC6897368 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary processes that drive universal therapeutic resistance in adult patients with diffuse glioma remain unclear1,2. Here we analysed temporally separated DNA-sequencing data and matched clinical annotation from 222 adult patients with glioma. By analysing mutations and copy numbers across the three major subtypes of diffuse glioma, we found that driver genes detected at the initial stage of disease were retained at recurrence, whereas there was little evidence of recurrence-specific gene alterations. Treatment with alkylating agents resulted in a hypermutator phenotype at different rates across the glioma subtypes, and hypermutation was not associated with differences in overall survival. Acquired aneuploidy was frequently detected in recurrent gliomas and was characterized by IDH mutation but without co-deletion of chromosome arms 1p/19q, and further converged with acquired alterations in the cell cycle and poor outcomes. The clonal architecture of each tumour remained similar over time, but the presence of subclonal selection was associated with decreased survival. Finally, there were no differences in the levels of immunoediting between initial and recurrent gliomas. Collectively, our results suggest that the strongest selective pressures occur during early glioma development and that current therapies shape this evolution in a largely stochastic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris P Barthel
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin C Johnson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Frederick S Varn
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Georgette Tanner
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Emre Kocakavuk
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- DKFZ Division of Translational Neurooncology at the West German Cancer Center, German Cancer Consortium Partner Site, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kevin J Anderson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Olajide Abiola
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristin D Alfaro
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donat Alpar
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - David M Ashley
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pratiti Bandopadhayay
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Daniel J Brat
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew R Brodbelt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Liverpool & Walton Centre NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alexander F Bruns
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ketan R Bulsara
- Division of Neurosurgery, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Aruna Chakrabarty
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Chuang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Claus
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Cochran
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jennifer Connelly
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joseph F Costello
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael N Fletcher
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology, German Cancer Research Consortium, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pim J French
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hui K Gan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter V Gould
- Anatomic Pathology Service, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew R Grimmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Azzam Ismail
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael D Jenkinson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Liverpool & Walton Centre NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology (COGNO) NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hoon Kim
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Mathilde C M Kouwenhoven
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter S LaViolette
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Meihong Li
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology, German Cancer Research Consortium, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allison K Lowman
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Tathiane M Malta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tali Mazor
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kerrie L McDonald
- Cure Brain Cancer Biomarkers and Translational Research Group, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annette M Molinaro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Naema Nayyar
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ho Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Chew Yee Ngan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Simone P Niclou
- Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Johanna M Niers
- Department of Neurology, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Houtan Noushmehr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Javad Noorbakhsh
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - D Ryan Ormond
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chul-Kee Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Laila M Poisson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bernhard Radlwimmer
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology, German Cancer Research Consortium, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ganesh Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jason K Sa
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Michael Schuster
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brian L Shaw
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan C Short
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter A Sillevis Smitt
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew E Sloan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Seidman Cancer Center and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marion Smits
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ghazaleh Tabatabai
- Interdiscplinary Division of Neuro-Oncology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, DKTK Partner Site Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Colin Watts
- Institute of Cancer Genome Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart A Westerman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georg Widhalm
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid Woehrer
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - W K Alfred Yung
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason T Huse
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John F De Groot
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lucy F Stead
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Roel G W Verhaak
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
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154
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Molinaro AM, Phillips JJ. EGFR amplification status for clinical trial inclusion: where do we draw the line? Neuro Oncol 2019; 21:1215-1216. [PMID: 31504815 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Molinaro
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California
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155
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Glioma through the looking GLASS: molecular evolution of diffuse gliomas and the Glioma Longitudinal Analysis Consortium. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:873-884. [PMID: 29432615 PMCID: PMC6280138 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult diffuse gliomas are a diverse group of brain neoplasms that inflict a high emotional toll on patients and their families. The Cancer Genome Atlas and similar projects have provided a comprehensive understanding of the somatic alterations and molecular subtypes of glioma at diagnosis. However, gliomas undergo significant cellular and molecular evolution during disease progression. We review the current knowledge on the genomic and epigenetic abnormalities in primary tumors and after disease recurrence, highlight the gaps in the literature, and elaborate on the need for a new multi-institutional effort to bridge these knowledge gaps and how the Glioma Longitudinal Analysis Consortium (GLASS) aims to systemically catalog the longitudinal changes in gliomas. The GLASS initiative will provide essential insights into the evolution of glioma toward a lethal phenotype, with the potential to reveal targetable vulnerabilities and, ultimately, improved outcomes for a patient population in need.
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156
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Robertson FL, Marqués-Torrejón MA, Morrison GM, Pollard SM. Experimental models and tools to tackle glioblastoma. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm040386. [PMID: 31519690 PMCID: PMC6765190 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.040386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the deadliest human cancers. Despite increasing knowledge of the genetic and epigenetic changes that underlie tumour initiation and growth, the prognosis for GBM patients remains dismal. Genome analysis has failed to lead to success in the clinic. Fresh approaches are needed that can stimulate new discoveries across all levels: cell-intrinsic mechanisms (transcriptional/epigenetic and metabolic), cell-cell signalling, niche and microenvironment, systemic signals, immune regulation, and tissue-level physical forces. GBMs are inherently extremely challenging: tumour detection occurs too late, and cells infiltrate widely, hiding in quiescent states behind the blood-brain barrier. The complexity of the brain tissue also provides varied and complex microenvironments that direct cancer cell fates. Phenotypic heterogeneity is therefore superimposed onto pervasive genetic heterogeneity. Despite this bleak outlook, there are reasons for optimism. A myriad of complementary, and increasingly sophisticated, experimental approaches can now be used across the research pipeline, from simple reductionist models devised to delineate molecular and cellular mechanisms, to complex animal models required for preclinical testing of new therapeutic approaches. No single model can cover the breadth of unresolved questions. This Review therefore aims to guide investigators in choosing the right model for their question. We also discuss the recent convergence of two key technologies: human stem cell and cancer stem cell culture, as well as CRISPR/Cas tools for precise genome manipulations. New functional genetic approaches in tailored models will likely fuel new discoveries, new target identification and new therapeutic strategies to tackle GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye L Robertson
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Maria-Angeles Marqués-Torrejón
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Gillian M Morrison
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Steven M Pollard
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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157
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Li X, Das A, Bi D. Mechanical Heterogeneity in Tissues Promotes Rigidity and Controls Cellular Invasion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:058101. [PMID: 31491312 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.058101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study the influence of cell-level mechanical heterogeneity in epithelial tissues using a vertex-based model. Heterogeneity is introduced into the cell shape index (p_{0}) that tunes the stiffness at a single-cell level. The addition of heterogeneity can always enhance the mechanical rigidity of the epithelial layer by increasing its shear modulus, hence making it more rigid. There is an excellent scaling collapse of our data as a function of a single scaling variable f_{r}, which accounts for the overall fraction of rigid cells. We identify a universal threshold f_{r}^{*} that demarcates fluid versus solid tissues. Furthermore, this rigidity onset is far below the contact percolation threshold of rigid cells. These results give rise to a separation of rigidity and contact percolation processes that leads to distinct types of solid states. We also investigate the influence of heterogeneity on tumor invasion dynamics. There is an overall impedance of invasion as the tissue becomes more rigid. Invasion can also occur in an intermediate heterogeneous solid state that is characterized by significant spatial-temporal intermittency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Li
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Amit Das
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dapeng Bi
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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158
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Koczkodaj D, Popek-Marciniec S, Zmorzyński S, Wąsik-Szczepanek E, Filip AA. Examination of clonal evolution in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Med Oncol 2019; 36:79. [PMID: 31375939 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-019-1300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is one of the most frequent lymphoproliferative diseases. CLL is characterized by unusual heterogeneity, which probably reflects its biological and genetic lack of homogeneity. Clonal chromosome aberrations belong to the most important prognostic and predictive factors in CLL. This research was aimed at observing clonal evolution in CLL at the chromosomal level, and assessing its clinical significance in relation to selected prognostic factors. The study involved 72 untreated patients with CLL. The preliminary investigations using cytogenetic banding analysis (CBA) and FISH were performed at the time of diagnosis, and again after about 24 months to observe clonal changes (clonal evolution). In addition, other parameters were evaluated, i.e., the expression of ZAP-70 kinase, CD38 antigen, and the mutation statuses of IGVH and NOTCH1 genes. Classic prognostic factors, i.e., categorized ZAP70 and CD38 expressions as well as mutations in IGVH and NOTCH1 genes did not influence the course of clonal evolution in the examined group of patients. Clonal evolution was detected in 45.8% of patients by means of CBA, and in 19.4% patients with FISH. Analysis of chromosomal aberrations in the examined group of patients showed that the incidence of 17p deletions and translocations in karyotypes has a negative impact on overall survival. CE was found to be a risk factor for the occurrence of disease progression (OR = 2.22). Our observations indicate that combined CBA and FISH are the most optimal techniques for monitoring clonal evolution in the course of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Koczkodaj
- Department of Cancer Genetics with the Cytogenetic Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Ul. Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Popek-Marciniec
- Department of Cancer Genetics with the Cytogenetic Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Ul. Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080, Lublin, Poland
| | - Szymon Zmorzyński
- Department of Cancer Genetics with the Cytogenetic Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Ul. Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Wąsik-Szczepanek
- Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata A Filip
- Department of Cancer Genetics with the Cytogenetic Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Ul. Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080, Lublin, Poland
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159
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Zhang H, Luo S, Zhang X, Liao J, Quan F, Zhao E, Zhou C, Yu F, Yin W, Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Li X. SEECancer: a resource for somatic events in evolution of cancer genome. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:D1018-D1026. [PMID: 29069402 PMCID: PMC5753201 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells progressively evolve from a premalignant to a malignant state, which is driven by accumulating somatic alterations that confer normal cells a fitness advantage. Improvements in high-throughput sequencing techniques have led to an increase in construction of tumor phylogenetics and identification of somatic driver events that specifically occurred in different tumor progression stages. Here, we developed the SEECancer database (http://biocc.hrbmu.edu.cn/SEECancer), which aims to present the comprehensive cancer evolutionary stage-specific somatic events (including early-specific, late-specific, relapse-specific, metastasis-specific, drug-resistant and drug-induced genomic events) and their temporal orders. By manually curating over 10 000 published articles, 1231 evolutionary stage-specific genomic events and 5772 temporal orders involving 82 human cancers and 23 tissue origins were collected and deposited in the SEECancer database. Each entry contains the somatic event, evolutionary stage, cancer type, detection approach and relevant evidence. SEECancer provides a user-friendly interface for browsing, searching and downloading evolutionary stage-specific somatic events and temporal relationships in various cancers. With increasing attention on cancer genome evolution, the necessary information in SEECancer will facilitate understanding of cancer etiology and development of evolutionary therapeutics, and help clinicians to discover biomarkers for monitoring tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Shangyi Luo
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Jianlong Liao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Fei Quan
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Erjie Zhao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Chenfen Zhou
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Fulong Yu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Wenkang Yin
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Yun Xiao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
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160
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Jovčevska I, Zottel A, Šamec N, Mlakar J, Sorokin M, Nikitin D, Buzdin AA, Komel R. High FREM2 Gene and Protein Expression Are Associated with Favorable Prognosis of IDH-WT Glioblastomas. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081060. [PMID: 31357584 PMCID: PMC6721429 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
World Health Organization grade IV diffuse gliomas, known as glioblastomas, are the most common malignant brain tumors, and they show poor prognosis. Multimodal treatment of surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy is not sufficient to increase patient survival, which is 12 to 18 months after diagnosis. Despite extensive research, patient life expectancy has not significantly improved over the last decade. Previously, we identified FREM2 and SPRY1 as genes with differential expression in glioblastoma cell lines compared to nonmalignant astrocytes. In addition, the FREM2 and SPRY1 proteins show specific localization on the surface of glioblastoma cells. In this study, we explored the roles of the FREM2 and SPRY1 genes and their proteins in glioblastoma pathology using human tissue samples. We used proteomic, transcriptomic, and bioinformatics approaches to detect changes at different molecular levels. We demonstrate increased FREM2 protein expression levels in glioblastomas compared to reference samples. At the transcriptomic level, both FREM2 and SPRY1 show increased expression in tissue samples of different glioma grades compared to nonmalignant brain tissue. To broaden our experimental findings, we analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas glioblastoma patient datasets. We discovered higher FREM2 and SPRY1 gene expression levels in glioblastomas compared to lower grade gliomas and reference samples. In addition, we observed that low FREM2 expression was associated with progression of IDH-mutant low-grade glioma patients. Multivariate analysis showed positive association between FREM2 and favorable prognosis of IDH-wild type glioblastoma. We conclude that FREM2 has an important role in malignant progression of glioblastoma, and we suggest deeper analysis to determine its involvement in glioblastoma pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jovčevska
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Alja Zottel
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Neja Šamec
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Mlakar
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maxim Sorokin
- Laboratory of Clinical and Genomic Bioinformatics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia
- Omicsway Corp., Walnut, CA 91789, USA
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniil Nikitin
- Laboratory of Clinical and Genomic Bioinformatics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton A Buzdin
- Laboratory of Clinical and Genomic Bioinformatics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Oncobox Ltd., 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Radovan Komel
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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161
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McKinney A, Lindberg OR, Engler JR, Chen KY, Kumar A, Gong H, Lu KV, Simonds EF, Cloughesy TF, Liau LM, Prados M, Bollen AW, Berger MS, Shieh JTC, James CD, Nicolaides TP, Yong WH, Lai A, Hegi ME, Weiss WA, Phillips JJ. Mechanisms of Resistance to EGFR Inhibition Reveal Metabolic Vulnerabilities in Human GBM. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1565-1576. [PMID: 31270152 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) represents one of the most commonly observed genetic lesions in glioblastoma (GBM); however, therapies targeting this signaling pathway have failed clinically. Here, using human tumors, primary patient-derived xenografts (PDX), and a murine model for GBM, we demonstrate that EGFR inhibition leads to increased invasion of tumor cells. Further, EGFR inhibitor-treated GBM demonstrates altered oxidative stress, with increased lipid peroxidation, and generation of toxic lipid peroxidation products. A tumor cell subpopulation with elevated aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) levels was determined to comprise a significant proportion of the invasive cells observed in EGFR inhibitor-treated GBM. Our analysis of the ALDH1A1 protein in newly diagnosed GBM revealed detectable ALDH1A1 expression in 69% (35/51) of the cases, but in relatively low percentages of tumor cells. Analysis of paired human GBM before and after EGFR inhibitor therapy showed an increase in ALDH1A1 expression in EGFR-amplified tumors (P < 0.05, n = 13 tumor pairs), and in murine GBM ALDH1A1-high clones were more resistant to EGFR inhibition than ALDH1A1-low clones. Our data identify ALDH levels as a biomarker of GBM cells with high invasive potential, altered oxidative stress, and resistance to EGFR inhibition, and reveal a therapeutic target whose inhibition should limit GBM invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McKinney
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Olle R Lindberg
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jane R Engler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Katharine Y Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Anupam Kumar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Henry Gong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kan V Lu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Erin F Simonds
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Linda M Liau
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael Prados
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew W Bollen
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joseph T C Shieh
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - C David James
- Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Theodore P Nicolaides
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - William H Yong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Albert Lai
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Monika E Hegi
- Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. .,Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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162
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Johnston MJ, Nikolic A, Ninkovic N, Guilhamon P, Cavalli FMG, Seaman S, Zemp FJ, Lee J, Abdelkareem A, Ellestad K, Murison A, Kushida MM, Coutinho FJ, Ma Y, Mungall AJ, Moore R, Marra MA, Taylor MD, Dirks PB, Pugh TJ, Morrissy S, St Croix B, Mahoney DJ, Lupien M, Gallo M. High-resolution structural genomics reveals new therapeutic vulnerabilities in glioblastoma. Genome Res 2019; 29:1211-1222. [PMID: 31249064 PMCID: PMC6673710 DOI: 10.1101/gr.246520.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of 3D genome architecture in instructing functional properties of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) by generating sub-5-kb resolution 3D genome maps by in situ Hi-C. Contact maps at sub-5-kb resolution allow identification of individual DNA loops, domain organization, and large-scale genome compartmentalization. We observed differences in looping architectures among GSCs from different patients, suggesting that 3D genome architecture is a further layer of inter-patient heterogeneity for glioblastoma. Integration of DNA contact maps with chromatin and transcriptional profiles identified specific mechanisms of gene regulation, including the convergence of multiple super enhancers to individual stemness genes within individual cells. We show that the number of loops contacting a gene correlates with elevated transcription. These results indicate that stemness genes are hubs of interaction between multiple regulatory regions, likely to ensure their sustained expression. Regions of open chromatin common among the GSCs tested were poised for expression of immune-related genes, including CD276. We demonstrate that this gene is co-expressed with stemness genes in GSCs and that CD276 can be targeted with an antibody-drug conjugate to eliminate self-renewing cells. Our results demonstrate that integrated structural genomics data sets can be employed to rationally identify therapeutic vulnerabilities in self-renewing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Johnston
- Clark Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ana Nikolic
- Clark Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Nicoletta Ninkovic
- Clark Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Paul Guilhamon
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre-University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Florence M G Cavalli
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Steven Seaman
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Franz J Zemp
- Clark Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - John Lee
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Aly Abdelkareem
- Clark Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Katrina Ellestad
- Clark Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Alex Murison
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre-University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Michelle M Kushida
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Fiona J Coutinho
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Yussanne Ma
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia VSZ 4S6, Canada
| | - Andrew J Mungall
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia VSZ 4S6, Canada
| | - Richard Moore
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia VSZ 4S6, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia VSZ 4S6, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Peter B Dirks
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre-University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sorana Morrissy
- Clark Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Bradley St Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Douglas J Mahoney
- Clark Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lupien
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre-University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Marco Gallo
- Clark Smith Brain Tumour Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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163
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Cheng F, Guo D. MET in glioma: signaling pathways and targeted therapies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:270. [PMID: 31221203 PMCID: PMC6585013 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas represent the most common type of malignant brain tumor, among which, glioblastoma remains a clinical challenge with limited treatment options and dismal prognosis. It has been shown that the dysregulated receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK, including EGFR, MET, PDGFRα, ect.) signaling pathways have pivotal roles in the progression of gliomas, especially glioblastoma. Increasing evidence suggests that expression levels of the RTK MET and its specific stimulatory factors are significantly increased in glioblastomas compared to those in normal brain tissues, whereas some negative regulators are found to be downregulated. Mutations in MET, as well as the dysregulation of other regulators of cross-talk with MET signaling pathways, have also been identified. MET and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) play a critical role in the proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, stem cell characteristics, and therapeutic resistance and recurrence of glioblastomas. Therefore, combined targeted therapy for this pathway and associated molecules could be a novel and attractive strategy for the treatment of human glioblastoma. In this review, we highlight progress made in the understanding of MET signaling in glioma and advances in therapies targeting HGF/MET molecules for glioma patients in recent years, in addition to studies on the expression and mutation status of MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095, Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
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164
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Cheng F, Zhang P, Xiao Q, Li Y, Dong M, Wang H, Kuang D, He Y, Duan Q, Mao F, Wang B, Guo D. The Prognostic and Therapeutic Potential of LRIG3 and Soluble LRIG3 in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:447. [PMID: 31245283 PMCID: PMC6563081 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly lethal type of primary brain tumor that exhibits unrestricted growth and aggressive invasion capabilities, leading to a dismal prognosis despite a multitude of therapies. Multiple alterations in the expression level of genes and/or proteins have been identified in glioblastomas, including the activation of oncogenes and/or silencing of tumor-suppressor genes. Nevertheless, there are still no effective targeted therapies associated with these changes. In this study, we investigated the expression of human leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 3 (LRIG3) in human glioma specimens through immunohistochemical analysis. The results showed that LRIG3 was weakly expressed in high-grade gliomas (WHO [World Health Organization] grades III and IV) compared with that in low-grade gliomas (WHO grade II). Survival analysis of these patients with glioma indicated that LRIG3 is an important prognostic marker for better survival. Moreover, we confirmed the existence of soluble ectodomain of LRIG3 (sLRIG3) in the cell culture supernatant, serum, and in tumor cystic fluid of patients with glioma. Molecular mechanistic investigation demonstrated that both LRIG3 and sLRIG3 inhibit the growth and invasion capabilities of GL15, U87, and PriGBM cells and tumor xenografts in nude mice through regulating the MET/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the positive correlation between serum sLRIG3 protein levels and overall survival time in patients with high-grade gliomas. Taken together, our data for the first time demonstrate the existence of sLRIG3 and that both LRIG3 and sLRIG3 are potent tumor suppressors, which could be used as prognostic markers for better overall survival and therapeutic agents for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Chinese-German Lab of Molecular Neuro-oncology of Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Po Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Chinese-German Lab of Molecular Neuro-oncology of Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qungen Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Youwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Chinese-German Lab of Molecular Neuro-oncology of Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Minhai Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Chinese-German Lab of Molecular Neuro-oncology of Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heping Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Kuang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuhong Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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165
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Carpenter CD, Alnahhas I, Gonzalez J, Giglio P, Puduvalli VK. Changing paradigms for targeted therapies against diffuse infiltrative gliomas: tackling a moving target. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:663-677. [PMID: 31106606 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1621169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Gliomas are highly heterogeneous primary brain tumors which result in a disproportionately high degree of morbidity and mortality despite their locoregional occurrence. Advances in the understanding of the biological makeup of these malignancies have yielded a number of potential tumor-driving pathways which have been identified as rational targets for therapy. However, early trials of agents that target these pathways have uniformly failed to yield improvement in outcomes in patients with malignant gliomas. Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the most common biological features of gliomas and the strategies to target the same; in addition, the current status of immunotherapy and biological therapies are outlined and the future directions to tackle the challenges of therapy for gliomas are examined. Expert opinion: The limitations of current treatments are attributed to the inability of most of these agents to cross the blood-brain barrier and to the intrinsic heterogeneity of the tumors that result in treatment resistance. The recent emergence of immune-mediated and biological therapies and of agents that target metabolic pathways in gliomas have provided strategies that may overcome tumor heterogeneity and ongoing trials of such agents are anticipated to yield improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice D Carpenter
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Iyad Alnahhas
- b Division of Neurooncology , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Javier Gonzalez
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus , OH , USA.,b Division of Neurooncology , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Pierre Giglio
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus , OH , USA.,b Division of Neurooncology , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Vinay K Puduvalli
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus , OH , USA.,b Division of Neurooncology , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus , OH , USA
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166
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Hu Y, Zhang M, Tian N, Li D, Wu F, Hu P, Wang Z, Wang L, Hao W, Kang J, Yin B, Zheng Z, Jiang T, Yuan J, Qiang B, Han W, Peng X. The antibiotic clofoctol suppresses glioma stem cell proliferation by activating KLF13. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3072-3085. [PMID: 31112526 DOI: 10.1172/jci124979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas account for approximately 80% of primary malignant tumors in the central nervous system. Despite aggressive therapy, the prognosis of patients remains extremely poor. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) which considered as the potential target of therapy for their crucial role in therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence, are believed to be key factors for the disappointing outcome. Here, we took advantage of GSCs as the cell model to perform high-throughput drug screening and the old antibiotic, clofoctol, was identified as the most effective compound, showing reduction of colony-formation and induction of apoptosis of GSCs. Moreover, growth of tumors was inhibited obviously in vivo after clofoctol treatment especially in primary patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and transgenic xenografts. The anticancer mechanisms demonstrated by analyzing related downstream genes and discovering the targeted binding protein revealed that clofoctol exhibited the inhibition of GSCs by upregulation of Kruppel-like factor 13 (KLF13), a tumor suppressor gene, through clofoctol's targeted binding protein, Upstream of N-ras (UNR). Collectively, these data demonstrated that induction of KLF13 expression suppressed growth of gliomas and provided a potential therapy for gliomas targeting GSCs. Importantly, our results also identified the RNA-binding protein UNR as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meilian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ningyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peishan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hao
- National Experimental Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingting Kang
- National Experimental Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Centralab Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Boqin Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
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167
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Abstract
Recent reports have demonstrated that oncogene amplification on extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a frequent event in cancer, providing new momentum to explore a phenomenon first discovered several decades ago. The direct consequence of ecDNA gains in these cases is an increase in DNA copy number of the oncogenes residing on the extrachromosomal element. A secondary effect, perhaps even more important, is that the unequal segregation of ecDNA from a parental tumour cell to offspring cells rapidly increases tumour heterogeneity, thus providing the tumour with an additional array of responses to microenvironment-induced and therapy-induced stress factors and perhaps providing an evolutionary advantage. This Perspectives article discusses the current knowledge and potential implications of oncogene amplification on ecDNA in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel G W Verhaak
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Vineet Bafna
- Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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168
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Tanaka S, Batchelor TT, Iafrate AJ, Dias-Santagata D, Borger DR, Ellisen LW, Yang D, Louis DN, Cahill DP, Chi AS. PIK3CA activating mutations are associated with more disseminated disease at presentation and earlier recurrence in glioblastoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:66. [PMID: 31036078 PMCID: PMC6487518 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling promotes cell growth and survival and is frequently activated in infiltrative gliomas. Activating mutations in PIK3CA gene are observed in 6-15% of glioblastomas, although their clinical significance is largely undescribed. The objective of this study was to examine whether PIK3CA mutations are associated with a specific clinical phenotype in glioblastoma. We retrospectively reviewed 157 consecutive newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients from December 2009 to June 2012 who underwent molecular profiling consisting of targeted hotspot genotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization for gene amplification, and methylation-specific PCR for O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter methylation. Molecular alterations were correlated with clinical features, imaging and outcome. The Cancer Genome Atlas data was analyzed as a validation set. There were 91 males; median age was 58 years (range, 23-85). With a median follow-up of 20.9 months, median progression-free survival (PFS) and estimated overall survival (OS) were 11.9 and 24.0 months, respectively. Thirteen patients (8.3%) harbored PIK3CA mutation, which was associated with younger age (mean 49.4 vs. 58.1 years, p = 0.02). PIK3CA mutation correlated with shorter PFS (median 6.9 vs. 12.4 months, p = 0.01) and OS (median 21.2 vs. 24.2 months, p = 0.049) in multivariate analysis. A significant association between PIK3CA mutation and more disseminated disease at diagnosis, as defined by gliomatosis, multicentric lesions, or distant leptomeningeal lesions, was observed (46.2% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.004). In conclusion, despite the association with younger age, PIK3CA activating mutations are associated with earlier recurrence and shorter survival in adult glioblastoma. The aggressive course of these tumors may be related to their propensity for disseminated presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Tanaka
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Boston, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Boston, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Present Address: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Present Address: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Center, Boston, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Dora Dias-Santagata
- Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Center, Boston, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Darrell R Borger
- Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Center, Boston, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Leif W Ellisen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Daniel Yang
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Boston, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - David N Louis
- Department of Pathology, Boston, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston, USA.
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 9E, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Andrew S Chi
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health and School of Medicine, New York, USA.
- Present Address: Neon Therapeutics, 40 Erie Street, Suite 110, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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169
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Ivey JW, Wasson EM, Alinezhadbalalami N, Kanitkar A, Debinski W, Sheng Z, Davalos RV, Verbridge SS. Characterization of Ablation Thresholds for 3D-Cultured Patient-Derived Glioma Stem Cells in Response to High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation. RESEARCH 2019; 2019:8081315. [PMID: 31549086 PMCID: PMC6750069 DOI: 10.34133/2019/8081315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
High-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) is a technique that uses pulsed electric fields that have been shown to ablate malignant cells. In order to evaluate the clinical potential of H-FIRE to treat glioblastoma (GBM), a primary brain tumor, we have studied the effects of high-frequency waveforms on therapy-resistant glioma stem-like cell (GSC) populations. We demonstrate that patient-derived GSCs are more susceptible to H-FIRE damage than primary normal astrocytes. This selectivity presents an opportunity for a degree of malignant cell targeting as bulk tumor cells and tumor stem cells are seen to exhibit similar lethal electric field thresholds, significantly lower than that of healthy astrocytes. However, neural stem cell (NSC) populations also exhibit a similar sensitivity to these pulses. This observation may suggest that different considerations be taken when applying these therapies in younger versus older patients, where the importance of preserving NSC populations may impose different restrictions on use. We also demonstrate variability in threshold among the three patient-derived GSC lines studied, suggesting the need for personalized cell-specific characterization in the development of potential clinical procedures. Future work may provide further useful insights regarding this patient-dependent variability observed that could inform targeted and personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Ivey
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - E M Wasson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - N Alinezhadbalalami
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - A Kanitkar
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - W Debinski
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Z Sheng
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24061, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.,Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - R V Davalos
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.,Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.,Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - S S Verbridge
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.,Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.,Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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170
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Miller ML, Tome-Garcia J, Waluszko A, Sidorenko T, Kumar C, Ye F, Tsankova NM. Practical Bioinformatic DNA-Sequencing Pipeline for Detecting Oncogene Amplification and EGFRvIII Mutational Status in Clinical Glioblastoma Samples. J Mol Diagn 2019; 21:514-524. [PMID: 31000415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a malignant brain tumor with dismal prognosis. Oncogenic mutations in glioblastoma frequently affect receptor tyrosine kinase pathway components that are challenging to quantify because of heterogeneous expression. EGFRvIII, a common oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase mutant protein in glioblastoma, potentiates tumor malignancy and is an emerging tumor-specific immunotarget, underlining the need for its more accessible and quantitative detection. We used normalized next-generation sequencing data from 117 brain and 371 reference clinical tumor samples to detect focal gene amplifications across the commercial Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel version 2 and infer EGFRvIII status based on relative coverage dropout of the gene's truncated region within EGFR. In glioblastomas (n = 45), amplification of EGFR [18 (40%)], PDGFRA [3 (7%)], KIT [2 (4%)], MET [1 (2%)], and AKT1 [1 (2%)] was detected. With respect to EGFR and PDGFRA amplification, there was near-complete agreement between next-generation sequencing and in situ hybridization. Consistent with previous reports, this method detected EGFRvIII exclusively in EGFR-amplified glioblastomas [8 (44%)], which was confirmed using long-range PCR. Our study offers a practical method for detecting oncogene amplifications and large intragenic mutations in a clinically implemented hotspot panel that can be quantified using z scores. The validated detection of EGFRvIII using DNA sequencing eliminates problems with transcript degradation, and the provided script facilitates efficient incorporation into a laboratory's bioinformatic pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Miller
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jessica Tome-Garcia
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Aneta Waluszko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Tatyana Sidorenko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Chitra Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York; Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York.
| | - Nadejda M Tsankova
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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171
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Körber V, Yang J, Barah P, Wu Y, Stichel D, Gu Z, Fletcher MNC, Jones D, Hentschel B, Lamszus K, Tonn JC, Schackert G, Sabel M, Felsberg J, Zacher A, Kaulich K, Hübschmann D, Herold-Mende C, von Deimling A, Weller M, Radlwimmer B, Schlesner M, Reifenberger G, Höfer T, Lichter P. Evolutionary Trajectories of IDH WT Glioblastomas Reveal a Common Path of Early Tumorigenesis Instigated Years ahead of Initial Diagnosis. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:692-704.e12. [PMID: 30905762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We studied how intratumoral genetic heterogeneity shapes tumor growth and therapy response for isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wild-type glioblastoma, a rapidly regrowing tumor. We inferred the evolutionary trajectories of matched pairs of primary and relapsed tumors based on deep whole-genome-sequencing data. This analysis suggests both a distant origin of de novo glioblastoma, up to 7 years before diagnosis, and a common path of early tumorigenesis, with one or more of chromosome 7 gain, 9p loss, or 10 loss, at tumor initiation. TERT promoter mutations often occurred later as a prerequisite for rapid growth. In contrast to this common early path, relapsed tumors acquired no stereotypical pattern of mutations and typically regrew from oligoclonal origins, suggesting sparse selective pressure by therapeutic measures.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/enzymology
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Brain Neoplasms/therapy
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- DNA Methylation
- Evolution, Molecular
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Heterogeneity
- Glioblastoma/enzymology
- Glioblastoma/genetics
- Glioblastoma/pathology
- Glioblastoma/therapy
- Humans
- Isocitrate Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Isocitrate Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Signal Transduction
- Telomerase/genetics
- Telomerase/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Körber
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Bioquant Center, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jing Yang
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pankaj Barah
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yonghe Wu
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology, DKFZ-HIPO, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Damian Stichel
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zuguang Gu
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology, DKFZ-HIPO, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Nai Chung Fletcher
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Jones
- Pediatric Glioma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Hentschel
- Institut für Medizinische Informatik, Statistik und Epidemiologie, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Lamszus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Neues Klinikum O10, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Christian Tonn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schackert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Sabel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40255 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Felsberg
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40255 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Angela Zacher
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40255 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kaulich
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40255 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Hübschmann
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstr. 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Radlwimmer
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schlesner
- Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40255 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Bioquant Center, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology, DKFZ-HIPO, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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172
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Jiang J, Zhang L, Chen H, Lei Y, Zhang T, Wang Y, Jin P, Lan J, Zhou L, Huang Z, Li B, Liu Y, Gao W, Xie K, Zhou L, Nice EC, Peng Y, Cao Y, Wei Y, Wang K, Huang C. Regorafenib induces lethal autophagy arrest by stabilizing PSAT1 in glioblastoma. Autophagy 2019; 16:106-122. [PMID: 30909789 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1598752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GBM (glioblastoma multiforme) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor with no curative options available. Therefore, it is imperative to develop novel potent therapeutic drugs for GBM treatment. Here, we show that regorafenib, an oral multi-kinase inhibitor, exhibits superior therapeutic efficacy over temozolomide, the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for GBM treatment both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, regorafenib directly stabilizes PSAT1 (phosphoserine aminotransferase 1), a critical enzyme for serine synthesis, to trigger PRKAA-dependent autophagy initiation and inhibit RAB11A-mediated autophagosome-lysosome fusion, resulting in lethal autophagy arrest in GBM cells. Maintenance of PSAT1 at a high level is essential for regorafenib-induced GBM suppression. Together, our data provide novel mechanistic insights of regorafenib-induced autophagy arrest and suggest a new paradigm for effective treatment of GBM.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACACA: acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase alpha; ACTB/β-actin: actin, beta; AMPK: adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ATG5: autophagy related 5; CTSD: cathepsin D; DN-: dominant-negative; GBM: glioblastoma multiforme; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PRKAA/AMPKα: protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha; PSAT1: phosphoserine aminotransferase 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TKIs: tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Haining Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yunlong Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yuelong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ping Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Bowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ke Xie
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Liangxue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Kui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
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173
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Jiang W, Ji M. Receptor tyrosine kinases in PI3K signaling: The therapeutic targets in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:3-22. [PMID: 30943434 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, one of the most commonly activated signaling pathways in human cancers, plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. This pathway is usually activated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), whose constitutive and aberrant activation is via gain-of-function mutations, chromosomal rearrangement, gene amplification and autocrine. Blockage of PI3K pathway by targeted therapy on RTKs with tyrosine kinases inhibitors (TKIs) and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has achieved great progress in past decades; however, there still remain big challenges during their clinical application. In this review, we provide an overview about the most frequently encountered alterations in RTKs and focus on current therapeutic agents developed to counteract their aberrant functions, accompanied with discussions of two major challenges to the RTKs-targeted therapy in cancer - resistance and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Meiju Ji
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China; Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China.
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174
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Schäfer N, Gielen GH, Rauschenbach L, Kebir S, Till A, Reinartz R, Simon M, Niehusmann P, Kleinschnitz C, Herrlinger U, Pietsch T, Scheffler B, Glas M. Longitudinal heterogeneity in glioblastoma: moving targets in recurrent versus primary tumors. J Transl Med 2019; 17:96. [PMID: 30894200 PMCID: PMC6425567 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1846-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Molecularly targeted therapies using receptor inhibitors, small molecules or monoclonal antibodies are routinely applied in oncology. Verification of target expression should be mandatory prior to initiation of therapy, yet, determining the expression status is most challenging in recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) where most patients are not eligible for second-line surgery. Because very little is known on the consistency of expression along the clinical course we here explored common drug targets in paired primary vs. recurrent GBM tissue samples. Methods Paired surgical tissue samples were derived from a homogeneously treated cohort of 34 GBM patients. All patients received radiotherapy and temozolomide chemotherapy. Verification of common drug targets included immunohistological analysis of PDGFR-β, FGFR-2, FGFR-3, and mTOR-pathway component (phospho-mTORSer2448) as well as molecular, MLPA-based analysis of specific copy number aberrations at the gene loci of ALK, PDGFRA, VEGFR2/KDR, EGFR, MET, and FGFR1. Results Paired tumor tissue exhibited significant changes of expression in 9 of the 10 investigated druggable targets (90%). Only one target (FGFR1) was found “unchanged”, since dissimilar expression was observed in only one of the 34 paired tumor tissue samples. All other targets were variably expressed with an 18–56% discordance rate between primary and recurrent tissue. Conclusions The high incidence of dissimilar target expression status in clinical samples from primary vs. recurrent GBM suggests clinically relevant heterogeneity along the course of disease. Molecular target expression, as determined at primary diagnosis, may not necessarily present rational treatment clues for the clinical care of recurrent GBM. Further studies need to analyze the therapeutic impact of longitudinal heterogeneity in GBM. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1846-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Schäfer
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Stem Cell Pathologies, Institute for Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerrit H Gielen
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laurèl Rauschenbach
- Stem Cell Pathologies, Institute for Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.,DKFZ Division of Translational Neurooncology at the West German Cancer Center (WTZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Sied Kebir
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Stem Cell Pathologies, Institute for Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,DKFZ Division of Translational Neurooncology at the West German Cancer Center (WTZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Till
- Stem Cell Pathologies, Institute for Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Roman Reinartz
- Stem Cell Pathologies, Institute for Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Simon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Bethel Hospital, 33617, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Pitt Niehusmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neuro-/Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Herrlinger
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Torsten Pietsch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Björn Scheffler
- Stem Cell Pathologies, Institute for Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,DKFZ Division of Translational Neurooncology at the West German Cancer Center (WTZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Glas
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany. .,Stem Cell Pathologies, Institute for Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany. .,DKFZ Division of Translational Neurooncology at the West German Cancer Center (WTZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany. .,Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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175
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Hoffman M, Gillmor AH, Kunz DJ, Johnston MJ, Nikolic A, Narta K, Zarrei M, King J, Ellestad K, Dang NH, Cavalli FMG, Kushida MM, Coutinho FJ, Zhu Y, Luu B, Ma Y, Mungall AJ, Moore R, Marra MA, Taylor MD, Pugh TJ, Dirks PB, Strother D, Lafay-Cousin L, Resnick AC, Scherer S, Senger DL, Simons BD, Chan JA, Morrissy AS, Gallo M. Intratumoral Genetic and Functional Heterogeneity in Pediatric Glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2111-2123. [PMID: 30877103 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric glioblastoma (pGBM) is a lethal cancer with no effective therapies. To understand the mechanisms of tumor evolution in this cancer, we performed whole-genome sequencing with linked reads on longitudinally resected pGBM samples. Our analyses showed that all diagnostic and recurrent samples were collections of genetically diverse subclones. Clonal composition rapidly evolved at recurrence, with less than 8% of nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variants being shared in diagnostic-recurrent pairs. To track the origins of the mutational events observed in pGBM, we generated whole-genome datasets for two patients and their parents. These trios showed that genetic variants could be (i) somatic, (ii) inherited from a healthy parent, or (iii) de novo in the germlines of pGBM patients. Analysis of variant allele frequencies supported a model of tumor growth involving slow-cycling cancer stem cells that give rise to fast-proliferating progenitor-like cells and to nondividing cells. Interestingly, radiation and antimitotic chemotherapeutics did not increase overall tumor burden upon recurrence. These findings support an important role for slow-cycling stem cell populations in contributing to recurrences, because slow-cycling cell populations are expected to be less prone to genotoxic stress induced by these treatments and therefore would accumulate few mutations. Our results highlight the need for new targeted treatments that account for the complex functional hierarchies and genomic heterogeneity of pGBM. SIGNIFICANCE: This work challenges several assumptions regarding the genetic organization of pediatric GBM and highlights mutagenic programs that start during early prenatal development.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/9/2111/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Hoffman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aaron H Gillmor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel J Kunz
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Johnston
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ana Nikolic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kiran Narta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mehdi Zarrei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer King
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Katrina Ellestad
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ngoc Ha Dang
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Florence M G Cavalli
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle M Kushida
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fiona J Coutinho
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuankun Zhu
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Betty Luu
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yussanne Ma
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew J Mungall
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Richard Moore
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter B Dirks
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas Strother
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lucie Lafay-Cousin
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adam C Resnick
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna L Senger
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - A Sorana Morrissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marco Gallo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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176
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Piccioni DE, Achrol AS, Kiedrowski LA, Banks KC, Boucher N, Barkhoudarian G, Kelly DF, Juarez T, Lanman RB, Raymond VM, Nguyen M, Truong JD, Heng A, Gill J, Saria M, Pingle SC, Kesari S. Analysis of cell-free circulating tumor DNA in 419 patients with glioblastoma and other primary brain tumors. CNS Oncol 2019; 8:CNS34. [PMID: 30855176 PMCID: PMC6713031 DOI: 10.2217/cns-2018-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Genomically matched trials in primary brain tumors (PBTs) require recent tumor sequencing. We evaluated whether circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) could facilitate genomic interrogation in these patients. Methods: Data from 419 PBT patients tested clinically with a ctDNA NGS panel at a CLIA-certified laboratory were analyzed. Results: A total of 211 patients (50%) had ≥1 somatic alteration detected. Detection was highest in meningioma (59%) and gliobastoma (55%). Single nucleotide variants were detected in 61 genes, with amplifications detected in ERBB2, MET, EGFR and others. Conclusion: Contrary to previous studies with very low yields, we found half of PBT patients had detectable ctDNA with genomically targetable off-label or clinical trial options for almost 50%. For those PBT patients with detectable ctDNA, plasma cfDNA genomic analysis is a clinically viable option for identifying genomically driven therapy options.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Piccioni
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Achal Singh Achrol
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | - Kimberly C Banks
- Department of Medical Affairs, Guardant Health, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Najee Boucher
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Garni Barkhoudarian
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Daniel F Kelly
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Juarez
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Richard B Lanman
- Department of Medical Affairs, Guardant Health, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | - Minhdan Nguyen
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Judy D Truong
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Annie Heng
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Jaya Gill
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Marlon Saria
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Sandeep C Pingle
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
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177
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Highly Multiplexed Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization for in Situ Genomics. J Mol Diagn 2019; 21:390-407. [PMID: 30862547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantification of changes in gene copy number is critical to our understanding of tumor biology and for the clinical management of cancer patients. DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization is the gold standard method to detect copy number alterations, but it is limited by the number of genes one can quantify simultaneously. To increase the throughput of this informative technique, a fluorescent bar-code system for the unique labeling of dozens of genes and an automated image analysis algorithm that enabled their simultaneous hybridization for the quantification of gene copy numbers were devised. We demonstrate the reliability of this multiplex approach on normal human lymphocytes, metaphase spreads of transformed cell lines, and cultured circulating tumor cells. It also opens the door to the development of gene panels for more comprehensive analysis of copy number changes in tissue, including the study of heterogeneity and of high-throughput clinical assays that could provide rapid quantification of gene copy numbers in samples with limited cellularity, such as circulating tumor cells.
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178
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Zhang D, Liu X, Xu X, Xu J, Yi Z, Shan B, Liu B. HPCAL1 promotes glioblastoma proliferation via activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:3108-3117. [PMID: 30843345 PMCID: PMC6484330 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent primary malignancy of the central nervous system with obvious aggressiveness, and is associated with poor clinical outcome. Studies have indicated that calcium ion (Ca2+) can positively regulate the initiation of malignancy with regard to GBM by modulating quiescence, proliferation, migration and maintenance. Hippocalcin like‐1 protein (HPCAL1) serves as a sensor of Ca2+. However, the understanding of HPCAL1 activity in GBM is limited. The present study revealed that the gene HPCAL1 was up‐regulated by Ca2+ in the tissues and cells of GBM. Ectopic expression of HPCAL1 promoted proliferation of cells. Exhaustion of HPCAL1 inhibited cell growth not only in vivo, but also in vitro. In addition, HPCAL1 enhanced the Wnt pathway by stimulating β‐catenin accumulation and nuclear translocation in GBM cells, while β‐catenin silencing significantly inhibited the proliferation and growth of the GBM cells. Our results showed that Ser9 phosphorylation of GSK3β was significantly decreased after HPCAL1 knockdown in GBM cells, and knockdown of the gene GSK3β in GBM cells enhanced cell proliferation and promoted transcription of the genes CCND1 and c‐Myc. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of ERK was decreased in the cells with HPCAL1 knockdown, while it was promoted via overexpression of HPCAL1. The suppression or depletion of the gene ERK decreased proliferation triggered by overexpression of HPCAL1 and impaired transcription of the genes c‐Myc and CCND1. These studies elucidate the tumour‐promoting activity of HPCAL1. They also offer an innovative therapeutic strategy focusing on the HPCAL1‐Wnt/β‐catenin axis to regulate proliferation and development of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Xidong Liu
- Department of Oncology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Jianmeng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongying District People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongjun Yi
- Department of Neurology, Dongying District People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Baochang Shan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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179
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Akgül S, Patch AM, D'Souza RCJ, Mukhopadhyay P, Nones K, Kempe S, Kazakoff SH, Jeffree RL, Stringer BW, Pearson JV, Waddell N, Day BW. Intratumoural Heterogeneity Underlies Distinct Therapy Responses and Treatment Resistance in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020190. [PMID: 30736342 PMCID: PMC6406894 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are the most common and lethal neoplasms of the central nervous system. Neighbouring glioma cells maintain extreme degrees of genetic and phenotypic variation that form intratumoural heterogeneity. This genetic diversity allows the most adaptive tumour clones to develop treatment resistance, ultimately leading to disease recurrence. We aimed to model this phenomenon and test the effectiveness of several targeted therapeutic interventions to overcome therapy resistance. Heterogeneous tumour masses were first deconstructed into single tumour cells, which were expanded independently as single-cell clones. Single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, whole-genome and RNA sequencing, and CpG methylation analysis validated the unique molecular profile of each tumour clone, which displayed distinct pathologic features, including cell morphology, growth rate, and resistance to temozolomide and ionizing radiation. We also identified variable sensitivities to AURK, CDK, and EGFR inhibitors which were consistent with the heterogeneous molecular alterations that each clone harboured. These targeted therapies effectively eliminated the temozolomide- and/or irradiation-resistant clones and also parental polyclonal cells. Our findings indicate that polyclonal tumours create a dynamic environment that consists of diverse tumour elements and treatment responses. Designing targeted therapies based on a range of molecular profiles can be a more effective strategy to eradicate treatment resistance, recurrence, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seçkin Akgül
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, QLD, Australia.
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, QLD, Australia.
| | - Ann-Marie Patch
- Genetics and Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4006, QLD, Australia.
| | - Rochelle C J D'Souza
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, QLD, Australia. Rochelle.D'
| | - Pamela Mukhopadhyay
- Genetics and Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4006, QLD, Australia.
| | - Katia Nones
- Genetics and Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4006, QLD, Australia.
| | - Sarah Kempe
- Genetics and Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4006, QLD, Australia.
| | - Stephen H Kazakoff
- Genetics and Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4006, QLD, Australia.
| | - Rosalind L Jeffree
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane 4006, QLD, Australia.
| | - Brett W Stringer
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, QLD, Australia.
| | - John V Pearson
- Genetics and Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4006, QLD, Australia.
| | - Nicola Waddell
- Genetics and Computational Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4006, QLD, Australia.
| | - Bryan W Day
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, QLD, Australia.
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180
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Abstract
Diffuse gliomas are the most common human primary brain tumors and remain incurable. They are complex entities in which diverse genetic and nongenetic effects determine tumor biology and clinical course. Our current understanding of gliomas in patients is primarily based on genomic and transcriptomic methods that have profiled them as bulk, providing critical information yet masking the diversity of cells within each tumor. Recent advances in single-cell DNA and RNA profiling have paved the way to studying tumors at cellular resolution. Here, we review initial studies deploying single-cell analysis in clinical glioma samples, with a focus on RNA expression profiling. We highlight how these studies provide new insights into glioma biology, tumor heterogeneity, cancer cell lineages, cancer stem cell programs, the tumor microenvironment, and glioma classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Tirosh
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mario L Suvà
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Cancer Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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181
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Li X, Thirumalai D. Share, but unequally: a plausible mechanism for emergence and maintenance of intratumour heterogeneity. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20180820. [PMID: 30958159 PMCID: PMC6364648 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumour heterogeneity (ITH), referring to the coexistence of different cell subpopulations in a single tumour, has been a major puzzle in cancer research for almost half a century. The lack of understanding of the underlying mechanism of ITH hinders progress in developing effective therapies for cancers. Based on the findings in a recent quantitative experiment on pancreatic cancer, we developed a general evolutionary model for one type of cancer, accounting for interactions between different cell populations through paracrine or juxtacrine factors. We show that the emergence of a stable heterogeneous state in a tumour requires an unequal allocation of paracrine growth factors (public goods) between cells that produce them and those that merely consume them. Our model provides a quantitative explanation of recent in vitro experimental studies in pancreatic cancer in which insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) plays the role of public goods. The calculated phase diagrams as a function of exogenous resources and fraction of growth factor producing cells show ITH persists only in a narrow range of concentration of exogenous IGF-II. Remarkably, maintenance of ITH requires cooperation among tumour cell subpopulations in harsh conditions, specified by lack of exogenous IGF-II, whereas surplus exogenous IGF-II elicits competition. Our theory also quantitatively accounts for measured in vivo tumour growth in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The predictions for GBM tumour growth as a function of the fraction of tumour cells are amenable to experimental tests. The mechanism for ITH also provides hints for devising efficacious therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - D. Thirumalai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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182
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Garnier D, Meehan B, Kislinger T, Daniel P, Sinha A, Abdulkarim B, Nakano I, Rak J. Divergent evolution of temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma stem cells is reflected in extracellular vesicles and coupled with radiosensitization. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:236-248. [PMID: 29016925 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is almost invariably fatal due to failure of standard therapy. The relapse of GBM following surgery, radiation, and systemic temozolomide (TMZ) is attributed to the ability of glioma stem cells (GSCs) to survive, evolve, and repopulate the tumor mass, events on which therapy exerts a poorly understood influence. Methods Here we explore the molecular and cellular evolution of TMZ resistance as it emerges in vivo (xenograft models) in a series of human GSCs with either proneural (PN) or mesenchymal (MES) molecular characteristics. Results We observed that the initial response of GSC-initiated intracranial xenografts to TMZ is eventually replaced by refractory growth pattern. Individual tumors derived from the same isogenic GSC line expressed divergent and complex profiles of TMZ resistance markers, with a minor representation of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) upregulation. In several independent TMZ-resistant tumors originating from MES GSCs we observed a consistent diminution of mesenchymal features, which persisted in cell culture and correlated with increased expression of Nestin, decline in transglutaminase 2 and sensitivity to radiation. The corresponding mRNA expression profiles reflective of TMZ resistance and stem cell phenotype were recapitulated in the transcriptome of exosome-like extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by GSCs into the culture medium. Conclusions Intrinsic changes in the tumor-initiating cell compartment may include loss of subtype characteristics and reciprocal alterations in sensitivity to chemo- and radiation therapy. These observations suggest that exploiting therapy-induced changes in the GSC phenotype and alternating cycles of therapy may be explored to improve GBM outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Garnier
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RIMUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,CRCINA INSERM U1232, Institut de Recherche en Santé de l'Université de Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Brian Meehan
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RIMUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Daniel
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RIMUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ankit Sinha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bassam Abdulkarim
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RIMUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Janusz Rak
- McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RIMUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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183
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Eskilsson E, Røsland GV, Solecki G, Wang Q, Harter PN, Graziani G, Verhaak RGW, Winkler F, Bjerkvig R, Miletic H. EGFR heterogeneity and implications for therapeutic intervention in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:743-752. [PMID: 29040782 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with glioblastoma (GBM) have a universally poor prognosis and are in urgent need of effective treatment strategies. Recent advances in sequencing techniques unraveled the complete genomic landscape of GBMs and revealed profound heterogeneity of individual tumors even at the single cell level. Genomic profiling has detected epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene alterations in more than half of GBMs. Major genetic events include amplification and mutation of EGFR. Yet, treatment strategies targeting EGFR have thus far failed in clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the clonal and functional heterogeneity of EGFRs in GBM development and critically reassess the potential of EGFRs as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskil Eskilsson
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gro V Røsland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Gergely Solecki
- Department of Neurooncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Qianghu Wang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick N Harter
- Edinger-Institute, Goethe-University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Roel G W Verhaak
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Frank Winkler
- Department of Neurooncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway.,KG Jebsen Brain Tumor Research Center, University of Bergen, Norway.,Norlux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway.,KG Jebsen Brain Tumor Research Center, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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184
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Pfaff E, Kessler T, Balasubramanian GP, Berberich A, Schrimpf D, Wick A, Debus J, Unterberg A, Bendszus M, Herold-Mende C, Capper D, Schenkel I, Eisenmenger A, Dettmer S, Brors B, Platten M, Pfister SM, von Deimling A, Jones DTW, Wick W, Sahm F. Feasibility of real-time molecular profiling for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma without MGMT promoter hypermethylation-the NCT Neuro Master Match (N2M2) pilot study. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:826-837. [PMID: 29165638 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status is a predictive biomarker in glioblastoma patients. Glioblastoma without hypermethylated MGMT promoter is largely resistant to treatment with temozolomide. These patients are in particular need of new treatment approaches, which are offered by biomarker-driven clinical trials with targeted drugs based on molecular characterization of individual tumors. Methods In preparation for an upcoming clinical study, a comprehensive molecular profiling approach was undertaken on tissues from 43 glioblastoma patients harboring an unmethylated MGMT promoter at diagnosis. The diagnostic pipeline covered various levels of molecular characteristics, including whole-exome sequencing, low-coverage whole-genome sequencing, RNA sequencing, as well as microarray-based gene expression profiling and DNA methylation arrays. Results Complex multilayer molecular diagnostics were feasible in this setting with a median turnaround time of 4-5 weeks from surgery to the molecular tumor board. In 35% of cases, potentially relevant therapeutic decisions were derived from the data. Alterations were most frequently found in receptor tyrosine kinases, members of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway as well as cell cycle control and p53 regulation cascades. Individual tumors harbored clonal alterations such as oncogenic fusions of tyrosine kinases which constitute promising targets for targeted therapies. A prioritization algorithm is proposed to allocate patients with multiple targets to the potentially best treatment option. Conclusion With this feasibility study, a comprehensive molecular profiling approach for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma harboring an unmethylated MGMT promoter is presented. Analyses in this pilot cohort serve as a basis for trials based on targetable alterations and on the question of allocation of patients to the best treatment arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Pfaff
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, and Pulmonology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kessler
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuro-oncology, DKTK, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Neuro-oncology Program, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gnana Prakash Balasubramanian
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Applied Bioinformatics, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Berberich
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuro-oncology, DKTK, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Neuro-oncology Program, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schrimpf
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, DKTK, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antje Wick
- Department of Neurology and Neuro-oncology Program, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Capper
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irini Schenkel
- NCT Trial Center, National Center for Tumor Diseases, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Eisenmenger
- NCT Trial Center, National Center for Tumor Diseases, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susan Dettmer
- NCT Trial Center, National Center for Tumor Diseases, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, DKTK, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, and Pulmonology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, DKTK, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuro-oncology, DKTK, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Neuro-oncology Program, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Sahm
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, DKTK, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
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185
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Rahme GJ, Luikart BW, Cheng C, Israel MA. A recombinant lentiviral PDGF-driven mouse model of proneural glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:332-342. [PMID: 29016807 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mouse models of glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive primary brain tumor, are critical for understanding GBM pathology and can contribute to the preclinical evaluation of therapeutic agents. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling has been implicated in the development and pathogenesis of GBM, specifically the proneural subtype. Although multiple mouse models of PDGF-driven glioma have been described, they require transgenic mice engineered to activate PDGF signaling and/or impair tumor suppressor genes and typically represent lower-grade glioma. Methods We designed recombinant lentiviruses expressing both PDGFB and a short hairpin RNA targeting Cdkn2a to induce gliomagenesis following stereotactic injection into the dentate gyrus of adult immunocompetent mice. We engineered these viruses to coexpress CreERT2 with PDGFB, allowing for deletion of floxed genes specifically in transduced cells, and designed another version of this recombinant lentivirus in which enhanced green fluorescent protein was coexpressed with PDGFB and CreERT2 to visualize transduced cells. Results The dentate gyrus of injected mice showed hypercellularity one week post-injection and subsequently developed bona fide tumors with the pathologic hallmarks of GBM leading to a median survival of 77 days post-injection. Transcriptomic analysis of these tumors revealed a proneural gene expression signature. Conclusion Informed by the genetic alterations observed in human GBM, we engineered a novel mouse model of proneural GBM. While reflecting many of the advantages of transgenic mice, this model allows for the facile in vivo testing of gene function in tumor cells and makes possible the rapid production of large numbers of immunocompetent tumor-bearing mice for preclinical testing of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert J Rahme
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Bryan W Luikart
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Mark A Israel
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
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186
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Activation of Dopamine Receptor 2 Prompts Transcriptomic and Metabolic Plasticity in Glioblastoma. J Neurosci 2019; 39:1982-1993. [PMID: 30651332 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1589-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and lethal tumor types. Evidence continues to accrue indicating that the complex relationship between GBM and the brain microenvironment contributes to this malignant phenotype. However, the interaction between GBM and neurotransmitters, signaling molecules involved in neuronal communication, remains incompletely understood. Here we examined, using human patient-derived xenograft lines, how the monoamine dopamine influences GBM cells. We demonstrate that GBM cells express dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2), with elevated expression in the glioma-initiating cell (GIC) population. Stimulation of DRD2 caused a neuron-like hyperpolarization exclusively in GICs. In addition, long-term activation of DRD2 heightened the sphere-forming capacity of GBM cells, as well as tumor engraftment efficiency in both male and female mice. Mechanistic investigation revealed that DRD2 signaling activates the hypoxia response and functionally alters metabolism. Finally, we found that GBM cells synthesize and secrete dopamine themselves, suggesting a potential autocrine mechanism. These results identify dopamine signaling as a potential therapeutic target in GBM and further highlight neurotransmitters as a key feature of the pro-tumor microenvironment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This work offers critical insight into the role of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the progression of GBM. We show that dopamine induces specific changes in the state of tumor cells, augmenting their growth and shifting them to a more stem-cell like state. Further, our data illustrate that dopamine can alter the metabolic behavior of GBM cells, increasing glycolysis. Finally, this work demonstrates that GBM cells, including tumor samples from patients, can synthesize and secrete dopamine, suggesting an autocrine signaling process underlying these results. These results describe a novel connection between neurotransmitters and brain cancer, further highlighting the critical influence of the brain milieu on GBM.
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187
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Genetically distinct glioma stem-like cell xenografts established from paired glioblastoma samples harvested before and after molecularly targeted therapy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:139. [PMID: 30644426 PMCID: PMC6333836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumoural heterogeneity underlies tumour escape from molecularly targeted therapy in glioblastoma. A cell-based model preserving the evolving molecular profiles of a tumour during treatment is key to understanding the recurrence mechanisms and development of strategies to overcome resistance. In this study, we established a matched pair of glioblastoma stem-like cell (GSC) cultures from patient glioblastoma samples before and after epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapy. A patient with recurrent glioblastoma (MGG70R) harboring focal, high-level EGFR amplification received the irreversible EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor dacomitinib. The tumour that subsequently recurred (MGG70RR) showed diploid EGFR, suggesting inhibitor-mediated elimination of EGFR-amplified tumour cells and propagation of EGFR non-amplified cell subpopulations. The MGG70R-GSC line established from MGG70R formed xenografts retaining EGFR amplification and EGFR overexpression, while MGG70RR-GSC established from MGG70RR generated tumours that lacked EGFR amplification and EGFR overexpression. MGG70R-GSC-derived intracranial xenografts were more proliferative than MGG70RR-GSC xenografts, which had upregulated mesenchymal markers, mirroring the pathological observation in the corresponding patient tumours. In vitro MGG70R-GSC was more sensitive to EGFR inhibitors than MGG70RR-GSC. Thus, these molecularly distinct GSC lines recapitulated the subpopulation alteration that occurred during glioblastoma evasion of targeted therapy, and offer a valuable model facilitating therapeutic development for recurrent glioblastoma.
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188
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Glioblastoma's Next Top Model: Novel Culture Systems for Brain Cancer Radiotherapy Research. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010044. [PMID: 30621226 PMCID: PMC6356812 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, remains one of the least treatable cancers. Current standard of care—combining surgical resection, radiation, and alkylating chemotherapy—results in a median survival of only 15 months. Despite decades of investment and research into the development of new therapies, most candidate anti-glioma compounds fail to translate into effective treatments in clinical trials. One key issue underlying this failure of therapies that work in pre-clinical models to generate meaningful improvement in human patients is the profound mismatch between drug discovery systems—cell cultures and mouse models—and the actual tumors they are supposed to imitate. Indeed, current strategies that evaluate the effects of novel treatments on GBM cells in vitro fail to account for a wide range of factors known to influence tumor growth. These include secreted factors, the brain’s unique extracellular matrix, circulatory structures, the presence of non-tumor brain cells, and nutrient sources available for tumor metabolism. While mouse models provide a more realistic testing ground for potential therapies, they still fail to account for the full complexity of tumor-microenvironment interactions, as well as the role of the immune system. Based on the limitations of current models, researchers have begun to develop and implement novel culture systems that better recapitulate the complex reality of brain tumors growing in situ. A rise in the use of patient derived cells, creative combinations of added growth factors and supplements, may provide a more effective proving ground for the development of novel therapies. This review will summarize and analyze these exciting developments in 3D culturing systems. Special attention will be paid to how they enhance the design and identification of compounds that increase the efficacy of radiotherapy, a bedrock of GBM treatment.
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189
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Multilayered Heterogeneity of Glioblastoma Stem Cells: Biological and Clinical Significance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1139:1-21. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14366-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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190
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McGonagle ER, Nucera C. Clonal Reconstruction of Thyroid Cancer: An Essential Strategy for Preventing Resistance to Ultra-Precision Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:468. [PMID: 31379741 PMCID: PMC6657229 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of ultra-precision targeted therapy has become a significant advancement in cancer therapeutics by creating treatments with less off target effects. Specifically with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the cancer's hallmark genetic mutation BRAFV600E can be targeted with selective inhibitors, such as vemurafenib. Despite initial positive tumor responses of regression and decreased viability, both single agent or combination agent drug treatments provide a selective pressure for drug resistant evolving clones within the overall heterogeneous tumor. Also, there are evidences suggesting that sequential monotherapy is ineffective and selects for resistant and ultimately lethal tumor clones. Reconstructing both clonal and subclonal thyroid tumor heterogeneous cell clusters for somatic mutations and epigenetic profile, copy number variation, cytogenetic alterations, and non-coding RNA expression becomes increasingly critical as different clonal enrichments implicate how the tumor may respond to drug treatment and dictate its invasive, metastatic, and progressive abilities, and predict prognosis. Therefore, development of novel preclinical and clinical empirical models supported by mathematical assessment will be the tools required for estimating the parameters of clonal and subclonal evolution, and unraveling the dormant vs. non-dormant state of thyroid cancer. In sum, novel experimental models performing the reconstruction both pre- and post-drug treatment of the thyroid tumor will enhance our understanding of clonal and sub-clonal reconstruction and tumor evolution exposed to treatments during ultra-precision targeted therapies. This approach will improve drug development strategies in thyroid oncology and identification of disease-specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. McGonagle
- Division of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Human Thyroid Cancers Preclinical and Translational Research, Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute (CRI), Center for Vascular Biology Research (CVBR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carmelo Nucera
- Division of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Human Thyroid Cancers Preclinical and Translational Research, Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute (CRI), Center for Vascular Biology Research (CVBR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Carmelo Nucera
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191
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Parker JJ, Canoll P, Niswander L, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Foshay K, Waziri A. Intratumoral heterogeneity of endogenous tumor cell invasive behavior in human glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:18002. [PMID: 30573757 PMCID: PMC6301947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral genetic heterogeneity is a widely accepted characteristic of human cancer, including the most common primary malignant brain tumor, glioblastoma. However, the variability in biological behaviors amongst cells within individual tumors is not well described. Invasion into unaffected brain parenchyma is one such behavior, and a leading mechanism of tumor recurrence unaddressed by the current therapeutic armamentarium. Further, providing insight into variability of tumor cell migration within individual tumors may inform discovery of novel anti-invasive therapeutics. In this study, ex vivo organotypic slice cultures from EGFR-wild type and EGFR-amplified patient tumors were treated with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib to evaluate potential sub-population restricted intratumoral drug-specific responses. High-resolution time-lapse microscopy and quantitative path tracking demonstrated migration of individual cells are punctuated by intermittent bursts of movement. Elevation of population aggregate mean speeds were driven by subpopulations of cells exhibiting frequent high-amplitude bursts, enriched within EGFR-amplified tumors. Treatment with gefitinib specifically targeted high-burst cell subpopulations only in EGFR-amplified tumors, decreasing bursting frequency and amplitude. We provide evidence of intratumoral subpopulations of cells with enhanced migratory behavior in human glioblastoma, selectively targeted via EGFR inhibition. These data justify use of direct human tumor slice cultures to investigate patient-specific therapies designed to limit tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon J Parker
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter Canoll
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lee Niswander
- University of Colorado, Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - B K Kleinschmidt-DeMasters
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kara Foshay
- Inova Neuroscience and Spine Institute, Inova Health Systems, Falls Church, VA, USA.
| | - Allen Waziri
- Inova Neuroscience and Spine Institute, Inova Health Systems, Falls Church, VA, USA
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192
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Abedalthagafi M, Barakeh D, Foshay KM. Immunogenetics of glioblastoma: the future of personalized patient management. NPJ Precis Oncol 2018; 2:27. [PMID: 30534602 PMCID: PMC6279755 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-018-0070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of glioblastoma has changed little over the past two decades, with only minor improvements in length of overall survival through the addition of temozolomide (temodal) to standard of care and the recommended use of alternating electric field therapy (optune) to newly diagnosed patients. In an effort to define novel therapeutic targets across molecularly heterogeneous disease subgroups, researchers have begun to uncover the complex interplay between epigenetics, cell signaling, metabolism, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Indeed, IDH mutations are now recognized as a defining differential factor not only influencing global hypermethylation and patient prognosis but also degree of immune infiltration within individual tumors. Likewise, next-generation sequencing has defined subgroup-specific transcriptional profiles that correlate with different mechanisms of immune evasion, including increased PD-L1 and CTLA-4 among mesenchymal tumors. Interestingly, sequencing of the T cell repertoire from numerous patient samples suggests that the correlation between mutational burden and enrichment of tumor-specific peptides may be less convincing than originally suspected. While this raises questions over the efficacy of dendritic cell or tumor-lysate vaccines and CAR-T therapies, these avenues continue to be explored. In addition to these active immunotherapies, inhibitors of molecular hubs with wide reaching effects, including STAT3, IDO, and TGF-β, are now in early-phase clinical trials. With the potential to block intrinsic biological properties of tumor growth and invasion while bolstering the immunogenic profile of the tumor microenvironment, these new targets represent a new direction for GBM therapies. In this review, we show the advances in molecular profiling and immunophenotyping of GBM, which may lead to the development of new personalized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Abedalthagafi
- 1Genomics Research Department, Saudi Human Genome Project, King Fahad Medical City and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,2Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Duna Barakeh
- 1Genomics Research Department, Saudi Human Genome Project, King Fahad Medical City and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kara M Foshay
- Inova Neuroscience and Spine Institute, Inova Health Systems, Falls Church, VA USA
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193
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Birch JL, Strathdee K, Gilmour L, Vallatos A, McDonald L, Kouzeli A, Vasan R, Qaisi AH, Croft DR, Crighton D, Gill K, Gray CH, Konczal J, Mezna M, McArthur D, Schüttelkopf AW, McConnell P, Sime M, Holmes WM, Bower J, McKinnon HJ, Drysdale M, Olson MF, Chalmers AJ. A Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of MRCK Prevents Radiation-Driven Invasion in Glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6509-6522. [PMID: 30279244 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and incurable primary brain tumor that causes severe neurologic, cognitive, and psychologic symptoms. Symptoms are caused and exacerbated by the infiltrative properties of GBM cells, which enable them to pervade the healthy brain and disrupt normal function. Recent research has indicated that although radiotherapy (RT) remains the most effective component of multimodality therapy for patients with GBM, it can provoke a more infiltrative phenotype in GBM cells that survive treatment. Here, we demonstrate an essential role of the actin-myosin regulatory kinase myotonic dystrophy kinase-related CDC42-binding kinase (MRCK) in mediating the proinvasive effects of radiation. MRCK-mediated invasion occurred via downstream signaling to effector molecules MYPT1 and MLC2. MRCK was activated by clinically relevant doses per fraction of radiation, and this activation was concomitant with an increase in GBM cell motility and invasion. Furthermore, ablation of MRCK activity either by RNAi or by inhibition with the novel small-molecule inhibitor BDP-9066 prevented radiation-driven increases in motility both in vitro and in a clinically relevant orthotopic xenograft model of GBM. Crucially, treatment with BDP-9066 in combination with RT significantly increased survival in this model and markedly reduced infiltration of the contralateral cerebral hemisphere.Significance: An effective new strategy for the treatment of glioblastoma uses a novel, anti-invasive chemotherapeutic to prevent infiltration of the normal brain by glioblastoma cells.Cancer Res; 78(22); 6509-22. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Birch
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Karen Strathdee
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley Gilmour
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Antoine Vallatos
- Glasgow Experimental MRI Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura McDonald
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ariadni Kouzeli
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richa Vasan
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel R Croft
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Crighton
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Gill
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher H Gray
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Konczal
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mokdad Mezna
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan McArthur
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander W Schüttelkopf
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia McConnell
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mairi Sime
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William M Holmes
- Glasgow Experimental MRI Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Bower
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Heather J McKinnon
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Drysdale
- CRUK Beatson Drug Discovery Programme, Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F Olson
- CRUK Beatson Institute of Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Chalmers
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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194
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Abdul KU, Houweling M, Svensson F, Narayan RS, Cornelissen FMG, Küçükosmanoglu A, Metzakopian E, Watts C, Bailey D, Wurdinger T, Westerman BA. WINDOW consortium: A path towards increased therapy efficacy against glioblastoma. Drug Resist Updat 2018; 40:17-24. [PMID: 30439622 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant form of brain cancer, for which the standard treatment is maximal surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Despite these interventions, mean overall survival remains less than 15 months, during which extensive tumor infiltration throughout the brain occurs. The resulting metastasized cells in the brain are characterized by chemotherapy resistance and extensive intratumoral heterogeneity. An orthogonal approach attacking both intracellular resistance mechanisms as well as intercellular heterogeneity is necessary to halt tumor progression. For this reason, we established the WINDOW Consortium (Window for Improvement for Newly Diagnosed patients by Overcoming disease Worsening), in which we are establishing a strategy for rational selection and development of effective therapies against glioblastoma. Here, we overview the many challenges posed in treating glioblastoma, including selection of drug combinations that prevent therapy resistance, the need for drugs that have improved blood brain barrier penetration and strategies to counter heterogeneous cell populations within patients. Together, this forms the backbone of our strategy to attack glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulsoom U Abdul
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Megan Houweling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- IOTA Pharmaceuticals Ltd, St Johns Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WS, United Kingdom
| | - Ravi S Narayan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fleur M G Cornelissen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Asli Küçükosmanoglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Colin Watts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - David Bailey
- IOTA Pharmaceuticals Ltd, St Johns Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WS, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Wurdinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart A Westerman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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195
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Noch EK, Ramakrishna R, Magge R. Challenges in the Treatment of Glioblastoma: Multisystem Mechanisms of Therapeutic Resistance. World Neurosurg 2018; 116:505-517. [PMID: 30049045 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most lethal human cancers, with poor survival despite surgery, radiation treatment, and chemotherapy. Advances in the treatment of this type of brain tumor are limited because of several resistance mechanisms. Such mechanisms involve limited drug entry into the central nervous system compartment by the blood-brain barrier and by actions of the normal brain to counteract tumor-targeting medications. In addition, the vast heterogeneity in glioblastoma contributes to significant therapeutic resistance by preventing adequate control of the entire tumor mass by a single drug and by facilitating escape mechanisms from targeted agents. The stem cell-like characteristics of glioblastoma promote resistance to chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy through upregulation of efflux transporters, promotion of glioblastoma stem cell proliferation in neurogenic zones, and immune suppression, respectively. Metabolic cascades in glioblastoma prevent effective treatments through the optimization of glucose use, the use of alternative nutrient precursors for energy production, and the induction of hypoxia to enhance tumor growth. In the era of precision medicine, an assortment of molecular techniques is being developed to target an individual's unique tumor, with the hope that this personalized strategy will bypass therapeutic resistance. Although each resistance mechanism presents an array of challenges to effective treatment of glioblastoma, as the field recognizes and addresses these difficulties, future treatments may have more efficacy and promise for patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan K Noch
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rohan Ramakrishna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Rajiv Magge
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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196
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Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E. Genetic Abnormalities, Clonal Evolution, and Cancer Stem Cells of Brain Tumors. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:E85. [PMID: 30279357 PMCID: PMC6313628 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are highly heterogeneous and have been classified by the World Health Organization in various histological and molecular subtypes. Gliomas have been classified as ranging from low-grade astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas to high-grade astrocytomas or glioblastomas. These tumors are characterized by a peculiar pattern of genetic alterations. Pediatric high-grade gliomas are histologically indistinguishable from adult glioblastomas, but they are considered distinct from adult glioblastomas because they possess a different spectrum of driver mutations (genes encoding histones H3.3 and H3.1). Medulloblastomas, the most frequent pediatric brain tumors, are considered to be of embryonic derivation and are currently subdivided into distinct subgroups depending on histological features and genetic profiling. There is emerging evidence that brain tumors are maintained by a special neural or glial stem cell-like population that self-renews and gives rise to differentiated progeny. In many instances, the prognosis of the majority of brain tumors remains negative and there is hope that the new acquisition of information on the molecular and cellular bases of these tumors will be translated in the development of new, more active treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Germana Castelli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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197
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Pharmacogenomic landscape of patient-derived tumor cells informs precision oncology therapy. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1399-1411. [DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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198
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Kou J, Musich PR, Staal B, Kang L, Qin Y, Yao ZQ, Zhang B, Wu W, Tam A, Huang A, Hao HX, Vande Woude GF, Xie Q. Differential responses of MET activations to MET kinase inhibitor and neutralizing antibody. J Transl Med 2018; 16:253. [PMID: 30208970 PMCID: PMC6134500 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant MET tyrosine kinase signaling is known to cause cancer initiation and progression. While MET inhibitors are in clinical trials against several cancer types, the clinical efficacies are controversial and the molecular mechanisms toward sensitivity remain elusive. METHODS With the goal to investigate the molecular basis of MET amplification (METamp) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) autocrine-driven tumors in response to MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and neutralizing antibodies, we compared cancer cells harboring METamp (MKN45 and MHCCH97H) or HGF-autocrine (JHH5 and U87) for their sensitivity and downstream biological responses to a MET-TKI (INC280) and an anti-MET monoclonal antibody (MetMab) in vitro, and for tumor inhibition in vivo. RESULTS We find that cancer cells driven by METamp are more sensitive to INC280 than are those driven by HGF-autocrine activation. In METamp cells, INC280 induced a DNA damage response with activation of repair through the p53BP1/ATM signaling pathway. Although MetMab failed to inhibit METamp cell proliferation and tumor growth, both INC280 and MetMab reduced HGF-autocrine tumor growth. In addition, we also show that HGF stimulation promoted human HUVEC cell tube formation via the Src pathway, which was inhibited by either INC280 or MetMab. These observations suggest that in HGF-autocrine tumors, the endothelial cells are the secondary targets MET inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that METamp and HGF-autocrine activation favor different molecular mechanisms. While combining MET TKIs and ATM inhibitors may enhance the efficacy for treating tumors harboring METamp, a combined inhibition of MET and angiogenesis pathways may improve the therapeutic efficacy against HGF-autocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqun Kou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Phillip R Musich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Ben Staal
- Center of Cell and Cancer Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Liang Kang
- Center of Cell and Cancer Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Yuan Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Boheng Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weizhong Wu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Angela Tam
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alan Huang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Huai-Xiang Hao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - George F Vande Woude
- Center of Cell and Cancer Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Qian Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA. .,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
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199
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Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane glycoprotein and a member of the tyrosine kinase superfamily receptor. Gliomas are tumors originating from glial cells, which show a range of aggressiveness depending on grade and stage. Many EGFR gene alterations have been identified in gliomas, especially glioblastomas, including amplifications, deletions and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Glioblastomas are discussed as a separate entity due to their high correlation with EGFR mutants and the reported association of the latter with survival and response to treatment in this glioma subgroup. This review is a comprehensive report of EGFR gene alterations and their relations with several clinical factors in glioblastomas and other gliomas. It covers all EGFR gene alterations including point mutations, SNPs, methylations, copy number variations and amplifications, assessed with regard to different clinical variables, including response to therapy and survival. This review also discusses the current prognostic status of EGFR in glioblastomas and other gliomas, and highlights gaps in previous studies. This serves as an update for the medical community about the role of EGFR gene alterations in gliomas and specifically glioblastomas, as a means for targeted treatment and prognosis.
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200
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The DNA methylation landscape of glioblastoma disease progression shows extensive heterogeneity in time and space. Nat Med 2018; 24:1611-1624. [PMID: 30150718 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is characterized by widespread genetic and transcriptional heterogeneity, yet little is known about the role of the epigenome in glioblastoma disease progression. Here, we present genome-scale maps of DNA methylation in matched primary and recurring glioblastoma tumors, using data from a highly annotated clinical cohort that was selected through a national patient registry. We demonstrate the feasibility of DNA methylation mapping in a large set of routinely collected FFPE samples, and we validate bisulfite sequencing as a multipurpose assay that allowed us to infer a range of different genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional characteristics of the profiled tumor samples. On the basis of these data, we identified subtle differences between primary and recurring tumors, links between DNA methylation and the tumor microenvironment, and an association of epigenetic tumor heterogeneity with patient survival. In summary, this study establishes an open resource for dissecting DNA methylation heterogeneity in a genetically diverse and heterogeneous cancer, and it demonstrates the feasibility of integrating epigenomics, radiology, and digital pathology for a national cohort, thereby leveraging existing samples and data collected as part of routine clinical practice.
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