151
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Gu Z, Liu F, Tonkova EA, Lee SY, Tschumperlin DJ, Brenner MB. Soft matrix is a natural stimulator for cellular invasiveness. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 25:457-69. [PMID: 24336521 PMCID: PMC3923638 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-05-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ECM softness (low stiffness comparable to soft tissues) alone is sufficient to prevent cell-to-cell adherens junction formation, up-regulate MMP secretion, promote MMP activity, and induce invadosome-like protrusion formation. Such findings suggest that cell invasion in vivo is a spontaneous cell behavior in response to ECM stiffness. Directional mesenchymal cell invasion in vivo is understood to be a stimulated event and to be regulated by cytokines, chemokines, and types of extracellular matrix (ECM). Instead, by focusing on the cellular response to ECM stiffness, we found that soft ECM (low stiffness) itself is sufficient to prevent stable cell-to-cell adherens junction formation, up-regulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion, promote MMP activity, and induce invadosome-like protrusion (ILP) formation. Consistently, similar ILP formation was also detected in a three-dimensional directional invasion assay in soft matrix. Primary human fibroblasts spontaneously form ILPs in a very narrow range of ECM stiffness (0.1–0.4 kPa), and such ILP formation is Src family kinase dependent. In contrast, spontaneous ILP formation in malignant cancer cells and fibrosarcoma cells occurs across a much wider range of ECM stiffness, and these tumor cell ILPs are also more prominent at lower stiffness. These findings suggest that ECM softness is a natural stimulator for cellular invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhan Gu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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152
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De Clercq S, Boucherie C, Vandekerckhove J, Gettemans J, Guillabert A. L-plastin nanobodies perturb matrix degradation, podosome formation, stability and lifetime in THP-1 macrophages. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78108. [PMID: 24236012 PMCID: PMC3827245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Podosomes are cellular structures acting as degradation ‘hot-spots’ in monocytic cells. They appear as dot-like structures at the ventral cell surface, enriched in F-actin and actin regulators, including gelsolin and L-plastin. Gelsolin is an ubiquitous severing and capping protein, whereas L-plastin is a leukocyte-specific actin bundling protein. The presence of the capping protein CapG in podosomes has not yet been investigated. We used an innovative approach to investigate the role of these proteins in macrophage podosomes by means of nanobodies or Camelid single domain antibodies. Nanobodies directed against distinct domains of gelsolin, L-plastin or CapG were stably expressed in macrophage-like THP-1 cells. CapG was not enriched in podosomes. Gelsolin nanobodies had no effect on podosome formation or function but proved very effective in tracing distinct gelsolin populations. One gelsolin nanobody specifically targets actin-bound gelsolin and was effectively enriched in podosomes. A gelsolin nanobody that blocks gelsolin-G-actin interaction was not enriched in podosomes demonstrating that the calcium-activated and actin-bound conformation of gelsolin is a constituent of podosomes. THP-1 cells expressing inhibitory L-plastin nanobodies were hampered in their ability to form stable podosomes. Nanobodies did not perturb Ser5 phosphorylation of L-plastin although phosphorylated L-plastin was highly enriched in podosomes. Furthermore, nanobody-induced inhibition of L-plastin function gave rise to an irregular and unstable actin turnover of podosomes, resulting in diminished degradation of the underlying matrix. Altogether these results indicate that L-plastin is indispensable for podosome formation and function in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah De Clercq
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ciska Boucherie
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joël Vandekerckhove
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Aude Guillabert
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
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153
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Pancreatic stellate cells promote hapto-migration of cancer cells through collagen I-mediated signalling pathway. Br J Cancer 2013; 110:409-20. [PMID: 24201748 PMCID: PMC3899756 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) promote metastasis as well as local growth of pancreatic cancer. However, the factors mediating the effect of PSCs on pancreatic cancer cells have not been clearly identified. Methods: We used a modified Boyden chamber assay as an in vitro model to investigate the role of PSCs in migration of Panc1 and UlaPaCa cells and to identify the underlying mechanisms. Results: PSC supernatant (PSC-SN) dose-dependently induced the trans-migration of Panc1 and UlaPaCa cells, mainly via haptokinesis and haptotaxis, respectively. In contrast to poly-L-lysine or fibronectin, collagen I resembled PSC-SN with respect to its effect on cancer cell behaviours, including polarised morphology, facilitated adhesion, accelerated motility and stimulated trans-migration. Blocking antibodies against integrin α2/β1 subunits significantly attenuated PSC-SN- or collagen I-promoted cell trans-migration and adhesion. Moreover, both PSC-SN and collagen I induced the formation of F-actin and focal adhesions in cells, which was consistent with the constantly enhanced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK, Tyr397). Inhibition of FAK function by an inhibitor or small interference RNAs significantly diminished the effect of PSC-SN or collagen I on haptotaxis/haptokinesis of pancreatic cancer cells. Conclusion: Collagen I is the major mediator for PSC-SN-induced haptokinesis of Panc1 and haptotaxis of UlaPaCa by activating FAK signalling via binding to integrin α2β1.
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154
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Schlienger S, Campbell S, Claing A. ARF1 regulates the Rho/MLC pathway to control EGF-dependent breast cancer cell invasion. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 25:17-29. [PMID: 24196838 PMCID: PMC3873888 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-06-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase ARF1 is overexpressed in invasive breast cancer cells. This ARF isoform controls MMP-9 activity to degrade the extracellular matrix by regulating invadopodia maturation and microvesicle shedding. The molecular mechanisms by which ARF1 controls invasiveness involve regulation of the Rho/MLC pathway. Invasion of tumor cells is a key step in metastasis that depends largely on the ability of these cells to degrade the extracellular matrix. Although we have showed that the GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) is overexpressed in highly invasive breast cancer cell lines and that epidermal growth factor stimulation can activate this ARF isoform to regulate migration as well as proliferation, the role of this small GTP-binding protein has not been addressed in the context of invasiveness. Here we report that modulation of ARF1 expression and activity markedly impaired the ability of M.D. Anderson-metastatic breast-231 cells, a prototypical highly invasive breast cancer cell line, to degrade the extracellular matrix by controlling metalloproteinase-9 activity. In addition, we demonstrate that this occurs through inhibition of invadopodia maturation and shedding of membrane-derived microvesicles, the two key structures involved in invasion. To further define the molecular mechanisms by which ARF1 controls invasiveness, we show that ARF1 acts to modulate RhoA and RhoC activity, which in turn affects myosin light-chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Together our findings underscore for the first time a key role for ARF1 in invasion of breast cancer cells and suggest that targeting the ARF/Rho/MLC signaling axis might be a promising strategy to inhibit invasiveness and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Schlienger
- Department of Pharmacology and Membrane Protein Research Group (GEPROM), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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155
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Wawrzyniak JA, Bianchi-Smiraglia A, Bshara W, Mannava S, Ackroyd J, Bagati A, Omilian AR, Im M, Fedtsova N, Miecznikowski JC, Moparthy KC, Zucker SN, Zhu Q, Kozlova NI, Berman AE, Hoek KS, Gudkov AV, Shewach DS, Morrison CD, Nikiforov MA. A purine nucleotide biosynthesis enzyme guanosine monophosphate reductase is a suppressor of melanoma invasion. Cell Rep 2013; 5:493-507. [PMID: 24139804 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive types of human cancers, and the mechanisms underlying melanoma invasive phenotype are not completely understood. Here, we report that expression of guanosine monophosphate reductase (GMPR), an enzyme involved in de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides, was downregulated in the invasive stages of human melanoma. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments revealed that GMPR downregulates the amounts of several GTP-bound (active) Rho-GTPases and suppresses the ability of melanoma cells to form invadopodia, degrade extracellular matrix, invade in vitro, and grow as tumor xenografts in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that GMPR partially depletes intracellular GTP pools. Pharmacological inhibition of de novo GTP biosynthesis suppressed whereas addition of exogenous guanosine increased invasion of melanoma cells as well as cells from other cancer types. Our data identify GMPR as a melanoma invasion suppressor and establish a link between guanosine metabolism and Rho-GTPase-dependent melanoma cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Wawrzyniak
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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156
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Gill BJ, West JL. Modeling the tumor extracellular matrix: Tissue engineering tools repurposed towards new frontiers in cancer biology. J Biomech 2013; 47:1969-78. [PMID: 24300038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression is mediated by complex epigenetic, protein and structural influences. Critical among them are the biochemical, mechanical and architectural properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In recognition of the ECM's important role, cancer biologists have repurposed matrix mimetic culture systems first widely used by tissue engineers as new tools for in vitro study of tumor models. In this review we discuss the pathological changes in tumor ECM, the limitations of 2D culture on both traditional and polyacrylamide hydrogel surfaces in modeling these characteristics and advances in both naturally derived and synthetic scaffolds to facilitate more complex and controllable 3D cancer cell culture. Studies using naturally derived matrix materials like Matrigel and collagen have produced significant findings related to tumor morphogenesis and matrix invasion in a 3D environment and the mechanotransductive signaling that mediates key tumor-matrix interaction. However, lack of precise experimental control over important matrix factors in these matrices have increasingly led investigators to synthetic and semi-synthetic scaffolds that offer the engineering of specific ECM cues and the potential for more advanced experimental manipulations. Synthetic scaffolds composed of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), for example, facilitate highly biocompatible 3D culture, modular bioactive features like cell-mediated matrix degradation and complete independent control over matrix bioactivity and mechanics. Future work in PEG or similar reductionist synthetic matrix systems should enable the study of increasingly complex and dynamic tumor-ECM relationships in the hopes that accurate modeling of these relationships may reveal new cancer therapeutics targeting tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartley J Gill
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer L West
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, USA.
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157
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Schachtner H, Calaminus SDJ, Thomas SG, Machesky LM. Podosomes in adhesion, migration, mechanosensing and matrix remodeling. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2013; 70:572-89. [PMID: 23804547 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cells use various actin-based motile structures to allow them to move across and through matrix of varying density and composition. Podosomes are actin cytoskeletal structures that form in motile cells and that mediate adhesion to substrate, migration, and other specialized functions such as transmigration through cell and matrix barriers. The podosome is a unique and interesting entity, which appears in the light microscope as an individual punctum, but is linked to other podosomes like a node on a network of the underlying cytoskeleton. Here, we discuss the signals that control podosome assembly and dynamics in different cell types and the actin organising proteins that regulate both the inner actin core and integrin-rich surrounding ring structures. We review the structure and composition of podosomes and also their functions in various cell types of both myeloid and endothelial lineage. We also discuss the emerging idea that podosomes can sense matrix stiffness and enable cells to respond to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Schachtner
- CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research and College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Garscube Campus, Switchback Rd., Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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158
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Abstract
Remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) is a fundamental cell property that allows cells to alter their microenvironment and move through tissues. Invadopodia and podosomes are subcellular actin-rich structures that are specialized for matrix degradation and are formed by cancer and normal cells, respectively. Although initial studies focused on defining the core machinery of these two structures, recent studies have identified inputs from both growth factor and adhesion signaling as crucial for invasive activity. This Commentary will outline the current knowledge on the upstream signaling inputs to invadopodia and podosomes and their role in governing distinct stages of these invasive structures. We discuss invadopodia and podosomes as adhesion structures and highlight new data showing that invadopodia-associated adhesion rings promote the maturation of already-formed invadopodia. We present a model in which growth factor stimulation leads to phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity and formation of invadopodia, whereas adhesion signaling promotes exocytosis of proteinases at invadopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hoshino
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-6840, USA
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159
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Kim DH, Chambliss AB, Wirtz D. The multi-faceted role of the actin cap in cellular mechanosensation and mechanotransduction. SOFT MATTER 2013; 9:5516-5523. [PMID: 23930135 PMCID: PMC3733260 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm50798j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The perinuclear actin cap (or actin cap) is a recently characterized cytoskeletal organelle composed of thick, parallel, and highly contractile acto-myosin filaments that are specifically anchored to the apical surface of the interphase nucleus. The actin cap is present in a wide range of adherent eukaryotic cells, but is disrupted in several human diseases, including laminopathies and cancer. Through its large terminating focal adhesions and anchorage to the nuclear lamina and nuclear envelope through LINC complexes, the perinuclear actin cap plays a critical role both in mechanosensation and mechanotransduction, the ability of cells to sense changes in matrix compliance and to respond to mechanical forces, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hwee Kim
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA ; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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160
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Katira P, Bonnecaze RT, Zaman MH. Modeling the mechanics of cancer: effect of changes in cellular and extra-cellular mechanical properties. Front Oncol 2013; 3:145. [PMID: 23781492 PMCID: PMC3678107 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant transformation, though primarily driven by genetic mutations in cells, is also accompanied by specific changes in cellular and extra-cellular mechanical properties such as stiffness and adhesivity. As the transformed cells grow into tumors, they interact with their surroundings via physical contacts and the application of forces. These forces can lead to changes in the mechanical regulation of cell fate based on the mechanical properties of the cells and their surrounding environment. A comprehensive understanding of cancer progression requires the study of how specific changes in mechanical properties influences collective cell behavior during tumor growth and metastasis. Here we review some key results from computational models describing the effect of changes in cellular and extra-cellular mechanical properties and identify mechanistic pathways for cancer progression that can be targeted for the prediction, treatment, and prevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Katira
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Roger T. Bonnecaze
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Muhammad H. Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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161
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Takino T, Guo L, Domoto T, Sato H. MT1-MMP prevents growth inhibition by three dimensional fibronectin matrix. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:503-8. [PMID: 23756810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular microenvironment plays a key role in regulation of cellular functions and growth control. We show here that membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) acts as a growth promoter in confluent culture. When MT1-MMP was silenced in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells, cells created three dimensional (3D) fibronectin matrix in a confluent culture, and growth of cells embedded within it was retarded. Formation of 3D fibronectin matrix initiated by MT1-MMP silencing was impeded by knockdown of either FN or integrin β₁, which resulted in restoration of cell growth. When cells in 3D fibronectin matrix were treated with integrin β₁ inhibitory antibody, cells underwent S phase entry. These results suggest that MT1-MMP prevents growth suppression by 3D fibronectin matrix, which is mediated through integrin β₁.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Takino
- Department of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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162
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Huynh J, Bordeleau F, Kraning-Rush CM, Reinhart-King CA. Substrate Stiffness Regulates PDGF-Induced Circular Dorsal Ruffle Formation Through MLCK. Cell Mol Bioeng 2013; 6. [PMID: 24348877 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-013-0278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As atherosclerosis progresses, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) invade from the medial layer into the intimal layer and proliferate, contributing to atherosclerotic plaque formation. This migration is stimulated in part by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which is released by endothelial cells and inflammatory cells, and vessel stiffening, which occurs with age and atherosclerosis progression. PDGF induces the formation of circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs), actin-based structures associated with increased cell motility. Here we show that mechanical changes in matrix stiffness enhance the formation of CDRs in VSMCs in response to PDGF stimulation. Our data indicate that matrix stiffness increases cellular contractility, and that intracellular pre-stress is necessary for robust CDR formation. When treated with agonists that promote contractility, cells increase CDR formation, whereas agonists that inhibit contractility lead to decreased CDR formation. Substrate stiffness promotes CDR formation in response to PDGF by upregulating Src activity through myosin light chain kinase. Together, these data indicate that vessel stiffening accompanying atherogenesis may exacerbate VSMC response to PDGF leading to CDR formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Huynh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 302 Weill Hall, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Francois Bordeleau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 302 Weill Hall, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Casey M Kraning-Rush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 302 Weill Hall, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Cynthia A Reinhart-King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 302 Weill Hall, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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163
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Lance A, Yang CC, Swamydas M, Dean D, Deitch S, Burg KJL, Dréau D. Increased extracellular matrix density decreases MCF10A breast cell acinus formation in 3D culture conditions. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:71-80. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lance
- Cell and Molecular Division, Department of Biology; University of North Carolina; Charlotte NC USA
| | - Chih-Chao Yang
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson University; SC USA
- Institute for Biological Interfaces of Engineering; Clemson University; SC USA
| | - Muthulekha Swamydas
- Cell and Molecular Division, Department of Biology; University of North Carolina; Charlotte NC USA
| | - Delphine Dean
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson University; SC USA
- Institute for Biological Interfaces of Engineering; Clemson University; SC USA
| | - Sandy Deitch
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson University; SC USA
| | - Karen J. L. Burg
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson University; SC USA
- Institute for Biological Interfaces of Engineering; Clemson University; SC USA
| | - Didier Dréau
- Cell and Molecular Division, Department of Biology; University of North Carolina; Charlotte NC USA
- Institute for Biological Interfaces of Engineering; Clemson University; SC USA
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164
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Weaver AM, Page JM, Guelcher SA, Parekh A. Synthetic and tissue-derived models for studying rigidity effects on invadopodia activity. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1046:171-189. [PMID: 23868588 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-538-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Invasion by cancer cells through the extracellular matrix (ECM) of tissues is a critical step in cancer progression and metastasis. Actin-rich subcellular protrusions known as invadopodia are thought to facilitate this process by localizing proteinases which degrade the ECM and allow for cancer cell penetration. We have shown in vitro that invadopodia activity is regulated by the rigidity of the ECM, which suggests that matrix remodeling in vivo may also be regulated by the mechanical properties of tissues. In order to study rigidity effects on invadopodia activity in a controlled manner, we have developed assays in which we have conjugated degradable fluorescent matrix molecules to tunable synthetic substrates. In addition, we have also utilized ex vivo tissue-derived substrates to corroborate our findings. In this chapter, we present detailed protocols describing the synthesis and preparation of our synthetic substrates, polyacrylamide gels and polyurethane elastomers, for use in these matrix degradation assays as well as the steps required to utilize our tissue-derived substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa M Weaver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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165
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Juin A, Planus E, Guillemot F, Horakova P, Albiges-Rizo C, Génot E, Rosenbaum J, Moreau V, Saltel F. Extracellular matrix rigidity controls podosome induction in microvascular endothelial cells. Biol Cell 2012; 105:46-57. [PMID: 23106484 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Podosomes are actin-based structures involved in cell adhesion, migration, invasion and extracellular matrix degradation. They have been described in large vessel endothelial cells, but nothing is known concerning microvascular endothelial cells. Here, we focussed on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), fenestrated microvascular cells that play major roles in liver physiology. Liver fibrosis induces a dedifferentiation of LSECs leading notably to a loss of fenestrae. Because liver fibrosis is associated with increased matrix stiffness, and because substrate stiffness is known to regulate the actin cytoskeleton, we investigated the impact of matrix rigidity on podosome structures in LSECs. RESULTS Using primary LSECs, we demonstrated that microvascular endothelial cells are able to form constitutive podosomes. Podosome presence in LSECs was independent of cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β or vascular endothelial growth factor, but could be modulated by matrix stiffness. As expected, LSECs lost their differentiated phenotype during cell culture, which was paralleled by a loss of podosomes. LSECs however retained the capacity to form active podosomes following detachment/reseeding or actin-destabilising drug treatments. Finally, constitutive podosomes were also found in primary microvascular endothelial cells from other organs. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that microvascular endothelial cells are able to form podosomes without specific stimulation. Our data suggest that the major determinant of podosome induction in these cells is substrate rigidity.
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166
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Garamszegi N, Garamszegi SP, Scully SP. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 contribution to sarcoma cell invasion. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1331-41. [PMID: 21801306 PMCID: PMC3823085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) activity has been linked to numerous disease processes from arthritis to ulcer. Its proteolytic activity has been implicated inconsistently in different steps of tumourigenesis and metastasis. The discrepancies may be attributable to our limited understanding of MMP-1 production, cellular trafficking, secretion and local activation. Specifically, regulation of MMP-1 directional delivery versus its general extracellular matrix secretion is largely unknown. Inhibition of prenylation by farnesyl transferase inhibitor (FTI-276) decreased extracellular MMP-1 and subsequently reduced invasiveness by 30%. Parallel, stable cell line RNAi knockdown of MMP-1 confirmed its role in cellular invasiveness. The prenylation agonist farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) partially normalized FTI-276 inhibited extracellular MMP-1 levels and invasion capacity while transiently delayed its cellular podia distribution. MMP-1 directional delivery to these structures were confirmed by combination of a MMP-1–specific fluorogenic substrate, a MMP1-Ds-Red fusion protein construct expression and DQ-collagen degradation, which demonstrated coupling of directional delivery and activation. MetaMorph analysis of cellular lamellipodia structures indicated that FTI-276 inhibited formation and delivery to these structures. Farnesyl pyrophosphate partially restored lamellipodia area but not MMP-1 delivery under the time frame investigated. These results indicate that MMP-1 directional delivery to podia structures is involved in the invasive activity of sarcoma cells, and this process is prenylation sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandor Garamszegi
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory of Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA.
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167
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Yu X, Zech T, McDonald L, Gonzalez EG, Li A, Macpherson I, Schwarz JP, Spence H, Futó K, Timpson P, Nixon C, Ma Y, Anton IM, Visegrády B, Insall RH, Oien K, Blyth K, Norman JC, Machesky LM. N-WASP coordinates the delivery and F-actin-mediated capture of MT1-MMP at invasive pseudopods. J Cell Biol 2012; 199:527-44. [PMID: 23091069 PMCID: PMC3483131 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201203025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasizing tumor cells use matrix metalloproteases, such as the transmembrane collagenase MT1-MMP, together with actin-based protrusions, to break through extracellular matrix barriers and migrate in dense matrix. Here we show that the actin nucleation-promoting protein N-WASP (Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) is up-regulated in breast cancer, and has a pivotal role in mediating the assembly of elongated pseudopodia that are instrumental in matrix degradation. Although a role for N-WASP in invadopodia was known, we now show how N-WASP regulates invasive protrusion in 3D matrices. In actively invading cells, N-WASP promoted trafficking of MT1-MMP into invasive pseudopodia, primarily from late endosomes, from which it was delivered to the plasma membrane. Upon MT1-MMP's arrival at the plasma membrane in pseudopodia, N-WASP stabilized MT1-MMP via direct tethering of its cytoplasmic tail to F-actin. Thus, N-WASP is crucial for extension of invasive pseudopods into which MT1-MMP traffics and for providing the correct cytoskeletal framework to couple matrix remodeling with protrusive invasion.
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MESH Headings
- Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Actins/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Female
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 14/metabolism
- Mice
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Protein Multimerization
- Protein Transport
- Pseudopodia/metabolism
- Pseudopodia/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal/antagonists & inhibitors
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal/genetics
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein, Neuronal/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzi Yu
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Tobias Zech
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Laura McDonald
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Esther Garcia Gonzalez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC) Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ang Li
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Iain Macpherson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Juliane P. Schwarz
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Heather Spence
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Kinga Futó
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Colin Nixon
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Yafeng Ma
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Ines M. Anton
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB-CSIC) Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Balázs Visegrády
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Robert H. Insall
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Karin Oien
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
| | - Jim C. Norman
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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168
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Seiler C, Davuluri G, Abrams J, Byfield FJ, Janmey PA, Pack M. Smooth muscle tension induces invasive remodeling of the zebrafish intestine. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001386. [PMID: 22973180 PMCID: PMC3433428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The signals that initiate cell invasion are not well understood, but there is increasing evidence that extracellular physical signals play an important role. Here we show that epithelial cell invasion in the intestine of zebrafish meltdown (mlt) mutants arises in response to unregulated contractile tone in the surrounding smooth muscle cell layer. Physical signaling in mlt drives formation of membrane protrusions within the epithelium that resemble invadopodia, matrix-degrading protrusions present in invasive cancer cells. Knockdown of Tks5, a Src substrate that is required for invadopodia formation in mammalian cells blocked formation of the protrusions and rescued invasion in mlt. Activation of Src-signaling induced invadopodia-like protrusions in wild type epithelial cells, however the cells did not migrate into the tissue stroma, thus indicating that the protrusions were required but not sufficient for invasion in this in vivo model. Transcriptional profiling experiments showed that genes responsive to reactive oxygen species (ROS) were upregulated in mlt larvae. ROS generators induced invadopodia-like protrusions and invasion in heterozygous mlt larvae but had no effect in wild type larvae. Co-activation of oncogenic Ras and Wnt signaling enhanced the responsiveness of mlt heterozygotes to the ROS generators. These findings present the first direct evidence that invadopodia play a role in tissue cell invasion in vivo. In addition, they identify an inducible physical signaling pathway sensitive to redox and oncogenic signaling that can drive this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Seiler
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gangarao Davuluri
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joshua Abrams
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fitzroy J. Byfield
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Janmey
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Pack
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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169
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Gill BJ, Gibbons DL, Roudsari LC, Saik JE, Rizvi ZH, Roybal JD, Kurie JM, West JL. A synthetic matrix with independently tunable biochemistry and mechanical properties to study epithelial morphogenesis and EMT in a lung adenocarcinoma model. Cancer Res 2012; 72:6013-23. [PMID: 22952217 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Better understanding of the biophysical and biochemical cues of the tumor extracellular matrix environment that influence metastasis may have important implications for new cancer therapeutics. Initial exploration into this question has used naturally derived protein matrices that suffer from variability, poor control over matrix biochemistry, and inability to modify the matrix biochemistry and mechanics. Here, we report the use of a synthetic polymer-based scaffold composed primarily of poly(ethylene glycol), or PEG, modified with bioactive peptides to study murine models of lung adenocarcinoma. In this study, we focus on matrix-derived influences on epithelial morphogenesis of a metastatic cell line (344SQ) that harbors mutations in Kras and p53 (trp53) and is prone to a microRNA-200 (miR-200)-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. The modified PEG hydrogels feature biospecific cell adhesion and cell-mediated proteolytic degradation with independently adjustable matrix stiffness. 344SQ encapsulated in bioactive peptide-modified, matrix metalloproteinase-degradable PEG hydrogels formed lumenized epithelial spheres comparable to that seen with three-dimensional culture in Matrigel. Altering both matrix stiffness and the concentration of cell-adhesive ligand significantly influenced epithelial morphogenesis as manifest by differences in the extent of lumenization, in patterns of intrasphere apoptosis and proliferation, and in expression of epithelial polarity markers. Regardless of matrix composition, exposure to TGF-β induced a loss of epithelial morphologic features, shift in expression of EMT marker genes, and decrease in mir-200 levels consistent with EMT. Our findings help illuminate matrix-derived cues that influence epithelial morphogenesis and highlight the potential utility that this synthetic matrix-mimetic tool has for cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartley J Gill
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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170
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Ashby WJ, Wikswo JP, Zijlstra A. Magnetically attachable stencils and the non-destructive analysis of the contribution made by the underlying matrix to cell migration. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8189-203. [PMID: 22940214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is controlled by the integration of numerous distinct components. Consequently, the analysis of cell migration is advancing towards comprehensive, multifaceted in vitro models. To accurately evaluate the contribution of an underlying substrate to cell motility in complex cellular environments we developed a migration assay using magnetically attachable stencils (MAts). When attached to a culture surface, MAts create a defined void in the cell monolayer without disrupting the cells or damaging the underlying substrate. Quantitative analysis of migration into this void reveals the substrate's contribution to migration. The magnetically-guided placement of a microfabricated stencil allows for full experimental control of the substrate on which migration is analyzed. MAts enable the evaluation of intact, defined matrix, and make it possible to analyze migration on unique surfaces such as micropatterned proteins, nano-textured surfaces, and pliable hydrogels. These studies also revealed that mechanical disruption, including the damage that occurs during scratch assays, diminishes migration and confounds the analysis of individual cell behavior. Analysis of migration on increasingly complex biomaterials reveals that the contribution of the underlying matrix depends not only on its molecular composition but also its organization and the context in which it is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Ashby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, C2104A Medical Center North, 1161 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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171
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Martin KH, Hayes KE, Walk EL, Ammer AG, Markwell SM, Weed SA. Quantitative measurement of invadopodia-mediated extracellular matrix proteolysis in single and multicellular contexts. J Vis Exp 2012:e4119. [PMID: 22952016 DOI: 10.3791/4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular invasion into local tissues is a process important in development and homeostasis. Malregulated invasion and subsequent cell movement is characteristic of multiple pathological processes, including inflammation, cardiovascular disease and tumor cell metastasis. Focalized proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the epithelial or endothelial basement membrane is a critical step in initiating cellular invasion. In tumor cells, extensive in vitro analysis has determined that ECM degradation is accomplished by ventral actin-rich membrane protrusive structures termed invadopodia. Invadopodia form in close apposition to the ECM, where they moderate ECM breakdown through the action of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The ability of tumor cells to form invadopodia directly correlates with the ability to invade into local stroma and associated vascular components. Visualization of invadopodia-mediated ECM degradation of cells by fluorescent microscopy using dye-labeled matrix proteins coated onto glass coverslips has emerged as the most prevalent technique for evaluating the degree of matrix proteolysis and cellular invasive potential. Here we describe a version of the standard method for generating fluorescently-labeled glass coverslips utilizing a commercially available Oregon Green-488 gelatin conjugate. This method is easily scaled to rapidly produce large numbers of coated coverslips. We show some of the common microscopic artifacts that are often encountered during this procedure and how these can be avoided. Finally, we describe standardized methods using readily available computer software to allow quantification of labeled gelatin matrix degradation mediated by individual cells and by entire cellular populations. The described procedures provide the ability to accurately and reproducibly monitor invadopodia activity, and can also serve as a platform for evaluating the efficacy of modulating protein expression or testing of anti-invasive compounds on extracellular matrix degradation in single and multicellular settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen H Martin
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, USA
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172
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Polacheck WJ, Zervantonakis IK, Kamm RD. Tumor cell migration in complex microenvironments. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:1335-56. [PMID: 22926411 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cell migration is essential for invasion and dissemination from primary solid tumors and for the establishment of lethal secondary metastases at distant organs. In vivo and in vitro models enabled identification of different factors in the tumor microenvironment that regulate tumor progression and metastasis. However, the mechanisms by which tumor cells integrate these chemical and mechanical signals from multiple sources to navigate the complex microenvironment remain poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the factors that influence tumor cell migration with a focus on the migration of transformed carcinoma cells. We provide an overview of the experimental and computational methods that allow the investigation of tumor cell migration, and we highlight the benefits and shortcomings of the various assays. We emphasize that the chemical and mechanical stimulus paradigms are not independent and that crosstalk between them motivates the development of new assays capable of applying multiple, simultaneous stimuli and imaging the cellular migratory response in real-time. These next-generation assays will more closely mimic the in vivo microenvironment to provide new insights into tumor progression, inform techniques to control tumor cell migration, and render cancer more treatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Polacheck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Room NE47-315, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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173
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Spatiotemporal regulation of Src and its substrates at invadosomes. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:878-88. [PMID: 22823952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, substantial progress has been made in understanding how Src family kinases regulate the formation and function of invadosomes. Invadosomes are organized actin-rich structures that contain an F-actin core surrounded by an adhesive ring and mediate invasive migration. Src kinases orchestrate, either directly or indirectly, each phase of the invadosome life cycle including invadosome assembly, maturation and matrix degradation and disassembly. Complex arrays of Src effector proteins are involved at different stages of invadosome maturation and their spatiotemporal activity must be tightly regulated to achieve effective invasive migration. In this review, we highlight some recent progress and the challenges of understanding how Src is regulated temporally and spatially to orchestrate the dynamics of invadosomes and mediate cell invasion.
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174
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Tse HTK, Weaver WM, Di Carlo D. Increased asymmetric and multi-daughter cell division in mechanically confined microenvironments. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38986. [PMID: 22761717 PMCID: PMC3382600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the microenvironment of a cell changes, associated mechanical cues may lead to changes in biochemical signaling and inherently mechanical processes such as mitosis. Here we explore the effects of confined mechanical environments on cellular responses during mitosis. Previously, effects of mechanical confinement have been difficult to optically observe in three-dimensional and in vivo systems. To address this challenge, we present a novel microfluidic perfusion culture system that allows controllable variation in the level of confinement in a single axis allowing observation of cell growth and division at the single-cell level. The device is capable of creating precise confinement conditions in the vertical direction varying from high (3 µm) to low (7 µm) confinement while also varying the substrate stiffness (E = 130 kPa and 1 MPa). The Human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) model with a known 3N+ karyotype was used for this study. For this cell line, we observe that mechanically confined cell cycles resulted in stressed cell divisions: (i) delayed mitosis, (ii) multi- daughter mitosis events (from 3 up to 5 daughter cells), (iii) unevenly sized daughter cells, and (iv) induction of cell death. In the highest confined conditions, the frequency of divisions producing more than two progeny was increased an astounding 50-fold from unconfined environments, representing about one half of all successful mitotic events. Notably, the majority of daughter cells resulting from multipolar divisions were viable after cytokinesis and, perhaps suggesting another regulatory checkpoint in the cell cycle, were in some cases observed to re-fuse with neighboring cells post-cytokinesis. The higher instances of abnormal mitosis that we report in confined mechanically stiff spaces, may lead to increased rates of abnormal, viable, cells in the population. This work provides support to a hypothesis that environmental mechanical cues influences structural mechanisms of mitosis such as geometric orientation of the mitotic plane or planes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Tat Kwong Tse
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Westbrook McConnell Weaver
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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175
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Branch KM, Hoshino D, Weaver AM. Adhesion rings surround invadopodia and promote maturation. Biol Open 2012; 1:711-22. [PMID: 23213464 PMCID: PMC3507228 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20121867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion and metastasis are aggressive cancer phenotypes that are highly related to the ability of cancer cells to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM). At the cellular level, specialized actin-rich structures called invadopodia mediate focal matrix degradation by serving as exocytic sites for ECM-degrading proteinases. Adhesion signaling is likely to be a critical regulatory input to invadopodia, but the mechanism and location of such adhesion signaling events are poorly understood. Here, we report that adhesion rings surround invadopodia shortly after formation and correlate strongly with invadopodium activity on a cell-by-cell basis. By contrast, there was little correlation of focal adhesion number or size with cellular invadopodium activity. Prevention of adhesion ring formation by inhibition of RGD-binding integrins or knockdown (KD) of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) reduced the number of ECM-degrading invadopodia and reduced recruitment of IQGAP to invadopodium actin puncta. Furthermore, live cell imaging revealed that the rate of extracellular MT1-MMP accumulation at invadopodia was greatly reduced in both integrin-inhibited and ILK-KD cells. Conversely, KD of MT1-MMP reduced invadopodium activity and dynamics but not the number of adhesion-ringed invadopodia. These results suggest a model in which adhesion rings are recruited to invadopodia shortly after formation and promote invadopodium maturation by enhancing proteinase secretion. Since adhesion rings are a defining characteristic of podosomes, similar structures formed by normal cells, our data also suggest further similarities between invadopodia and podosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Branch
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, TN 37232 , USA
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176
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Brisson L, Reshkin SJ, Goré J, Roger S. pH regulators in invadosomal functioning: proton delivery for matrix tasting. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:847-60. [PMID: 22673002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Invadosomes are actin-rich finger-like cellular structures sensing and interacting with the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) and involved in its proteolytic remodeling. Invadosomes are structures distinct from other adhesion complexes, and have been identified in normal cells that have to cross tissue barriers to fulfill their function such as leukocytes, osteoclasts and endothelial cells. They also represent features of highly aggressive cancer cells, allowing them to escape from the primary tumor, to invade surrounding tissues and to reach systemic circulation. They are localized to the ventral membrane of cells grown under 2-dimensional conditions and are supposed to be present all around cells grown in 3-dimensional matrices. Indeed invadosomes are key structures in physiological processes such as inflammation and the immune response, bone remodeling, tissue repair, but also in pathological conditions such as osteopetrosis and the development of metastases. Invadosomes are subdivided into podosomes, found in normal cells, and into invadopodia specific for cancer cells. While these two structures exhibit differences in organization, size, number and half-life, they share similarities in molecular composition, participation in cell-matrix adhesion and promoting matrix degradation. A key determinant in invadosomal function is the recruitment and release of proteases, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), serine proteases and cysteine cathepsins, together with their activation in a tightly controlled and highly acidic microenvironment. Therefore numerous pH regulators such as V-ATPases and Na(+)/H(+) exchangers, are found in invadosomes and are directly involved in their constitution as well as their functioning. This review focuses on the participation of pH regulators in invadosome function in physiological and pathological conditions, with a particular emphasis on ECM remodeling by osteoclasts during bone resorption and by cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Brisson
- Nutrition, Growth and Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Inserm U, France
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177
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Yamaguchi H. Pathological roles of invadopodia in cancer invasion and metastasis. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:902-7. [PMID: 22658792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Invadopodia are actin-rich membrane protrusions formed by invasive cancer cells. Invadopodia mediate the focal degradation of pericellular extracellular matrix (ECM) by the localized proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Over the last 2 decades, much progress has been made in identifying the molecular components of invadopodia and understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying their formation. Although the physiological and pathological roles of invadopodia have long been elusive, emerging evidence has begun to reveal their importance in local invasion during cancer metastasis. This review highlights recent findings on the roles of invadopodia in cancer invasion and metastasis and discusses the possibility of and strategies for targeting invadopodia formation for the development of novel anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Yamaguchi
- Division of Metastasis and Invasion Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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178
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Raviraj V, Fok S, Zhao J, Chien HY, Lyons JG, Thompson EW, Soon L. Regulation of ROCK1 via Notch1 during breast cancer cell migration into dense matrices. BMC Cell Biol 2012; 13:12. [PMID: 22583596 PMCID: PMC3520698 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-13-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The behaviour of tumour cells depends on factors such as genetics and the tumour microenvironment. The latter plays a crucial role in normal mammary gland development and also in breast cancer initiation and progression. Breast cancer tissues tend to be highly desmoplastic and dense matrix as a pre-existing condition poses one of the highest risk factors for cancer development. However, matrix influence on tumour cell gene expression and behaviour such as cell migration is not fully elucidated. Results We generated high-density (HD) matrices that mimicked tumour collagen content of 20 mg/cm3 that were ~14-fold stiffer than low-density (LD) matrix of 1 mg/cm3. Live-cell imaging showed breast cancer cells utilizing cytoplasmic streaming and cell body contractility for migration within HD matrix. Cell migration was blocked in the presence of both the ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, and the MMP inhibitor, GM6001, but not by the drugs individually. This suggests roles for ROCK1 and MMP in cell migration are complicated by compensatory mechanisms. ROCK1 expression and protein activity, were significantly upregulated in HD matrix but these were blocked by treatment with a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, MS-275. In HD matrix, the inhibition of ROCK1 by MS-275 was indirect and relied upon protein synthesis and Notch1. Inhibition of Notch1 using pooled siRNA or DAPT abrogated the inhibition of ROCK1 by MS-275. Conclusion Increased matrix density elevates ROCK1 activity, which aids in cell migration via cell contractility. The upregulation of ROCK1 is epigenetically regulated in an indirect manner involving the repression of Notch1. This is demonstrated from inhibition of HDACs by MS-275, which caused an upregulation of Notch1 levels leading to blockade of ROCK1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanisri Raviraj
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis (ACMM), AMMRF, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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179
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Kraning-Rush CM, Reinhart-King CA. Controlling matrix stiffness and topography for the study of tumor cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:274-9. [PMID: 22863740 PMCID: PMC3427241 DOI: 10.4161/cam.21076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular studies have long been performed on the bench top, within Petri dishes and flasks that expose cells to surroundings that differ greatly from their native environment. The complexity of a human tissue is such that to truly replicate a cell's physiologic microenvironment in vitro is currently impossible. It is nevertheless important to determine how various factors of the microenvironment interact to drive cell behavior, particularly with regard to disease states, such as cancer. Here we focus on two key elements of the cellular microenvironment, matrix stiffness and architecture, in the context of tumor cell behavior. We discuss recent work focusing on the effects of these individual properties on cancer cell migration and describe one technique developed by our lab that could be applied to dissect the effects of specific structural and mechanical cues, and which may lead to useful insights into the potentially synergistic effects of these properties on tumor cell behavior.
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180
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Guerrero MS, Parsons JT, Bouton AH. Cas and NEDD9 Contribute to Tumor Progression through Dynamic Regulation of the Cytoskeleton. Genes Cancer 2012; 3:371-81. [PMID: 23226575 PMCID: PMC3513795 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912458585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cas family proteins, p130(Cas) (Cas) and NEDD9, are adaptor molecules that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics to promote multiple cellular processes, including migration, invasion, proliferation, and survival. Because these functions are also critical for tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis, Cas and NEDD9 are well positioned to contribute to these oncogenic processes. Indeed, mouse models of cancer show that these proteins function during multiple stages of disease progression. Furthermore, in many human cancers, high expression of Cas and NEDD9 is associated with advanced stage disease and is predictive of poor outcome. This review explores the contribution of Cas and NEDD9 during cellular transformation and neoplastic growth, tumor progression, metastasis, and the development of therapeutic resistance. Given these roles, Cas and NEDD9 may prove to be viable candidates for use as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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181
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Pignatelli J, Tumbarello DA, Schmidt RP, Turner CE. Hic-5 promotes invadopodia formation and invasion during TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 197:421-37. [PMID: 22529104 PMCID: PMC3341156 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201108143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The focal adhesion protein Hic-5 acts through RhoC to promote TGF-β–stimulated invadopodia formation, cell migration, and invasion. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)–stimulated epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important developmental process that has also been implicated in increased cell invasion and metastatic potential of cancer cells. Expression of the focal adhesion protein Hic-5 has been shown to be up-regulated in epithelial cells in response to TGF-β. Herein, we demonstrate that TGF-β–induced Hic-5 up-regulation or ectopic expression of Hic-5 in normal MCF10A cells promoted increased extracellular matrix degradation and invasion through the formation of invadopodia. Hic-5 was tyrosine phosphorylated in an Src-dependent manner after TGF-β stimulation, and inhibition of Src activity or overexpression of a Y38/60F nonphosphorylatable mutant of Hic-5 inhibited matrix degradation and invasion. RhoC, but not RhoA, was also required for TGF-β– and Hic-5–induced matrix degradation. Hic-5 also induced matrix degradation, cell migration, and invasion in the absence of TGF-β via Rac1 regulation of p38 MAPK. These data identify Hic-5 as a critical mediator of TGF-β–stimulated invadopodia formation, cell migration, and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine Pignatelli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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182
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Abstract
Control is intrinsic to biological organisms, whose cells are in a constant state of sensing and response to numerous external and self-generated stimuli. Diverse means are used to study the complexity through control-based approaches in these cellular systems, including through chemical and genetic manipulations, input-output methodologies, feedback approaches, and feed-forward approaches. We first discuss what happens in control-based approaches when we are not actively examining or manipulating cells. We then present potential methods to determine what the cell is doing during these times and to reverse-engineer the cellular system. Finally, we discuss how we can control the cell's extracellular and intracellular environments, both to probe the response of the cells using defined experimental engineering-based technologies and to anticipate what might be achieved by applying control-based approaches to affect cellular processes. Much work remains to apply simplified control models and develop new technologies to aid researchers in studying and utilizing cellular and molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R LeDuc
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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183
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Bhuwania R, Cornfine S, Fang Z, Krüger M, Luna EJ, Linder S. Supervillin couples myosin-dependent contractility to podosomes and enables their turnover. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2300-14. [PMID: 22344260 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Podosomes are actin-rich adhesion and invasion structures. Especially in macrophages, podosomes exist in two subpopulations, large precursors at the cell periphery and smaller podosomes (successors) in the cell interior. To date, the mechanisms that differentially regulate these subpopulations are largely unknown. Here, we show that the membrane-associated protein supervillin localizes preferentially to successor podosomes and becomes enriched at precursors immediately before their dissolution. Consistently, podosome numbers are inversely correlated with supervillin protein levels. Using deletion constructs, we find that the myosin II regulatory N-terminus of supervillin [SV(1-174)] is crucial for these effects. Phosphorylated myosin light chain (pMLC) localizes at supervillin-positive podosomes, and time-lapse analyses show that enrichment of GFP-supervillin at podosomes coincides with their coupling to contractile myosin-IIA-positive cables. We also show that supervillin binds only to activated myosin IIA, and a dysregulated N-terminal construct [SV(1-830)] enhances pMLC levels at podosomes. Thus, preferential recruitment of supervillin to podosome subpopulations might both require and induce actomyosin contractility. Using siRNA and pharmacological inhibition, we demonstrate that supervillin and myosin IIA cooperate to regulate podosome lifetime, podosomal matrix degradation and cell polarization. In sum, we show here that podosome subpopulations differ in their molecular composition and identify supervillin, in cooperation with myosin IIA, as a crucial factor in the regulation of podosome turnover and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhirama Bhuwania
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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184
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Yu Y, Fay NC, Smoligovets AA, Wu HJ, Groves JT. Myosin IIA modulates T cell receptor transport and CasL phosphorylation during early immunological synapse formation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30704. [PMID: 22347397 PMCID: PMC3275606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of T cell receptor (TCR) by antigens occurs in concert with an elaborate multi-scale spatial reorganization of proteins at the immunological synapse, the junction between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC). The directed movement of molecules, which intrinsically requires physical forces, is known to modulate biochemical signaling. It remains unclear, however, if mechanical forces exert any direct influence on the signaling cascades. We use T cells from AND transgenic mice expressing TCRs specific to the moth cytochrome c 88–103 peptide, and replace the APC with a synthetic supported lipid membrane. Through a series of high spatiotemporal molecular tracking studies in live T cells, we demonstrate that the molecular motor, non-muscle myosin IIA, transiently drives TCR transport during the first one to two minutes of immunological synapse formation. Myosin inhibition reduces calcium influx and colocalization of active ZAP-70 (zeta-chain associated protein kinase 70) with TCR, revealing an influence on signaling activity. More tellingly, its inhibition also significantly reduces phosphorylation of the mechanosensing protein CasL (Crk-associated substrate the lymphocyte type), raising the possibility of a direct mechanical mechanism of signal modulation involving CasL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole C. Fay
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander A. Smoligovets
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hung-Jen Wu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jay T. Groves
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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185
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Formation of atypical podosomes in extravillous trophoblasts regulates extracellular matrix degradation. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:171-9. [PMID: 22284833 PMCID: PMC3343263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout pregnancy the cytotrophoblast, the stem cell of the placenta, gives rise to the differentiated forms of trophoblasts. The two main cell lineages are the syncytiotrophoblast and the invading extravillous trophoblast. A successful pregnancy requires extravillous trophoblasts to migrate and invade through the decidua and then remodel the maternal spiral arteries. Many invasive cells use specialised cellular structures called invadopodia or podosomes in order to degrade extracellular matrix. Despite being highly invasive cells, the presence of invadapodia or podosomes has not previously been investigated in trophoblasts. In this study these structures have been identified and characterised in extravillous trophoblasts. The role of specialised invasive structures in trophoblasts in the degradation of the extracellular matrix was compared with well characterised podosomes and invadopodia in other invasive cells and the trophoblast specific structures were characterised by using a sensitive matrix degradation assay which enabled visualisation of the structures and their dynamics. We show trophoblasts form actin rich protrusive structures which have the ability to degrade the extracellular matrix during invasion. The degradation ability and dynamics of the structures closely resemble podosomes, but have unique characteristics that have not previously been described in other cell types. The composition of these structures does not conform to the classic podosome structure, with no distinct ring of plaque proteins such as paxillin or vinculin. In addition, trophoblast podosomes protrude more deeply into the extracellular matrix than established podosomes, resembling invadopodia in this regard. We also show several significant pathways such as Src kinase, MAPK kinase and PKC along with MMP-2 and 9 as key regulators of extracellular matrix degradation activity in trophoblasts, while podosome activity was regulated by the rigidity of the extracellular matrix.
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186
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Wang CC, Jamal L, Janes KA. Normal morphogenesis of epithelial tissues and progression of epithelial tumors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 4:51-78. [PMID: 21898857 PMCID: PMC3242861 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells organize into various tissue architectures that largely maintain their structure throughout the life of an organism. For decades, the morphogenesis of epithelial tissues has fascinated scientists at the interface of cell, developmental, and molecular biology. Systems biology offers ways to combine knowledge from these disciplines by building integrative models that are quantitative and predictive. Can such models be useful for gaining a deeper understanding of epithelial morphogenesis? Here, we take inventory of some recurring themes in epithelial morphogenesis that systems approaches could strive to capture. Predictive understanding of morphogenesis at the systems level would prove especially valuable for diseases such as cancer, where epithelial tissue architecture is profoundly disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Leen Jamal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kevin A. Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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187
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Carey SP, D'Alfonso TM, Shin SJ, Reinhart-King CA. Mechanobiology of tumor invasion: engineering meets oncology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 83:170-83. [PMID: 22178415 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical sciences and engineering have introduced novel perspectives into the study of cancer through model systems, tools, and metrics that enable integration of basic science observations with clinical data. These methods have contributed to the identification of several overarching mechanisms that drive processes during cancer progression including tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. During tumor cell invasion - the first clinically observable step of metastasis - cells demonstrate diverse and evolving physical phenotypes that cannot typically be defined by any single molecular mechanism, and mechanobiology has been used to study the physical cell behaviors that comprise the "invasive phenotype". In this review, we discuss the continually evolving pathological characterization and in vitro mechanobiological characterization of tumor invasion, with emphasis on emerging physical biology and mechanobiology strategies that have contributed to a more robust mechanistic understanding of tumor cell invasion. These physical approaches may ultimately help to better predict and identify tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Carey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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188
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Abstract
Podosomes are dynamic actin-enriched membrane structures that play an important role in invasive cell motility and extracellular matrix degradation. They are often found to assemble into large rosettelike structures in highly invasive cells. However, the mechanism of this assembly remains obscure. In this study, we identified focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as a key molecule necessary for assembly. Moreover, phosphorylation of p130Cas and suppression of Rho signaling by FAK were found to be important for FAK to induce the assembly of podosome rosettes. Finally, we found that suppression of vimentin intermediate filaments by FAK facilitates the assembly of podosome rosettes. Collectively, our results strongly suggest a link between FAK, podosome rosettes, and tumor invasion and unveil a negative role for Rho signaling and vimentin filaments in podosome rosette assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ru Pan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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189
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Laminin-111 derived peptides AG73 and C16 regulate invadopodia activity of a human adenoid cystic carcinoma cell line. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:2562-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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190
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Invadosome regulation by adhesion signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 23:597-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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191
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Guelcher SA, Sterling JA. Contribution of bone tissue modulus to breast cancer metastasis to bone. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2011; 4:247-59. [PMID: 21789687 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-011-0078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Certain tumors, such as breast, frequently metastasize to bone where they can induce bone destruction. Currently, it is well-accepted that the tumor cells are influenced by other cells and growth factors present in the bone microenvironment that lead to tumor-induced bone disease. Over the past 20 years, many groups have studied this process and determined the major contributing factors; however, these results do not fully explain the changes in gene expression and cell behavior that occur when tumor cells metastasize to bone. More recently, groups studying metastasis from soft tissue sites have determined that the rigidity of the microenvironment, which increases during tumor progression in soft tissue, can regulate tumor cell behavior and gene expression. Therefore, we began to investigate the role of the rigid bone extracellular matrix in the regulation of genes that stimulate tumor-induced bone disease. We found that the rigidity of bone specifically regulates parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and Gli2 expression in a transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and mechanotransduction-dependent mechanism. In this review, we summarize the mechanotransduction signaling pathway and how this influences TGF-β signaling and osteolytic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Guelcher
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2400 Highland Avenue, 107 Olin Hall, Nashville, TN, 37235-1604, USA,
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192
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Linder S, Wiesner C, Himmel M. Degrading devices: invadosomes in proteolytic cell invasion. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2011; 27:185-211. [PMID: 21801014 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Podosomes and invadopodia, collectively known as invadosomes, are cell-matrix contacts in a variety of cell types, such as monocytic cells or cancer cells, that have to cross tissue barriers. Both structures share an actin-rich core, which distinguishes them from other matrix contacts, and are regulated by a multitude of signaling pathways including RhoGTPases, kinases, actin-associated proteins, and microtubule-dependent transport. Invadosomes recruit and secrete proteinases and are thus able to lyse extracellular matrix components. They are therefore considered to be potential key structures in proteolytic cell invasion in both physiological and pathological settings. This review provides an overview of the field, with special focus on current developments such as intracellular transport processes, ultrastructural analysis, the possible involvement of invadosomes in disease, and the tentative identification of invadosomes in 3D environments and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Linder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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193
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The 'ins' and 'outs' of podosomes and invadopodia: characteristics, formation and function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 12:413-26. [PMID: 21697900 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 796] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Podosomes and invadopodia are actin-based dynamic protrusions of the plasma membrane of metazoan cells that represent sites of attachment to - and degradation of - the extracellular matrix. The key proteins in these structures include the actin regulators cortactin and neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP), the adaptor proteins Tyr kinase substrate with four SH3 domains (TKS4) and Tyr kinase substrate with five SH3 domains (TKS5), and the metalloprotease membrane type 1 matrix metalloprotease (MT1MMP; also known as MMP14). Many cell types can produce these structures, including invasive cancer cells, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, and immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Recently, progress has been made in our understanding of the regulatory and functional aspects of podosome and invadopodium biology and their role in human disease.
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194
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Abstract
Tumors such as breast, lung, and prostate frequently metastasize to bone, where they can cause intractable pain and increase the risk of fracture in patients. When tumor cells metastasize to bone, they interact with the microenvironment to promote bone destruction primarily through the secretion of osteolytic factors by the tumor cells and the subsequent release of growth factors from the bone. Our recent data suggest that the differential rigidity of the mineralized bone microenvironment relative to that of soft tissue regulates the expression of osteolytic factors by the tumor cells. The concept that matrix rigidity regulates tumor growth is well established in solid breast tumors, where increased rigidity stimulates tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Our studies have indicated that a transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK)-dependent mechanism is involved in the response of metastatic tumor cells to the rigid mineralized bone matrix. In this review, we will discuss the interactions between ROCK and TGF-β signaling, as well as potential new therapies that target these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Sterling
- Department of Veterans Affairs: Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (VISN 9), Nashville, TN, USA,
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1235 MRB IV, 2222 Pierce Avenue 37232, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Scott A. Guelcher
- Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2400 Highland Avenue, 107 Olin Hall, Nashville, TN 37235–1604, USA,
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195
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Hagedorn EJ, Sherwood DR. Cell invasion through basement membrane: the anchor cell breaches the barrier. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 23:589-96. [PMID: 21632231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell invasion through basement membrane (BM) is a specialized cellular behavior critical to many normal developmental events, immune surveillance, and cancer metastasis. A highly dynamic process, cell invasion involves a complex interplay between cell-intrinsic elements that promote the invasive phenotype, and cell-cell and cell-BM interactions that regulate the timing and targeting of BM transmigration. The intricate nature of these interactions has made it challenging to study cell invasion in vivo and model in vitro. Anchor cell invasion in Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as an important experimental paradigm for comprehensive analysis of BM invasion, revealing the gene networks that specify invasive behavior and the interactions that occur at the cell-BM interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J Hagedorn
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Science Drive, Box 90388, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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196
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Parekh A, Ruppender NS, Branch KM, Sewell-Loftin MK, Lin J, Boyer PD, Candiello JE, Merryman WD, Guelcher SA, Weaver AM. Sensing and modulation of invadopodia across a wide range of rigidities. Biophys J 2011; 100:573-582. [PMID: 21281571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.3733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that extracellular matrix rigidity regulates cancer invasiveness, including the formation of cellular invadopodial protrusions; however, the relevant mechanical range is unclear. Here, we used a combined analysis of tissue-derived model basement membrane (BM) and stromal matrices and synthetic materials to understand how substrate rigidity regulates invadopodia. Urinary bladder matrix-BM (UBM-BM) was found to be a rigid material with elastic moduli of 3-8 MPa, as measured by atomic force microscopy and low-strain tensile testing. Stromal elastic moduli were ∼6-fold lower, indicating a more compliant material. Using synthetic substrates that span kPa-GPa moduli, we found a peak of invadopodia-associated extracellular matrix degradation centered around 30 kPa, which also corresponded to a peak in invadopodia/cell. Surprisingly, we observed another peak in invadopodia numbers at 2 GPa as well as gene expression changes that indicate cellular sensing of very high moduli. Based on the measured elastic moduli of model stroma and BM, we expected to find more invadopodia formation on the stroma, and this was verified on the stromal versus BM side of UBM-BM. These data suggest that cells can sense a wide range of rigidities, up into the GPa range. Furthermore, there is an optimal rigidity range for invadopodia activity that may be limited by BM rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Parekh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennesee
| | - Nazanin S Ruppender
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kevin M Branch
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennesee
| | - M K Sewell-Loftin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Patrick D Boyer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joseph E Candiello
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Scott A Guelcher
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alissa M Weaver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennesee; Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennesee.
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197
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Theoretical model for cellular shapes driven by protrusive and adhesive forces. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1001127. [PMID: 21573201 PMCID: PMC3088653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1001127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The forces that arise from the actin cytoskeleton play a crucial role in determining the cell shape. These include protrusive forces due to actin polymerization and adhesion to the external matrix. We present here a theoretical model for the cellular shapes resulting from the feedback between the membrane shape and the forces acting on the membrane, mediated by curvature-sensitive membrane complexes of a convex shape. In previous theoretical studies we have investigated the regimes of linear instability where spontaneous formation of cellular protrusions is initiated. Here we calculate the evolution of a two dimensional cell contour beyond the linear regime and determine the final steady-state shapes arising within the model. We find that shapes driven by adhesion or by actin polymerization (lamellipodia) have very different morphologies, as observed in cells. Furthermore, we find that as the strength of the protrusive forces diminish, the system approaches a stabilization of a periodic pattern of protrusions. This result can provide an explanation for a number of puzzling experimental observations regarding cellular shape dependence on the properties of the extra-cellular matrix. Cells have highly varied and dynamic shapes, which are determined by internal forces generated by the cytoskeleton. These forces include protrusive forces due to the formation of new internal fibers and forces produced due to attachment of the cell to an external substrate. A long standing challenge is to explain how the myriad components of the cytoskeleton self-organize to form the observed shapes of cells. We present here a theoretical study of the shapes of cells that are driven only by protrusive forces of two types; one is the force due to polymerization of actin filaments which acts as an internal pressure on the membrane, and the second is the force due to adhesion between the membrane and external substrate. The key property is that both forces are localized on the cell membrane by protein complexes that have convex spontaneous curvature. This leads to a positive feedback that destabilizes the uniform cell shape and induces the spontaneous formation of patterns. We compare the resulting patterns to observed cellular shapes and find good agreement, which allows us to explain some of the puzzling dependencies of cell shapes on the properties of the surrounding matrix.
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198
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Bravo-Cordero JJ, Oser M, Chen X, Eddy R, Hodgson L, Condeelis J. A novel spatiotemporal RhoC activation pathway locally regulates cofilin activity at invadopodia. Curr Biol 2011; 21:635-44. [PMID: 21474314 PMCID: PMC3081966 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RhoGTPases have been implicated in the regulation of cancer metastasis. Invasive carcinoma cells form invadopodia, F-actin-rich matrix-degrading protrusions that are thought to be important for tumor cell invasion and intravasation. Regulation of actin dynamics at invadopodial protrusions is crucial to drive invasion. This process requires the severing activity of cofilin to generate actin-free barbed ends. Previous work demonstrates that cofilin's severing activity is tightly regulated through multiple mechanisms, including regulation of cofilin serine phosphorylation by Rho GTPases. However, it is not known which Rho GTPase is involved in regulating cofilin's phosphorylation status at invadopodia. RESULTS We show here, for the first time, how RhoC activation is controlled at invadopodia and how this activation regulates cofilin phosphorylation to control cofilin's generation of actin-free barbed ends. Live-cell imaging of fluorescent RhoC biosensor reveals that RhoC activity is spatially confined to areas surrounding invadopodia. This spatiotemporal restriction of RhoC activity is controlled by "spatially distinct regulatory elements" that confine RhoC activation within this compartment. p190RhoGEF localizes around invadopodia to activate RhoC, whereas p190RhoGAP localizes inside invadopodia to deactivate the GTPase within the structure. RhoC activation enhances cofilin phosphorylation outside invadopodia. CONCLUSION These results show how RhoC activity is spatially regulated at invadopodia by p190RhoGEF and p190RhoGAP. RhoC activation in areas surrounding invadopodia restricts cofilin activity to within the invadopodium core, resulting in a focused invadopodial protrusion. This mechanism likely enhances tumor cell invasion during metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Javier Bravo-Cordero
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Kirkbride KC, Sung BH, Sinha S, Weaver AM. Cortactin: a multifunctional regulator of cellular invasiveness. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 5:187-98. [PMID: 21258212 DOI: 10.4161/cam.5.2.14773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Branched actin assembly is critical for a variety of cellular processes that underlie cell motility and invasion, including cellular protrusion formation and membrane trafficking. Activation of branched actin assembly occurs at various subcellular locations via site-specific activation of distinct WASp family proteins and the Arp2/3 complex. A key branched actin regulator that promotes cell motility and links signaling, cytoskeletal and membrane trafficking proteins is the Src kinase substrate and Arp2/3 binding protein cortactin. Due to its frequent overexpression in advanced, invasive cancers and its general role in regulating branched actin assembly at multiple cellular locations, cortactin has been the subject of intense study. Recent studies suggest that cortactin has a complex role in cellular migration and invasion, promoting both on-site actin polymerization and modulation of autocrine secretion. Diverse cellular activities may derive from the interaction of cortactin with site-specific binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellye C Kirkbride
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Yoo SY, Kobayashi M, Lee PP, Lee SW. Early osteogenic differentiation of mouse preosteoblasts induced by collagen-derived DGEA-peptide on nanofibrous phage tissue matrices. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:987-96. [PMID: 21344869 DOI: 10.1021/bm1013475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Specific biochemical and physical cues in tissue extracellular matrices play a critical role in regulating cellular growth processes and their fate. We report initial responses of bone stem cells induced by collagen-derived DGEA-peptides on nanofibrous M13 phage tissue matrices. We constructed genetically engineered M13 phage with DGEA-peptide displayed in high density on the major coat proteins and biomimetic nanofibrous tissue-like matrices in two and three dimensions. We investigated the effects of biochemical cues, specifically DGEA-peptides on preosteoblast (MC3T3) morphologies. The preosteoblasts grown on the top of the DGEA-incorporated phage matrices exhibited significant outgrown morphology with early bone cell marker protein expression. Through soluble peptide competition assays and control experiments, we verified that the observed cellular morphologies and osteogenic protein marker expression were specifically caused by the DGEA-peptides. We confirmed that the outgrown morphologies are linked with the early phase of osteogenic protein expression through mRNA quantification and bone cell protein marker expression. Additionally, we demonstrated that the phage-based tissue matrix systems could work as a good cell culture platform to investigate the specific effect of biochemical cues, which can be tuned precisely at a single amino acid level with little change in other physical and chemical properties of the environment. Our study advances the understanding of osteogenic differentiation and our phage-based tissue matrices have the potential for future bone regeneration therapy and systemic investigation of specific cellular responses to biochemical ligand stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Yoo
- Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley Nanoscience and Nanoengineering Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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