151
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Ancona D, York D, Higgins RJ, Bannasch D, Dickinson PJ. Comparative Cytogenetic Analysis of Dog and Human Choroid Plexus Tumors Defines Syntenic Regions of Genomic Loss. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:413-419. [PMID: 29547982 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) occur spontaneously in humans and dogs providing an opportunity for comparative cross species analysis of common tumor mechanisms. Large scale chromosomal copy number alterations are the hallmark of human CPTs and identification of driver genes within these regions is problematic. Copy number alterations in 12 spontaneous dog CPTs were defined using an Illumina 170 K single nucleotide polymorphism array and were characterized by highly recurrent whole chromosomal losses in up to 100% of cases with few chromosome wide gains. Loss of canine chromosomes 2, 5, 8, and 20 were seen in 90%-100% of cases and included regions syntenic to loci within commonly reported whole chromosome losses in human choroid plexus tumors. These regions included previously defined tumor suppressor clusters on chromosome 3p and 17p as well as genes associated with chromosomal instability such as TP53 and VHL. This karyotypic signature is similar to a previously defined hypodiploid subgroup of human choroid plexus carcinomas. The nonrandom, highly recurrent alterations in dog CPTs suggest specific selection pressures and oncogenic mechanisms are present. More extensive analysis of this spontaneous tumor model is warranted and may provide key insights into driver mechanisms common to both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Ancona
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, CA
| | - Dan York
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, CA
| | - Robert J Higgins
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, CA
| | - Danika Bannasch
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, CA
| | - Peter J Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, CA
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152
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Laucius CD, Orr B, Compton DA. Chromosomal instability suppresses the growth of K-Ras-induced lung adenomas. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1702-1713. [PMID: 31179849 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1629790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is defined as a high rate of whole chromosome loss or gain and is a hallmark of many aneuploid solid tumors. CIN positively correlates with poor patient prognosis and chemotherapeutic resistance. Despite this clinical importance, the role of CIN in tumor initiation, growth and/or progression remains poorly understood. To date, the only strategies developed to determine how CIN contributes to tumorigenesis have relied on transgenic mouse models that deliberately increase the rate of chromosomal mis-segregation. Here we develop a strain of transgenic mice that is designed to strategically decrease the rate of chromosome mis-segregation and suppress CIN. These animals modestly overexpress the kinesin-13 microtubule depolymerase Kif2b, a strategy proven successful in restoring faithful chromosome segregation to human cancer cells in culture. Using the LA2 K-Ras G12D-induced model for lung cancer, we show that Kif2b expression reduces the number of chromosome segregation defects but does not change the incidence of lung tumor lesions. However, pulmonary tumors were significantly larger in animals expressing Kif2b and those tumors exhibited elevated rates of Ki-67 positive cells relative to controls. Thus, in lung cancers driven by mutations in K-Ras, CIN has little impact on tumor initiation but suppresses tumor growth. These data support a model in which CIN imposes a burden on tumor cells, and that enhancement of mitotic fidelity results in accelerated tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Laucius
- a Department of Biochemistry , Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA.,b Norris Cotton Cancer Center , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Bernardo Orr
- a Department of Biochemistry , Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA.,b Norris Cotton Cancer Center , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Duane A Compton
- a Department of Biochemistry , Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA.,b Norris Cotton Cancer Center , Lebanon , NH , USA
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153
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Chromosomal instability and pro-inflammatory response in aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 182:111118. [PMID: 31102604 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2019.111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging refers to the progressive deterioration of tissue and organ function over time. Increasing evidence points to the accumulation of highly damaged cell cycle-arrested cells with age (cellular senescence) as major reason for the development of certain aging-associated diseases. Recent studies have independently shown that aneuploidy, an abnormal chromosome set, occurs in senescent cells, and that the accumulation of cytoplasmic DNA driven by faulty chromosome segregation during mitosis aids in the establishment of senescence and its associated secretory phenotype known as SASP. Here we review the emerging link between chromosomal instability (CIN) and senescence in the context of aging, with emphasis on the cGAS-STING pathway activation and its role in the development of the SASP. Based on current evidence, we propose that age-associated CIN in mitotically active cells contributes to aging and its associated diseases, and we discuss the inhibition of CIN as a potential strategy to prevent the generation of aneuploid senescent cells and thereby to delay aging.
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154
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Ye CJ, Sharpe Z, Alemara S, Mackenzie S, Liu G, Abdallah B, Horne S, Regan S, Heng HH. Micronuclei and Genome Chaos: Changing the System Inheritance. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10050366. [PMID: 31086101 PMCID: PMC6562739 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronuclei research has regained its popularity due to the realization that genome chaos, a rapid and massive genome re-organization under stress, represents a major common mechanism for punctuated cancer evolution. The molecular link between micronuclei and chromothripsis (one subtype of genome chaos which has a selection advantage due to the limited local scales of chromosome re-organization), has recently become a hot topic, especially since the link between micronuclei and immune activation has been identified. Many diverse molecular mechanisms have been illustrated to explain the causative relationship between micronuclei and genome chaos. However, the newly revealed complexity also causes confusion regarding the common mechanisms of micronuclei and their impact on genomic systems. To make sense of these diverse and even conflicting observations, the genome theory is applied in order to explain a stress mediated common mechanism of the generation of micronuclei and their contribution to somatic evolution by altering the original set of information and system inheritance in which cellular selection functions. To achieve this goal, a history and a current new trend of micronuclei research is briefly reviewed, followed by a review of arising key issues essential in advancing the field, including the re-classification of micronuclei and how to unify diverse molecular characterizations. The mechanistic understanding of micronuclei and their biological function is re-examined based on the genome theory. Specifically, such analyses propose that micronuclei represent an effective way in changing the system inheritance by altering the coding of chromosomes, which belongs to the common evolutionary mechanism of cellular adaptation and its trade-off. Further studies of the role of micronuclei in disease need to be focused on the behavior of the adaptive system rather than specific molecular mechanisms that generate micronuclei. This new model can clarify issues important to stress induced micronuclei and genome instability, the formation and maintenance of genomic information, and cellular evolution essential in many common and complex diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Ye
- The Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Zachary Sharpe
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Sarah Alemara
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Stephanie Mackenzie
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Guo Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Batoul Abdallah
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Steve Horne
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Sarah Regan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Henry H Heng
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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155
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Ganapathi Sankaran D, Stemm-Wolf AJ, Pearson CG. CEP135 isoform dysregulation promotes centrosome amplification in breast cancer cells. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1230-1244. [PMID: 30811267 PMCID: PMC6724517 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-10-0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome, composed of two centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material, is the cell's central microtubule-organizing center. Centrosome duplication is coupled with the cell cycle such that centrosomes duplicate once in S phase. Loss of such coupling produces supernumerary centrosomes, a condition called centrosome amplification (CA). CA promotes cell invasion and chromosome instability, two hallmarks of cancer. We examined the contribution of centriole overduplication to CA and the consequences for genomic stability in breast cancer cells. CEP135, a centriole assembly protein, is dysregulated in some breast cancers. We previously identified a short isoform of CEP135, CEP135mini, that represses centriole duplication. Here, we show that the relative level of full-length CEP135 (CEP135full) to CEP135mini (the CEP135full:mini ratio) is increased in breast cancer cell lines with high CA. Inducing expression of CEP135full in breast cancer cells increases the frequency of CA, multipolar spindles, anaphase-lagging chromosomes, and micronuclei. Conversely, inducing expression of CEP135mini reduces centrosome number. The differential expression of the CEP135 isoforms in vivo is generated by alternative polyadenylation. Directed genetic mutations near the CEP135mini alternative polyadenylation signal reduces the CEP135full:mini ratio and decreases CA. We conclude that dysregulation of CEP135 isoforms promotes centriole overduplication and contributes to chromosome segregation errors in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Ganapathi Sankaran
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045-2537
| | - Alexander J. Stemm-Wolf
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045-2537
| | - Chad G. Pearson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045-2537
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156
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Bolhaqueiro ACF, Ponsioen B, Bakker B, Klaasen SJ, Kucukkose E, van Jaarsveld RH, Vivié J, Verlaan-Klink I, Hami N, Spierings DCJ, Sasaki N, Dutta D, Boj SF, Vries RGJ, Lansdorp PM, van de Wetering M, van Oudenaarden A, Clevers H, Kranenburg O, Foijer F, Snippert HJG, Kops GJPL. Ongoing chromosomal instability and karyotype evolution in human colorectal cancer organoids. Nat Genet 2019; 51:824-834. [PMID: 31036964 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome segregation errors cause aneuploidy and genomic heterogeneity, which are hallmarks of cancer in humans. A persistent high frequency of these errors (chromosomal instability (CIN)) is predicted to profoundly impact tumor evolution and therapy response. It is unknown, however, how prevalent CIN is in human tumors. Using three-dimensional live-cell imaging of patient-derived tumor organoids (tumor PDOs), we show that CIN is widespread in colorectal carcinomas regardless of background genetic alterations, including microsatellite instability. Cell-fate tracking showed that, although mitotic errors are frequently followed by cell death, some tumor PDOs are largely insensitive to mitotic errors. Single-cell karyotype sequencing confirmed heterogeneity of copy number alterations in tumor PDOs and showed that monoclonal lines evolved novel karyotypes over time in vitro. We conclude that ongoing CIN is common in colorectal cancer organoids, and propose that CIN levels and the tolerance for mitotic errors shape aneuploidy landscapes and karyotype heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C F Bolhaqueiro
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Ponsioen
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bjorn Bakker
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd J Klaasen
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Emre Kucukkose
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Centre, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Richard H van Jaarsveld
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Judith Vivié
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Verlaan-Klink
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nizar Hami
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Diana C J Spierings
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nobuo Sasaki
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Devanjali Dutta
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvia F Boj
- Foundation Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert G J Vries
- Foundation Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M Lansdorp
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marc van de Wetering
- Oncode Institute, Princess Maxima Centre for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander van Oudenaarden
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Princess Maxima Centre for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Centre, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo J G Snippert
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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157
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Pagotto S, Veronese A, Soranno A, Balatti V, Ramassone A, Guanciali-Franchi PE, Palka G, Innocenti I, Autore F, Rassenti LZ, Kipps TJ, Mariani-Costantini R, Laurenti L, Croce CM, Visone R. HNRNPL Restrains miR-155 Targeting of BUB1 to Stabilize Aberrant Karyotypes of Transformed Cells in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040575. [PMID: 31018621 PMCID: PMC6520824 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy and overexpression of hsa-miR-155-5p (miR-155) characterize most solid and hematological malignancies. We recently demonstrated that miR-155 sustains aneuploidy at early stages of in vitro cellular transformation. During in vitro transformation of normal human fibroblast, upregulation of miR-155 downregulates spindle checkpoint proteins as the mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 (BUB1), the centromere protein F (CENPF) and the zw10 kinetochore protein (ZW10), compromising the chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate and leading to aneuploidy in daughter cells. Here we show that the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (HNRNPL) binds to the polymorphic marker D2S1888 at the 3′UTR of BUB1 gene, impairs the miR-155 targeting, and restores BUB1 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This mechanism occurs at advanced passages of cell transformation and allows the expansion of more favorable clones. Our findings have revealed, at least in part, the molecular mechanisms behind the chromosomal stabilization of cell lines and the concept that, to survive, tumor cells cannot continuously change their genetic heritage but need to stabilize the most suitable karyotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pagotto
- Ageing Research Center and Translational medicine-CeSI-MeT, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Angelo Veronese
- Ageing Research Center and Translational medicine-CeSI-MeT, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Soranno
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Veronica Balatti
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Alice Ramassone
- Ageing Research Center and Translational medicine-CeSI-MeT, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Paolo E Guanciali-Franchi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Giandomenico Palka
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Idanna Innocenti
- Institute of Hematology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Autore
- Institute of Hematology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Z Rassenti
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Thomas J Kipps
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Renato Mariani-Costantini
- Ageing Research Center and Translational medicine-CeSI-MeT, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Luca Laurenti
- Institute of Hematology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Rosa Visone
- Ageing Research Center and Translational medicine-CeSI-MeT, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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158
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MED28 Over-Expression Shortens the Cell Cycle and Induces Genomic Instability. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071746. [PMID: 30970566 PMCID: PMC6479353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian mediator complex subunit 28 (MED28) is overexpressed in a variety of cancers and it regulates cell migration/invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. However, transcription factors that increase MED28 expression have not yet been identified. In this study, we performed a luciferase reporter assay to identify and characterize the prospective transcription factors, namely E2F transcription factor 1, nuclear respiratory factor 1, E-26 transforming sequence 1, and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β, which increased MED28 expression. In addition, the release from the arrest at the G1−S or G2−M phase transition after cell cycle synchronization using thymidine or nocodazole, respectively, showed enhanced MED28 expression at the G1−S transition and mitosis. Furthermore, the overexpression of MED28 significantly decreased the duration of interphase and mitosis. Conversely, a knockdown of MED28 using si-RNA increased the duration of interphase and mitosis. Of note, the overexpression of MED28 significantly increased micronucleus and nuclear budding in HeLa cells. In addition, flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy analyses showed that the overexpression of MED28 significantly increased aneuploid cells. Taken together, these results suggest that MED28 expression is increased by oncogenic transcription factors and its overexpression disturbs the cell cycle, which results in genomic instability and aneuploidy.
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159
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Raab M, Sanhaji M, Zhou S, Rödel F, El-Balat A, Becker S, Strebhardt K. Blocking Mitotic Exit of Ovarian Cancer Cells by Pharmaceutical Inhibition of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex Reduces Chromosomal Instability. Neoplasia 2019; 21:363-375. [PMID: 30851646 PMCID: PMC6407080 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel is a frontline drug for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, following paclitaxel-platinum based chemotherapy, tumor recurrence occurs in most ovarian cancer patients. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer and represents genetic variation fueling tumor adaptation to cytotoxic effects of anticancer drugs. In this study, our Kaplan-Meier analysis including 263 ovarian cancer patients (stages I/II) revealed that high Polo-like kinase (PLK) 1 expression correlates with bad prognosis. To evaluate the role of PLK1 as potential cancer target within a combinatorial trial, we induced strong mitotic arrest in ovarian cancer cell lines by synergistically co-targeting microtubules (paclitaxel) and PLK1 (BI6727) followed by pharmaceutical inhibition of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex (APC/C) using proTAME. In short- and long-term experiments, this triple treatment strongly activated apoptosis in cell lines and primary ovarian cells derived from cancer patients. Mechanistically, BI6727/paclitaxel/proTAME stabilize Cyclin B1 and trigger mitotic arrest, which initiates mitochondrial apoptosis by inactivation of antiapoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, followed by activation of caspase-dependent effector pathways. This triple treatment prevented endoreduplication and reduced CIN, two mechanisms that are associated with aggressive tumors and the acquisition of drug resistance. This "two-punch strategy" (strong mitotic arrest followed by blocking mitotic exit) has important implications for developing paclitaxel-based combinatorial treatments in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Raab
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main
| | - Mourad Sanhaji
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main
| | - Shengtao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) / German Cancer Research Center, partner site, Frankfurt a. M
| | - Ahmed El-Balat
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) / German Cancer Research Center, partner site, Frankfurt a. M..
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160
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Tweats D, Eastmond DA, Lynch AM, Elhajouji A, Froetschl R, Kirsch-Volders M, Marchetti F, Masumura K, Pacchierotti F, Schuler M. Role of aneuploidy in the carcinogenic process: Part 3 of the report of the 2017 IWGT workgroup on assessing the risk of aneugens for carcinogenesis and hereditary diseases. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 847:403032. [PMID: 31699349 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy is regarded as a hallmark of cancer, however, its role is complex with both pro- and anti-carcinogenic effects evident. In this IWGT review, we consider the role of aneuploidy in cancer biology; cancer risk associated with constitutive aneuploidy; rodent carcinogenesis with known chemical aneugens; and chemotherapy-related malignant neoplasms. Aneuploidy is seen at various stages in carcinogenesis. However, the relationship between induced aneuploidy occurring after exposure and clonal aneuploidy present in tumours is not clear. Recent evidence indicates that the induction of chromosomal instability (CIN), may be more important than aneuploidy per se, in the carcinogenic process. Down Syndrome, trisomy 21, is associated with altered hematopoiesis in utero which, in combination with subsequent mutations, results in an increased risk for acute megakaryoblastic and lymphoblastic leukemias. In contrast, there is reduced cancer risk for most solid tumours in Down Syndrome. Mouse models with high levels of aneuploidy are also associated with increased cancer risk for particular tumours with long latencies, but paradoxically other types of tumour often show decreased incidence. The aneugens reviewed that induce cancer in humans and animals all possess other carcinogenic properties, such as mutagenicity, clastogenicity, cytotoxicity, organ toxicities, hormonal and epigenetic changes which likely account for, or interact with aneuploidy, to cause carcinogenesis. Although the role that aneuploidy plays in carcinogenesis has not been fully established, in many cases, it may not play a primary causative role. Tubulin-disrupting aneugens that do not possess other properties linked to carcinogenesis, were not carcinogenic in rodents. Similarly, in humans, for the tubulin-disrupting aneugens colchicine and albendazole, there is no reported association with increased cancer risk. There is a need for further mechanistic studies on agents that induce aneuploidy, particularly by mechanisms other than tubulin disruption and to determine the role of aneuploidy in pre-neoplastic events and in early and late stage neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Marchetti
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kenichi Masumura
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Francesca Pacchierotti
- Health Protection Technology Division, Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, ENEA, CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
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161
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Wilkinson PD, Alencastro F, Delgado ER, Leek MP, Weirich MP, Otero PA, Roy N, Brown WK, Oertel M, Duncan AW. Polyploid Hepatocytes Facilitate Adaptation and Regeneration to Chronic Liver Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1241-1255. [PMID: 30928253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The liver contains diploid and polyploid hepatocytes (tetraploid, octaploid, etc.), with polyploids comprising ≥90% of the hepatocyte population in adult mice. Polyploid hepatocytes form multipolar spindles in mitosis, which lead to chromosome gains/losses and random aneuploidy. The effect of aneuploidy on liver function is unclear, and the degree of liver aneuploidy is debated, with reports showing aneuploidy affects 5% to 60% of hepatocytes. To study relationships among liver polyploidy, aneuploidy, and adaptation, mice lacking E2f7 and E2f8 in the liver (LKO), which have a polyploidization defect, were used. Polyploids were reduced fourfold in LKO livers, and LKO hepatocytes remained predominantly diploid after extensive proliferation. Moreover, nearly all LKO hepatocytes were euploid compared with control hepatocytes, suggesting polyploid hepatocytes are required for production of aneuploid progeny. To determine whether reduced polyploidy impairs adaptation, LKO mice were bred onto a tyrosinemia background, a disease model whereby the liver can develop disease-resistant, regenerative nodules. Although tyrosinemic LKO mice were more susceptible to morbidities and death associated with tyrosinemia-induced liver failure, they developed regenerating nodules similar to control mice. Analyses revealed that nodules in the tyrosinemic livers were generated by aneuploidy and inactivating mutations. In summary, we identified new roles for polyploid hepatocytes and demonstrated that they are required for the formation of aneuploid progeny and can facilitate adaptation to chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Frances Alencastro
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Evan R Delgado
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Madeleine P Leek
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew P Weirich
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - P Anthony Otero
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nairita Roy
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Whitney K Brown
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Oertel
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew W Duncan
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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162
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Genotypic and Phenotypic Variables Affect Meiotic Cell Cycle Progression, Tumor Ploidy, and Cancer-Associated Mortality in a brca2-Mutant Zebrafish Model. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:9218251. [PMID: 30930946 PMCID: PMC6413366 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9218251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Successful cell replication requires both cell cycle completion and accurate chromosomal segregation. The tumor suppressor BRCA2 is positioned to influence both of these outcomes, and thereby influence genomic integrity, during meiotic and mitotic cell cycles. Accordingly, mutations in BRCA2 induce chromosomal abnormalities and disrupt cell cycle progression in both germ cells and somatic cells. Despite these findings, aneuploidy is not more prevalent in BRCA2-associated versus non-BRCA2-associated human cancers. More puzzlingly, diploidy in BRCA2-associated cancers is a negative prognostic factor, unlike non-BRCA2-associated cancers and many other human cancers. We used a brca2-mutant/tp53-mutant cancer-prone zebrafish model to explore the impact of BRCA2 mutation on cell cycle progression, ploidy, and cancer-associated mortality by performing DNA content/cell cycle analysis on zebrafish germ cells, somatic cells, and cancer cells. First, we determined that combined brca2/tp53 mutations uniquely disrupt meiotic progression. Second, we determined that sex significantly influences ploidy outcome in zebrafish cancers. Third, we determined that brca2 mutation and female sex each significantly reduce survival time in cancer-bearing zebrafish. Finally, we provide evidence to support a link between BRCA2 mutation, tumor diploidy, and poor survival outcome. These outcomes underscore the utility of this model for studying BRCA2-associated genomic aberrations in normal and cancer cells.
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163
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Cell-Size-Independent Spindle Checkpoint Failure Underlies Chromosome Segregation Error in Mouse Embryos. Curr Biol 2019; 29:865-873.e3. [PMID: 30773364 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome segregation errors during mammalian preimplantation development cause "mosaic" embryos comprising a mixture of euploid and aneuploid cells, which reduce the potential for a successful pregnancy [1-5], but why these errors are common is unknown. In most cells, chromosome segregation error is averted by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), which prevents anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) activation and anaphase onset until chromosomes are aligned with kinetochores attached to spindle microtubules [6, 7], but little is known about the SAC's role in the early mammalian embryo. In C. elegans, the SAC is weak in early embryos, and it strengthens during early embryogenesis as a result of progressively lessening cell size [8, 9]. Here, using live imaging, micromanipulation, gene knockdown, and pharmacological approaches, we show that this is not the case in mammalian embryos. Misaligned chromosomes in the early mouse embryo can recruit SAC components to mount a checkpoint signal, but this signal fails to prevent anaphase onset, leading to high levels of chromosome segregation error. We find that failure of the SAC to prolong mitosis is not attributable to cell size. We show that mild chemical inhibition of APC/C can extend mitosis, thereby allowing more time for correct chromosome alignment and reducing segregation errors. SAC-APC/C disconnect thus presents a mechanistic explanation for frequent chromosome segregation errors in early mammalian embryos. Moreover, our data provide proof of principle that modulation of the SAC-APC/C axis can increase the likelihood of error-free chromosome segregation in cultured mammalian embryos.
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164
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Yokoyama H, Moreno-Andres D, Astrinidis SA, Hao Y, Weberruss M, Schellhaus AK, Lue H, Haramoto Y, Gruss OJ, Antonin W. Chromosome alignment maintenance requires the MAP RECQL4, mutated in the Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/1/e201800120. [PMID: 30718377 PMCID: PMC6362308 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RECQL4, which is mutated in the Rothmund–Thomson syndrome characterized by premature aging and cancer susceptibility, is a microtubule-associated protein required for mitotic chromosome alignment. RecQ-like helicase 4 (RECQL4) is mutated in patients suffering from the Rothmund–Thomson syndrome, a genetic disease characterized by premature aging, skeletal malformations, and high cancer susceptibility. Known roles of RECQL4 in DNA replication and repair provide a possible explanation of chromosome instability observed in patient cells. Here, we demonstrate that RECQL4 is a microtubule-associated protein (MAP) localizing to the mitotic spindle. RECQL4 depletion in M-phase–arrested frog egg extracts does not affect spindle assembly per se, but interferes with maintaining chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate. Low doses of nocodazole depolymerize RECQL4-depleted spindles more easily, suggesting abnormal microtubule–kinetochore interaction. Surprisingly, inter-kinetochore distance of sister chromatids is larger in depleted extracts and patient fibroblasts. Consistent with a role to maintain stable chromosome alignment, RECQL4 down-regulation in HeLa cells causes chromosome misalignment and delays mitotic progression. Importantly, these chromosome alignment defects are independent from RECQL4’s reported roles in DNA replication and damage repair. Our data elucidate a novel function of RECQL4 in mitosis, and defects in mitotic chromosome alignment might be a contributing factor for the Rothmund–Thomson syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Yokoyama
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany .,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,ID Pharma Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Daniel Moreno-Andres
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Yuqing Hao
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marion Weberruss
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna K Schellhaus
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hongqi Lue
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yoshikazu Haramoto
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Oliver J Gruss
- Institute of Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfram Antonin
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany .,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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165
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Liang C, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Yan H, Zhang M, Xiang X, Yi Q, Pan X, Cheng H, Wang F. A positive feedback mechanism ensures proper assembly of the functional inner centromere during mitosis in human cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:1437-1450. [PMID: 30498087 PMCID: PMC6364785 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The inner centromere region of a mitotic chromosome critically regulates sister chromatid cohesion and kinetochore-microtubule attachments. However, the molecular mechanism underlying inner centromere assembly remains elusive. Here, using CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing in HeLa cells, we disrupted the interaction of Shugoshin 1 (Sgo1) with histone H2A phosphorylated on Thr-120 (H2ApT120) to selectively release Sgo1 from mitotic centromeres. Interestingly, cells expressing the H2ApT120-binding defective mutant of Sgo1 have an elevated rate of chromosome missegregation accompanied by weakened centromeric cohesion and decreased centromere accumulation of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), an integral part of the inner centromere and a key player in the correction of erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments. When artificially tethered to centromeres, a Sgo1 mutant defective in binding protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is not able to support proper centromeric cohesion and CPC accumulation, indicating that the Sgo1-PP2A interaction is essential for the integrity of mitotic centromeres. We further provide evidence indicating that Sgo1 protects centromeric cohesin to create a binding site for the histone H3-associated protein kinase Haspin, which not only inhibits the cohesin release factor Wapl and thereby strengthens centromeric cohesion but also phosphorylates histone H3 at Thr-3 to position CPC at inner centromeres. Taken together, our findings reveal a positive feedback-based mechanism that ensures proper assembly of the functional inner centromere during mitosis. They further suggest a causal link between centromeric cohesion defects and chromosomal instability in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Liang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qinfu Chen
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingfeng Xiang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi Yi
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuan Pan
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hankun Cheng
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fangwei Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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166
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Prognostic significance of NEK2 in human solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20180618. [PMID: 30578380 PMCID: PMC6341124 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A consensus about the prognostic role of NIMA-related kinase 2 (NEK2) expression in various solid tumors has not been made yet. Thus, this meta-analysis aimed to systematically assess the prognostic role of NEK2 expression in patients with solid tumors. The eligible studies were identified through searching PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE. The hazard ratios (HRs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the link between NEK2 overexpression and overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival/recurrence-free survival (DFS/RFS) of patients with solid tumors. A total of 17 studies with 4897 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Among these studies, all of them explored the association between NEK2 expression and OS of patients with solid tumors. Our pooled analysis indicated that NEK2 overexpression was significantly related to adverse OS (HR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.38–2.00; P = 0.001). Additionally, there were six studies with 854 patients that investigated the association between NEK2 expression and DFS/RFS. Our pooled result indicated that there was a substantial relationship between NEK2 overexpression and poorer DFS/RFS (HR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.61–2.48; P = 0.003). In conclusion, our meta-analysis indicated that NEK2 may be a useful predictor of prognosis and an effective therapeutic target in solid tumors. Nevertheless, more high-quality studies are warranted to further support our conclusions because of several limitations in our meta-analysis.
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167
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Huang T, Gao Q, Feng T, Zheng Y, Guo J, Zeng W. FTO Knockout Causes Chromosome Instability and G2/M Arrest in Mouse GC-1 Cells. Front Genet 2019; 9:732. [PMID: 30719031 PMCID: PMC6348250 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modification on eukaryotic mRNA. m6A plays important roles in the regulation of post-transcriptional RNA splicing, translation, and degradation. Increasing studies have uncovered the significance of m6A in various biological processes such as stem cell fate determination, carcinogenesis, adipogenesis, stress response, etc, which put forwards a novel conception called epitranscriptome. However, functions of the fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO), the first characterized m6A demethylase, in spermatogenesis remains obscure. Here we reported that depletion of FTO by CRISPR/Cas9 induces chromosome instability and G2/M arrest in mouse spermatogonia, which was partially rescued by expression of wild type FTO but not demethylase inactivated FTO. FTO depletion significantly decreased the expression of mitotic checkpoint complex and G2/M regulators. We further demonstrated that the m6A modification on Mad1, Mad2, Bub1b, Cdk1, and Ccnb2 were directly targeted by FTO. Therefore, FTO regulates cell cycle and mitosis checkpoint in spermatogonia because of its m6A demethylase activity. The findings give novel insights into the role of RNA methylation in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology and Cell Engineering, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology and Cell Engineering, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Tongying Feng
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology and Cell Engineering, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology and Cell Engineering, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiayin Guo
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology and Cell Engineering, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Wenxian Zeng
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology and Cell Engineering, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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168
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Krol K, Antoniuk-Majchrzak J, Skoneczny M, Sienko M, Jendrysek J, Rumienczyk I, Halas A, Kurlandzka A, Skoneczna A. Lack of G1/S control destabilizes the yeast genome via replication stress-induced DSBs and illegitimate recombination. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.226480. [PMID: 30463853 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.226480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein Swi6 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a cofactor in two complexes that regulate the transcription of the genes controlling the G1/S transition. It also ensures proper oxidative and cell wall stress responses. Previously, we found that Swi6 was crucial for the survival of genotoxic stress. Here, we show that a lack of Swi6 causes replication stress leading to double-strand break (DSB) formation, inefficient DNA repair and DNA content alterations, resulting in high cell mortality. Comparative genome hybridization experiments revealed that there was a random genome rearrangement in swi6Δ cells, whereas in diploid swi6Δ/swi6Δ cells, chromosome V is duplicated. SWI4 and PAB1, which are located on chromosome V and are known multicopy suppressors of swi6Δ phenotypes, partially reverse swi6Δ genome instability when overexpressed. Another gene on chromosome V, RAD51, also supports swi6Δ survival, but at a high cost; Rad51-dependent illegitimate recombination in swi6Δ cells appears to connect DSBs, leading to genome rearrangement and preventing cell death.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Krol
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marek Skoneczny
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Sienko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Jendrysek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Rumienczyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Halas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kurlandzka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Skoneczna
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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169
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Kakihana A, Oto Y, Saito Y, Nakayama Y. Heat shock-induced mitotic arrest requires heat shock protein 105 for the activation of spindle assembly checkpoint. FASEB J 2018; 33:3936-3953. [PMID: 30496702 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801369r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock causes proteotoxic stress that induces various cellular responses, including delayed mitotic progression and the generation of an aberrant number of chromosomes. In this study, heat shock delayed the onset of anaphase by increasing the number of misoriented cells, accompanied by the kinetochore localization of budding uninhibited by benzimidazole-related (BubR)1 in a monopolar spindle (Mps)1-dependent manner. The mitotic delay was canceled by knockdown of mitotic arrest defect (Mad)2. Knockdown of heat shock protein (Hsp)105 partially abrogated the mitotic delay with the loss of the kinetochore localization of BubR1 under heat shock conditions and accelerated mitotic progression under nonstressed conditions. Consistent with this result, Hsp105 knockdown increased the number of anaphase cells with lagging chromosomes, through mitotic slippage, and decreased taxol sensitivity more than Mad2 knockdown. Hsp105 was coprecipitated with cell division cycle (Cdc)20 in an Mps1-dependent manner; however, its knockdown did not affect coprecipitation of Mad2 and BubR1 with Cdc20. We propose that heat shock delays the onset of anaphase via the activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Hsp105 prevents abnormal cell division by contributing to SAC activation under heat shock and nonstressed conditions by interacting with Cdc20 but not affecting formation of the mitotic checkpoint complex.-Kakihana, A., Oto, Y., Saito, Y., Nakayama, Y. Heat shock-induced mitotic arrest requires heat shock protein 105 for the activation of spindle assembly checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana Kakihana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yui Oto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Youhei Saito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
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170
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Lee HS, Carmena M, Liskovykh M, Peat E, Kim JH, Oshimura M, Masumoto H, Teulade-Fichou MP, Pommier Y, Earnshaw WC, Larionov V, Kouprina N. Systematic Analysis of Compounds Specifically Targeting Telomeres and Telomerase for Clinical Implications in Cancer Therapy. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6282-6296. [PMID: 30166419 PMCID: PMC6214708 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The targeting of telomerase and telomere maintenance mechanisms represents a promising therapeutic approach for various types of cancer. In this work, we designed a new protocol to screen for and rank the efficacy of compounds specifically targeting telomeres and telomerase. This approach used two isogenic cell lines containing a circular human artificial chromosome (HAC, lacking telomeres) and a linear HAC (containing telomeres) marked with the EGFP transgene; compounds that target telomerase or telomeres should preferentially induce loss of the linear HAC but not the circular HAC. Our assay allowed quantification of chromosome loss by routine flow cytometry. We applied this dual-HAC assay to rank a set of known and newly developed compounds, including G-quadruplex (G4) ligands. Among the latter group, two compounds, Cu-ttpy and Pt-ttpy, induced a high rate of linear HAC loss with no significant effect on the mitotic stability of a circular HAC. Analysis of the mitotic phenotypes induced by these drugs revealed an elevated rate of chromatin bridges in late mitosis and cytokinesis as well as UFB (ultrafine bridges). Chromosome loss after Pt-ttpy or Cu-ttpy treatment correlated with the induction of telomere-associated DNA damage. Overall, this platform enables identification and ranking of compounds that greatly increase chromosome mis-segregation rates as a result of telomere dysfunction and may expedite the development of new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.Significance: An assay provides a unique opportunity to screen thousands of chemical compounds for their ability to inactivate replication of telomeric ends in cancer cells and holds potential to lay the foundation for the discovery of new treatments for cancer. Cancer Res; 78(21); 6282-96. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sheung Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mar Carmena
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Mikhail Liskovykh
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Emma Peat
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masumoto
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Department of Frontier Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Marie-Paule Teulade-Fichou
- Chemistry Modelling and Imaging for Biology, CNRS UMR 9187- INSERM U1196 Institute Curie, Research Center, Campus University Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - William C Earnshaw
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Vladimir Larionov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Natalay Kouprina
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD.
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171
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Bach DH, Long NP, Luu TTT, Anh NH, Kwon SW, Lee SK. The Dominant Role of Forkhead Box Proteins in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3279. [PMID: 30360388 PMCID: PMC6213973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box (FOX) proteins are multifaceted transcription factors that are significantly implicated in cancer, with various critical roles in biological processes. Herein, we provide an overview of several key members of the FOXA, FOXC, FOXM1, FOXO and FOXP subfamilies. Important pathophysiological processes of FOX transcription factors at multiple levels in a context-dependent manner are discussed. We also specifically summarize some major aspects of FOX transcription factors in association with cancer research such as drug resistance, tumor growth, genomic alterations or drivers of initiation. Finally, we suggest that targeting FOX proteins may be a potential therapeutic strategy to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Hiep Bach
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | | | | | - Nguyen Hoang Anh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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172
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Henriques AC, Ribeiro D, Pedrosa J, Sarmento B, Silva PMA, Bousbaa H. Mitosis inhibitors in anticancer therapy: When blocking the exit becomes a solution. Cancer Lett 2018; 440-441:64-81. [PMID: 30312726 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Current microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) remain amongst the most important antimitotic drugs used against a broad range of malignancies. By perturbing spindle assembly, MTAs activate the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), which induces mitotic arrest and subsequent apoptosis. However, besides toxic side effects and resistance, mitotic slippage and failure in triggering apoptosis in various cancer cells are limiting factors of MTAs efficacy. Alternative strategies to target mitosis without affecting microtubules have, thus, led to the identification of small molecules, such as those that target spindle Kinesins, Aurora and Polo-like kinases. Unfortunately, these so-called second-generation of antimitotics, encompassing mitotic blockers and mitotic drivers, have failed in clinical trials. Our recent understanding regarding the mechanisms of cell death during a mitotic arrest pointed out apoptosis as the main variable, providing an opportunity to control the cell fates and influence the effectiveness of antimitotics. Here, we provide an overview on the second-generation of antimitotics, and discuss possible strategies that exploit SAC activity, mitotic slippage/exit and apoptosis induction, in order to improve the efficacy of anticancer strategies that target mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Henriques
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; INEB, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Ribeiro
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joel Pedrosa
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; INEB, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia M A Silva
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Hassan Bousbaa
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada Em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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173
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Veneziano L, Barra V, Cilluffo D, Di Leonardo A. Proliferation of aneuploid cells induced by CENP-E depletion is counteracted by the p14 ARF tumor suppressor. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 294:149-158. [PMID: 30264192 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a cellular surveillance mechanism that ensures the fidelity of chromosomes segregation. Reduced expression of some of its components weakens the SAC and induces chromosome instability and aneuploidy, which are both well-known hallmarks of cancer cells. Centromere protein-E (CENP-E) is a crucial component of the SAC and its function is to facilitate kinetochore microtubule attachment required to achieve and maintain chromosome alignment. The present study investigates the possible role of p14ARF as a controller of aneuploid cells proliferation. We used RNA interference to induce aneuploidy by partial depletion of CENP-E in human primary fibroblasts (IMR90) and in near diploid tumor cells (HCT116). In contrast to IMR90 aneuploid cell number, which was drastically reduced and leaned towards the WT condition, HCT116 aneuploid cell numbers were slightly decreased at later time points. This euploidy restoration was accompanied by increased p14ARF expression in IMR90 cells and followed ectopic p14ARF re-expression in p14ARF-null HCT116 cells. Collectively, our results suggest that hampering proliferation of aneuploid cells could be an additional role of the p14ARF tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Veneziano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Viviana Barra
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Genetic Stability and Oncogenesis, Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS UMR8200, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Danilo Cilluffo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Leonardo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. .,Centro di OncoBiologia Sperimentale (COBS), Palermo, Italy.
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174
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Kouprina N, Petrov N, Molina O, Liskovykh M, Pesenti E, Ohzeki JI, Masumoto H, Earnshaw WC, Larionov V. Human Artificial Chromosome with Regulated Centromere: A Tool for Genome and Cancer Studies. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1974-1989. [PMID: 30075081 PMCID: PMC6154217 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since their description in the late 1990s, Human Artificial Chromosomes (HACs) bearing functional kinetochores have been considered as promising systems for gene delivery and expression. More recently a HAC assembled from a synthetic alphoid DNA array has been exploited in studies of centromeric chromatin and in assessing the impact of different epigenetic modifications on kinetochore structure and function in human cells. This HAC was termed the alphoidtetO-HAC, as the synthetic monomers each contained a tetO sequence in place of the CENP-B box that can be targeted specifically with tetR-fusion proteins. Studies in which the kinetochore chromatin of the alphoidtetO-HAC was specifically modified, revealed that heterochromatin is incompatible with centromere function and that centromeric transcription is important for centromere assembly and maintenance. In addition, the alphoidtetO-HAC was modified to carry large gene inserts that are expressed in target cells under conditions that recapitulate the physiological regulation of endogenous loci. Importantly, the phenotypes arising from stable gene expression can be reversed when cells are "cured" of the HAC by inactivating its kinetochore in proliferating cell populations, a feature that provides a control for phenotypic changes attributed to expression of HAC-encoded genes. AlphoidtetO-HAC-based technology has also been used to develop new drug screening and assessment strategies to manipulate the CIN phenotype in cancer cells. In summary, the alphoidtetO-HAC is proving to be a versatile tool for studying human chromosome transactions and structure as well as for genome and cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalay Kouprina
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute,
NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United
States,E-mail: . Tel: +1-240-760-7325
| | - Nikolai Petrov
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute,
NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United
States
| | - Oscar Molina
- Josep
Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, School of Medicine, University
of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mikhail Liskovykh
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute,
NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United
States
| | - Elisa Pesenti
- Wellcome
Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland
| | - Jun-ichirou Ohzeki
- Laboratory
of Chromosome Engineering, Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818d Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masumoto
- Laboratory
of Chromosome Engineering, Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818d Japan,E-mail: . Tel: +81-438-52-395
| | - William C. Earnshaw
- Wellcome
Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland,E-mail: . Tel: +44-(0)131-650-7101
| | - Vladimir Larionov
- Developmental
Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute,
NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United
States,E-mail: . Tel: +1-240-760-7325
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175
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Bakhoum SF, Cantley LC. The Multifaceted Role of Chromosomal Instability in Cancer and Its Microenvironment. Cell 2018; 174:1347-1360. [PMID: 30193109 PMCID: PMC6136429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of human cancer, and it is associated with poor prognosis, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. CIN results from errors in chromosome segregation during mitosis, leading to structural and numerical chromosomal abnormalities. In addition to generating genomic heterogeneity that acts as a substrate for natural selection, CIN promotes inflammatory signaling by introducing double-stranded DNA into the cytosol, engaging the cGAS-STING anti-viral pathway. These multipronged effects distinguish CIN as a central driver of tumor evolution and as a genomic source for the crosstalk between the tumor and its microenvironment, in the course of immune editing and evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F Bakhoum
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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176
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Chromosomal instability-induced senescence potentiates cell non-autonomous tumourigenic effects. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:62. [PMID: 30108207 PMCID: PMC6092349 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN), a high rate of chromosome loss or gain, is often associated with poor prognosis and drug resistance in cancers. Aneuploid, including near-polyploid, cells contain an abnormal number of chromosomes and exhibit CIN. The post-mitotic cell fates following generation of different degrees of chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy are unclear. Here we used aneuploidy inducers, nocodazole and reversine, to create different levels of aneuploidy. A higher extent of aneuploid and near-polyploid cells in a given population led to senescence. This was in contrast to cells with relatively lower levels of abnormal ploidy that continued to proliferate. Our findings revealed that senescence was accompanied by DNA damage and robust p53 activation. These senescent cells acquired the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Depletion of p53 reduced the number of senescent cells with concomitant increase in cells undergoing DNA replication. Characterisation of these SASP factors demonstrated that they conferred paracrine pro-tumourigenic effects such as invasion, migration and angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, a correlation between increased aneuploidy and senescence was observed at the invasive front in breast carcinomas. Our findings demonstrate functional non-equivalence of discernable aneuploidies on tumourigenesis and suggest a cell non-autonomous mechanism by which aneuploidy-induced senescent cells and SASP can affect the tumour microenvironment to promote tumour progression.
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177
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Kawakami M, Liu X, Dmitrovsky E. New Cell Cycle Inhibitors Target Aneuploidy in Cancer Therapy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 59:361-377. [PMID: 30110577 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy is a hallmark of cancer. Defects in chromosome segregation result in aneuploidy. Multiple pathways are engaged in this process, including errors in kinetochore-microtubule attachments, supernumerary centrosomes, spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) defects, and chromosome cohesion defects. Although aneuploidy provides an adaptation and proliferative advantage in affected cells, excessive aneuploidy beyond a critical level can be lethal to cancer cells. Given this, enhanced chromosome missegregation is hypothesized to limit survival of aneuploid cancer cells, especially when compared to diploid cells. Based on this concept, proteins and pathways engaged in chromosome segregation are being exploited as candidate therapeutic targets for aneuploid cancers. Agents that induce chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy now exist, including SAC inhibitors, those that alter centrosome fidelity and others that are under active study in preclinical and clinical contexts. This review explores the therapeutic potentials of such new agents, including the benefits of combining them with other antineoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kawakami
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ethan Dmitrovsky
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Current affiliation: Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, USA;
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178
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Bernal A, Zafon E, Domínguez D, Bertran E, Tusell L. Generation of Immortalised But Unstable Cells after hTERT Introduction in Telomere-Compromised and p53-Deficient vHMECs. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072078. [PMID: 30018248 PMCID: PMC6073565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres, the natural ends of chromosomes, hide the linear telomeric DNA from constitutive exposure to the DNA damage response with a lariat structure or t-loop. Progressive telomere shortening associated with DNA replication in the absence of a compensatory mechanism culminates in t-loop collapse and unmasked telomeres. Dysfunctional telomeres can suppress cancer development by engaging replicative senescence or apoptosis, but they can also promote tumour initiation when cell cycle checkpoints are disabled. In this setting, telomere dysfunction promotes increasing chromosome instability (CIN) through breakage-fusion-bridge cycles. Excessive instability may hamper cell proliferation but might allow for the appearance of some rare advantageous mutations that could be selected and ultimately favour neoplastic progression. With the aim of generating pre-malignant immortalised cells, we ectopically expressed telomerase in telomere-compromised variant human mammary epithelial cells (vHMECs), proficient and deficient for p53, and analysed structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations as well as abnormal nuclear morphologies. Importantly, this study provides evidence that while immortalisation of vHMECs at early stages results in an almost stable karyotype, a transient telomere-dependent CIN period—aggravated by p53 deficiency—and followed by hTERT overexpression serves as a mechanism for the generation of immortal unstable cells which, due to their evolving karyotype, could attain additional promoting properties permissive to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Bernal
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Elisenda Zafon
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Daniel Domínguez
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Enric Bertran
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Laura Tusell
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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179
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Singh NP, Bapi RS, Vinod PK. Machine learning models to predict the progression from early to late stages of papillary renal cell carcinoma. Comput Biol Med 2018; 100:92-99. [PMID: 29990647 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (PRCC) is a heterogeneous disease with variations in disease progression and clinical outcomes. The advent of next generation sequencing techniques (NGS) has generated data from patients that can be analysed to develop a predictive model. In this study, we have adopted a machine learning approach to identify biomarkers and build classifiers to discriminate between early and late stages of PRCC from gene expression profiles. A machine learning pipeline incorporating different feature selection algorithms and classification models is developed to analyse RNA sequencing dataset (RNASeq). Further, to get a reliable feature set, we extracted features from different partitions of the training dataset and aggregated them into feature sets for classification. We evaluated the performance of different algorithms on the basis of 10-fold cross validation and independent test dataset. 10-fold cross validation was also performed on a microarray dataset of PRCC. A random forest based feature selection (varSelRF) yielded minimum number of features (104) and a best performance with area under Precision Recall curve (PR-AUC) of 0.804, MCC (Matthews Correlation Coefficient) of 0.711 and accuracy of 88% with Shrunken Centroid classifier on a test dataset. We identified 80 genes that are consistently altered between stages by different feature selection algorithms. The extracted features are related to cellular components - centromere, kinetochore and spindle, and biological process mitotic cell cycle. These observations reveal potential mechanisms for an increase in chromosome instability in the late stage of PRCC. Our study demonstrates that the gene expression profiles can be used to classify stages of PRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Pratap Singh
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Hyderabad, 500032, India
| | - Raju S Bapi
- Cognitive Science Lab, International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Hyderabad, 500032, India; School of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - P K Vinod
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Hyderabad, 500032, India.
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180
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Zhu J, Tsai HJ, Gordon MR, Li R. Cellular Stress Associated with Aneuploidy. Dev Cell 2018; 44:420-431. [PMID: 29486194 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploidy, chromosome stoichiometry that deviates from exact multiples of the haploid compliment of an organism, exists in eukaryotic microbes, several normal human tissues, and the majority of solid tumors. Here, we review the current understanding about the cellular stress states that may result from aneuploidy. The topics of aneuploidy-induced proteotoxic, metabolic, replication, and mitotic stress are assessed in the context of the gene dosage imbalance observed in aneuploid cells. We also highlight emerging findings related to the downstream effects of aneuploidy-induced cellular stress on the immune surveillance against aneuploid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hung-Ji Tsai
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Molly R Gordon
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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181
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Liu D, Shaukat Z, Xu T, Denton D, Saint R, Gregory S. Autophagy regulates the survival of cells with chromosomal instability. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63913-63923. [PMID: 27590505 PMCID: PMC5325413 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) refers to genomic instability in which cells have gained or lost chromosomes or chromosomal fragments. A high level of CIN is common in solid tumours and is associated with cancer drug resistance and poor prognosis. The impact of CIN-induced stress and the resulting cellular responses are only just beginning to emerge. Using proliferating tissue in Drosophila as a model, we found that autophagy is activated in CIN cells and is necessary for their survival. Specifically, increasing the removal of defective mitochondria by mitophagy is able to lower levels of reactive oxygen species and the resultant cellular damage that is normally seen in CIN cells. In response to DNA damage, CIN is increased in a positive feedback loop, and we found that increasing autophagy by Tor depletion could decrease the level of CIN in proliferating cells. These findings underline the importance of autophagy control in the development of CIN tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zeeshan Shaukat
- Department of Genetics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tianqi Xu
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Donna Denton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Stephen Gregory
- Department of Genetics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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182
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Godek KM, Compton DA. Quantitative methods to measure aneuploidy and chromosomal instability. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 144:15-32. [PMID: 29804667 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cell viability requires accurate chromosome segregation during meiosis and mitosis so that the daughter cells produced have the correct chromosome complement. In contrast, chromosome segregation errors lead to aneuploidy, a state of abnormal chromosome numbers. Furthermore, a persistently high rate of chromosome segregation errors causes the related phenomenon of whole chromosomal instability (w-CIN). Aneuploidy and w-CIN are common characteristics of several human conditions and diseases including birth defects and cancers. Thus, methods to measure aneuploidy and w-CIN have important research applications in many areas of cell biology. In this chapter, we describe methods to measure chromosome missegregation rates and aneuploid cell survival with a focus on cells grown in culture; however, we also highlight methods that are amenable to primary tissue samples. Together, these methods provide a comprehensive approach to determining the frequency of aneuploidy and w-CIN in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Godek
- Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, United States; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Duane A Compton
- Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, United States; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, United States.
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183
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Park JK, Paik WH, Lee K, Ryu JK, Lee SH, Kim YT. DAXX/ATRX and MEN1 genes are strong prognostic markers in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Oncotarget 2018; 8:49796-49806. [PMID: 28591701 PMCID: PMC5564808 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PanNETs shows heterogeneous biological behaviors. The aim was to investigate prognostic markers based on most frequently mutated genes in PanNETs. RESULTS There was a total of 76 patients (M: 39, F: 37) with pathologically proven PanNETs. ATRX/DAXX and MEN1 protein expression was detected in 16 (21%) and 31 (41%) patients, respectively. The mean OS of the total study patients was 16 years, and DFS was 17 years among the 68 patients with curative resections. PanNETs presented with distant metastasis or loss of ATRX/DAXX protein expression was the independent prognostic factors associated with poor OS. In curative resected PanNETs, there was no significant difference in the mean DFS according to ATRX/DAXX or MEN1 protein. However, there was statistically significant difference in survival after the recurrence according to the expression of ATRX/DAXX protein; Y/N: 10 vs. 15 years, p < 0.001. In metastatic PanNETs, we could find out OS was significantly longer in negative protein expression of ATRX/DAXX and MEN1 groups; 7 vs. 1 years, p < 0.001, 6 vs. 2 years, p = 0.02, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS The histologically proven PanNETs were enrolled and the clinicopathologic and genetic alterations were evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Protein expression of MEN1 and DAXX/ATRX can be prognostic markers for PanNETs. Further investigation in genetic alterations of PanNETs may give us insights understanding the behavior of PanNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Kyung Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Paik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institutute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoungbun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Kon Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institutute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hyub Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institutute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Tae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institutute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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184
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Kim JH, Lee HS, Lee NCO, Goncharov NV, Kumeiko V, Masumoto H, Earnshaw WC, Kouprina N, Larionov V. Development of a novel HAC-based "gain of signal" quantitative assay for measuring chromosome instability (CIN) in cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:14841-56. [PMID: 26943579 PMCID: PMC4924756 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data indicates that chromosome instability (CIN) common to cancer cells can be used as a target for cancer therapy. At present the rate of chromosome mis-segregation is quantified by laborious techniques such as coupling clonal cell analysis with karyotyping or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Recently, a novel assay was developed based on the loss of a non-essential human artificial chromosome (HAC) carrying a constitutively expressed EGFP transgene (“loss of signal” assay). Using this system, anticancer drugs can be easily ranked on by their effect on HAC loss. However, it is problematic to covert this “loss of signal” assay into a high-throughput screen to identify drugs and mutations that increase CIN levels. To address this point, we re-designed the HAC-based assay. In this new system, the HAC carries a constitutively expressed shRNA against the EGFP transgene integrated into human genome. Thus, cells that inherit the HAC display no green fluorescence, while cells lacking the HAC do. We verified the accuracy of this “gain of signal” assay by measuring the level of CIN induced by known antimitotic drugs and added to the list of previously ranked CIN inducing compounds, two newly characterized inhibitors of the centromere-associated protein CENP-E, PF-2771 and GSK923295 that exhibit the highest effect on chromosome instability measured to date. The “gain of signal” assay was also sensitive enough to detect increase of CIN after siRNA depletion of known genes controlling mitotic progression through distinct mechanisms. Hence this assay can be utilized in future experiments to uncover novel human CIN genes, which will provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of cancer. Also described is the possible conversion of this new assay into a high-throughput screen using a fluorescence microplate reader to characterize chemical libraries and identify new conditions that modulate CIN level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Kim
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hee-Sheung Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas C O Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nikolay V Goncharov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vadim Kumeiko
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Hiroshi Masumoto
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - William C Earnshaw
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Natalay Kouprina
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vladimir Larionov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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185
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Vázquez-Diez C, FitzHarris G. Causes and consequences of chromosome segregation error in preimplantation embryos. Reproduction 2018; 155:R63-R76. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Errors in chromosome segregation are common during the mitotic divisions of preimplantation development in mammalian embryos, giving rise to so-called ‘mosaic’ embryos possessing a mixture of euploid and aneuploid cells. Mosaicism is widely considered to be detrimental to embryo quality and is frequently used as criteria to select embryos for transfer in human fertility clinics. However, despite the clear clinical importance, the underlying defects in cell division that result in mosaic aneuploidy remain elusive. In this review, we summarise recent findings from clinical and animal model studies that provide new insights into the fundamental mechanisms of chromosome segregation in the highly unusual cellular environment of early preimplantation development and consider recent clues as to why errors should commonly occur in this setting. We furthermore discuss recent evidence suggesting that mosaicism is not an irrevocable barrier to a healthy pregnancy. Understanding the causes and biological impacts of mosaic aneuploidy will be pivotal in the development and fine-tuning of clinical embryo selection methods.
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186
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Vargas-Rondón N, Villegas VE, Rondón-Lagos M. The Role of Chromosomal Instability in Cancer and Therapeutic Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 10:cancers10010004. [PMID: 29283387 PMCID: PMC5789354 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death, and despite increased research in recent years, control of advanced-stage disease and optimal therapeutic responses remain elusive. Recent technological improvements have increased our understanding of human cancer as a heterogeneous disease. For instance, four hallmarks of cancer have recently been included, which in addition to being involved in cancer development, could be involved in therapeutic responses and resistance. One of these hallmarks is chromosome instability (CIN), a source of genetic variation in either altered chromosome number or structure. CIN has become a hot topic in recent years, not only for its implications in cancer diagnostics and prognostics, but also for its role in therapeutic responses. Chromosomal alterations are mainly used to determine genetic heterogeneity in tumors, but CIN could also reveal treatment efficacy, as many therapies are based on increasing CIN, which causes aberrant cells to undergo apoptosis. However, it should be noted that contradictory findings on the implications of CIN for the therapeutic response have been reported, with some studies associating high CIN with a better therapeutic response and others associating it with therapeutic resistance. Considering these observations, it is necessary to increase our understanding of the role CIN plays not only in tumor development, but also in therapeutic responses. This review focuses on recent studies that suggest possible mechanisms and consequences of CIN in different disease types, with a primary focus on cancer outcomes and therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vargas-Rondón
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia.
| | - Victoria E Villegas
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia.
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187
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Rizvi S, Fischbach SR, Bronk SF, Hirsova P, Krishnan A, Dhanasekaran R, Smadbeck JB, Smoot RL, Vasmatzis G, Gores GJ. YAP-associated chromosomal instability and cholangiocarcinoma in mice. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5892-5905. [PMID: 29464042 PMCID: PMC5814182 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated Hippo pathway signaling is associated with aberrant activation of the downstream effector yes-associated protein (YAP), an emerging key oncogenic mediator in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). In our prior work, we have demonstrated that biliary transduction of YAP along with Akt as a permissive factor induces CCA in mice. To further delineate the mechanisms associated with YAP-associated biliary oncogenesis, we have established seven malignant murine cell lines from our YAP-driven murine CCA model. These cells express the CCA markers SRY (Sex Determining Region Y)-Box 9 (SOX9), cytokeratin (CK)-7 and 19 but lack hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha and alpha-smooth muscle actin, markers of hepatocellular carcinoma and cancer-associated fibroblasts, respectively. Notably, the murine CCA cells can be readily implanted into mouse livers with resultant orthotopic tumor formation. In this unique syngeneic orthotopic murine model, tumors exhibit histopathologic features resembling human CCA. We analyzed transcriptome data from YAP-associated parent CCA tumor nodules and identified a gene expression pattern associated with chromosomal instability, known as CIN25. Similarly, mate-pair sequencing of the murine CCA cells revealed chromosomal missegregation with gains and losses of several whole chromosomes demonstrating aneuploidy. Of the CIN25 genes, forkhead box M1 (Foxm1), a key cell cycle regulator, was the most significantly upregulated CIN25 gene product. Accordingly, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of YAP as well as FOXM1 inhibition with thiostrepton induced CCA cell death. These preclinical data imply a role for YAP-mediated chromosomal instability in cholangiocarcinoma, and suggest FOXM1 inhibition as a therapeutic target for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Rizvi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905 MN, USA
| | - Samantha R Fischbach
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905 MN, USA
| | - Steven F Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905 MN, USA
| | - Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905 MN, USA.,Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic.,Department of Pharmacology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Anuradha Krishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905 MN, USA
| | - Renumathy Dhanasekaran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, 94304 CA, USA
| | - James B Smadbeck
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905 MN, USA
| | - Rory L Smoot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905 MN, USA
| | - George Vasmatzis
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905 MN, USA
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905 MN, USA
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188
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Hindriksen S, Lens SMA, Hadders MA. The Ins and Outs of Aurora B Inner Centromere Localization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:112. [PMID: 29312936 PMCID: PMC5743930 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Error-free chromosome segregation is essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity during cell division. Aurora B, the enzymatic subunit of the Chromosomal Passenger Complex (CPC), plays a crucial role in this process. In early mitosis Aurora B localizes predominantly to the inner centromere, a specialized region of chromatin that lies at the crossroads between the inter-kinetochore and inter-sister chromatid axes. Two evolutionarily conserved histone kinases, Haspin and Bub1, control the positioning of the CPC at the inner centromere and this location is thought to be crucial for the CPC to function. However, recent studies sketch a subtler picture, in which not all functions of the CPC require strict confinement to the inner centromere. In this review we discuss the molecular pathways that direct Aurora B to the inner centromere and deliberate if and why this specific localization is important for Aurora B function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Hindriksen
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Susanne M A Lens
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michael A Hadders
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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189
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Romani P, Duchi S, Gargiulo G, Cavaliere V. Evidence for a novel function of Awd in maintenance of genomic stability. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16820. [PMID: 29203880 PMCID: PMC5714947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The abnormal wing discs (awd) gene encodes the Drosophila homolog of NME1/NME2 metastasis suppressor genes. Awd acts in multiple tissues where its function is critical in establishing and maintaining epithelial integrity. Here, we analysed awd gene function in Drosophila epithelial cells using transgene-mediated RNA interference and genetic mosaic analysis. We show that awd knockdown in larval wing disc epithelium leads to chromosomal instability (CIN) and induces apoptosis mediated by activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Forced maintenance of Awd depleted cells, by expressing the cell death inhibitor p35, downregulates atypical protein kinase C and DE-Cadherin. Consistent with their loss of cell polarity and enhanced level of matrix metalloproteinase 1, cells delaminate from wing disc epithelium. Furthermore, the DNA content profile of these cells indicates that they are aneuploid. Overall, our data demonstrate a novel function for awd in maintenance of genomic stability. Our results are consistent with other studies reporting that NME1 down-regulation induces CIN in human cell lines and suggest that Drosophila model could be successfully used to study in vivo the impact of NME/Awd - induced genomic instability on tumour development and metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Romani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy.
| | - Serena Duchi
- Laboratorio di Patologia Ortopedica e Rigenerazione Tissutale Osteoarticolare, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gargiulo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Valeria Cavaliere
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
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190
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Krupina K, Kleiss C, Awal S, Rodriguez-Hernandez I, Sanz-Moreno V, Sumara I. UBASH3B-mediated silencing of the mitotic checkpoint: Therapeutic perspectives in cancer. Mol Cell Oncol 2017; 5:e1271494. [PMID: 29487893 PMCID: PMC5821415 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2016.1271494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Defects in mitosis can lead to aneuploidy, which is a common feature of human cancers. Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC) controls fidelity of chromosome segregation in mitosis to prevent aneuploidy. The ubiquitin receptor protein Ubiquitin Associated and SH3 Domain Containing B (UBASH3B) was recently found to control SAC silencing and faithful chromosome segregation by relocalizing Aurora B kinase to the mitotic microtubules. Accordingly, loss and gain of function of UBASH3B have strong effects on mitotic progression. Downregulation of UBASH3B prevents SAC satisfaction leading to inhibition of chromosome segregation, mitotic arrest, and cell death. In contrast, increased cellular levels of UBASH3B trigger premature and uncontrolled chromosome segregation. Interestingly, elevated levels of UBASH3B were found in aggressive tumors. Therefore, we raised the question whether the oncogenic potential of UBASH3B is linked to its role in chromosome segregation. Here we show that in cancer cells expressing high levels of UBASH3B and SAC proteins, downregulation of UBASH3B, can further potentiate SAC response inducing mitotic arrest and cell death. Moreover, data mining approaches identified a correlation between mRNA levels of UBASH3B and SAC components in a set of primary patient tumors including kidney and liver carcinomas. Thus, inhibition of UBASH3B may offer an attractive therapeutic perspective for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Krupina
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Charlotte Kleiss
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Sushil Awal
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Irene Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Izabela Sumara
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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191
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Kabeche L, Nguyen HD, Buisson R, Zou L. A mitosis-specific and R loop-driven ATR pathway promotes faithful chromosome segregation. Science 2017; 359:108-114. [PMID: 29170278 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan6490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase is crucial for DNA damage and replication stress responses. Here, we describe an unexpected role of ATR in mitosis. Acute inhibition or degradation of ATR in mitosis induces whole-chromosome missegregation. The effect of ATR ablation is not due to altered cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) activity, DNA damage responses, or unscheduled DNA synthesis but to loss of an ATR function at centromeres. In mitosis, ATR localizes to centromeres through Aurora A-regulated association with centromere protein F (CENP-F), allowing ATR to engage replication protein A (RPA)-coated centromeric R loops. As ATR is activated at centromeres, it stimulates Aurora B through Chk1, preventing formation of lagging chromosomes. Thus, a mitosis-specific and R loop-driven ATR pathway acts at centromeres to promote faithful chromosome segregation, revealing functions of R loops and ATR in suppressing chromosome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Kabeche
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Hai Dang Nguyen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Rémi Buisson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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192
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Dumitru AMG, Rusin SF, Clark AEM, Kettenbach AN, Compton DA. Cyclin A/Cdk1 modulates Plk1 activity in prometaphase to regulate kinetochore-microtubule attachment stability. eLife 2017; 6:e29303. [PMID: 29154753 PMCID: PMC5706962 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fidelity of chromosome segregation in mitosis is safeguarded by the precise regulation of kinetochore microtubule (k-MT) attachment stability. Previously, we demonstrated that Cyclin A/Cdk1 destabilizes k-MT attachments to promote faithful chromosome segregation. Here, we use quantitative phosphoproteomics to identify 156 Cyclin A/Cdk1 substrates in prometaphase. One Cyclin A/Cdk1 substrate is myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1), and we show that MYPT1 localization to kinetochores depends on Cyclin A/Cdk1 activity and that MYPT1 destabilizes k-MT attachments by negatively regulating Plk1 at kinetochores. Thus, Cyclin A/Cdk1 phosphorylation primes MYPT1 for Plk1 binding. Interestingly, priming of PBIP1 by Plk1 itself (self-priming) increased in MYPT1-depleted cells showing that MYPT1 provides a molecular link between the processes of Cdk1-dependent priming and self-priming of Plk1 substrates. These data demonstrate cross-regulation between Cyclin A/Cdk1-dependent and Plk1-dependent phosphorylation of substrates during mitosis to ensure efficient correction of k-MT attachment errors necessary for high mitotic fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria G Dumitru
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonUnited States
| | - Scott F Rusin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonUnited States
| | - Amber E M Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonUnited States
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonUnited States
| | - Duane A Compton
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonUnited States
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193
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Thompson LL, Jeusset LMP, Lepage CC, McManus KJ. Evolving Therapeutic Strategies to Exploit Chromosome Instability in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9110151. [PMID: 29104272 PMCID: PMC5704169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9110151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease that claims over 8 million lives each year. Understanding the molecular etiology of the disease is critical to identify and develop new therapeutic strategies and targets. Chromosome instability (CIN) is an abnormal phenotype, characterized by progressive numerical and/or structural chromosomal changes, which is observed in virtually all cancer types. CIN generates intratumoral heterogeneity, drives cancer development, and promotes metastatic progression, and thus, it is associated with highly aggressive, drug-resistant tumors and poor patient prognosis. As CIN is observed in both primary and metastatic lesions, innovative strategies that exploit CIN may offer therapeutic benefits and better outcomes for cancer patients. Unfortunately, exploiting CIN remains a significant challenge, as the aberrant mechanisms driving CIN and their causative roles in cancer have yet to be fully elucidated. The development and utilization of CIN-exploiting therapies is further complicated by the associated risks for off-target effects and secondary cancers. Accordingly, this review will assess the strengths and limitations of current CIN-exploiting therapies, and discuss emerging strategies designed to overcome these challenges to improve outcomes and survival for patients diagnosed with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Lucile M-P Jeusset
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Chloe C Lepage
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Kirk J McManus
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
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194
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Sampson J, O'Regan L, Dyer MJS, Bayliss R, Fry AM. Hsp72 and Nek6 Cooperate to Cluster Amplified Centrosomes in Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4785-4796. [PMID: 28720575 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently possess extra amplified centrosomes clustered into two poles whose pseudo-bipolar spindles exhibit reduced fidelity of chromosome segregation and promote genetic instability. Inhibition of centrosome clustering triggers multipolar spindle formation and mitotic catastrophe, offering an attractive therapeutic approach to selectively kill cells with amplified centrosomes. However, mechanisms of centrosome clustering remain poorly understood. Here, we identify a new pathway that acts through NIMA-related kinase 6 (Nek6) and Hsp72 to promote centrosome clustering. Nek6, as well as its upstream activators polo-like kinase 1 and Aurora-A, targeted Hsp72 to the poles of cells with amplified centrosomes. Unlike some centrosome declustering agents, blocking Hsp72 or Nek6 function did not induce formation of acentrosomal poles, meaning that multipolar spindles were observable only in cells with amplified centrosomes. Inhibition of Hsp72 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells resulted in increased multipolar spindle frequency that correlated with centrosome amplification, while loss of Hsp72 or Nek6 function in noncancer-derived cells disturbs neither spindle formation nor mitotic progression. Hence, the Nek6-Hsp72 module represents a novel actionable pathway for selective targeting of cancer cells with amplified centrosomes. Cancer Res; 77(18); 4785-96. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephina Sampson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Laura O'Regan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J S Dyer
- Ernest and Helen Scott Haematological Research Institute, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Fry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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195
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Chan SH, Ngeow J. Germline mutation contribution to chromosomal instability. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T33-T46. [PMID: 28808044 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability is a feature of cancer that fuels oncogenesis through increased frequency of genetic disruption, leading to loss of genomic integrity and promoting clonal evolution as well as tumor transformation. A form of genomic instability prevalent across cancer types is chromosomal instability, which involves karyotypic changes including chromosome copy number alterations as well as gross structural abnormalities such as transversions and translocations. Defects in cellular mechanisms that are in place to govern fidelity of chromosomal segregation, DNA repair and ultimately genomic integrity are known to contribute to chromosomal instability. In this review, we discuss the association of germline mutations in these pathways with chromosomal instability in the background of related cancer predisposition syndromes. We will also reflect on the impact of genetic predisposition to clinical management of patients and how we can exploit this vulnerability to promote catastrophic genomic instability as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sock Hoai Chan
- Division of Medical OncologyCancer Genetics Service, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Division of Medical OncologyCancer Genetics Service, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Oncology Academic Clinical ProgramDuke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
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196
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Booth DG, Earnshaw WC. Ki-67 and the Chromosome Periphery Compartment in Mitosis. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:906-916. [PMID: 28838621 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chromosome periphery is a complex network of proteins and RNA molecules (many derived from nucleoli) that covers the outer surface of chromosomes and whose function remains mysterious. Although it was first described over 130 years ago, technological advances and the recent discovery that Ki-67 acts as an organiser of this region have allowed the chromosome periphery to be dissected in previously unattainable detail, leading to a revival of interest in this obscure chromosomal compartment. Here, we review the most recent advances into the composition, structure and function of the chromosome periphery, discuss possible roles of Ki-67 during mitosis and consider why this structure is likely to remain the focus of ongoing attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Booth
- Centre For Neuroregeneration, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - William C Earnshaw
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
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197
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Disseminated tumour cells with highly aberrant genomes are linked to poor prognosis in operable oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:725-733. [PMID: 28728164 PMCID: PMC5572184 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosomal instability (CIN) has repeatedly been identified as a prognostic marker. Here we evaluated the percentage of aberrant genome per cell (PAG) as a measure of CIN in single disseminated tumour cells (DTC) isolated from patients with operable oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), to assess the impact of CINhigh DTCs on prognosis. METHODS We isolated CK18positive DTCs from bone marrow (BM) or lymph node (LN) preparations of operable EAC patients. After whole-genome amplification, single DTCs were analysed for chromosomal gains and losses using metaphase-based comparative genomic hybridisation (mCGH). We calculated the PAG for each DTC and determined the critical threshold value that identifies high-risk patients by STEPP (Subpopulation Treatment Effect Pattern Plot) analysis in two independent EAC patient cohorts (cohort #1, n=44; cohort #2; n=29). RESULTS The most common chromosomal alterations observed among the DTCs were typical for EAC, but the DTCs showed a varying PAG between individual patients. Generally, LNDTCs displayed a significantly higher PAG than BMDTCs. STEPP analysis revealed an increasing PAG of DTCs to be correlated with an increased risk for short survival in two independent EAC cohorts as well as in the corresponding pooled analysis. In all three data sets (cohort #1, cohort #2 and pooled cohort), PAGhigh DTCs conferred an independent risk for a significantly decreased survival. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of PAG/CIN in solitary marker-positive DTCs identifies operable EAC patients with poor prognosis, indicating a more aggressive minimal residual disease.
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198
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Yost S, de Wolf B, Hanks S, Zachariou A, Marcozzi C, Clarke M, de Voer R, Etemad B, Uijttewaal E, Ramsay E, Wylie H, Elliott A, Picton S, Smith A, Smithson S, Seal S, Ruark E, Houge G, Pines J, Kops GJ, Rahman N. Biallelic TRIP13 mutations predispose to Wilms tumor and chromosome missegregation. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1148-1151. [PMID: 28553959 PMCID: PMC5493194 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Through exome sequencing, we identified six individuals with biallelic loss-of-function mutations in TRIP13. All six developed Wilms tumor. Constitutional mosaic aneuploidies, microcephaly, developmental delay and seizures, which are features of mosaic variegated aneuploidy (MVA) syndrome, were more variably present. Through functional studies, we show that TRIP13-mutant patient cells have no detectable TRIP13 and have substantial impairment of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), leading to a high rate of chromosome missegregation. Accurate segregation, as well as SAC proficiency, is rescued by restoring TRIP13 function. Individuals with biallelic TRIP13 or BUB1B mutations have a high risk of embryonal tumors, and here we show that their cells display severe SAC impairment. MVA due to biallelic CEP57 mutations, or of unknown cause, is not associated with embryonal tumors and cells from these individuals show minimal SAC deficiency. These data provide insights into the complex relationships between aneuploidy and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Yost
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Bas de Wolf
- Hubrecht Institute – KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Hanks
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Anna Zachariou
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Chiara Marcozzi
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Matthew Clarke
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Richarda de Voer
- Hubrecht Institute – KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Banafsheh Etemad
- Hubrecht Institute – KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Uijttewaal
- Hubrecht Institute – KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Ramsay
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Harriet Wylie
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Anna Elliott
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Susan Picton
- Children's and Adolescent Oncology and Haematology Unit, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Audrey Smith
- Yorkshire Regional Clinical Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - Sarah Smithson
- Clinical Genetics Service, St Michael's Hospital, Southwell Street, Bristol, BS2 8EG, UK
| | - Sheila Seal
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Elise Ruark
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Gunnar Houge
- Center for Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonathan Pines
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Geert J.P.L. Kops
- Hubrecht Institute – KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nazneen Rahman
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK SM2 5PT, UK
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199
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Funk LC, Zasadil LM, Weaver BA. Living in CIN: Mitotic Infidelity and Its Consequences for Tumor Promotion and Suppression. Dev Cell 2017; 39:638-652. [PMID: 27997823 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Errors in chromosome segregation during mitosis have been recognized as a hallmark of tumor cells since the late 1800s, resulting in the long-standing hypothesis that mitotic abnormalities drive tumorigenesis. Recent work has shown that mitotic defects can promote tumors, suppress them, or do neither, depending on the rate of chromosome missegregation. Here we discuss the causes of chromosome missegregation, their effects on tumor initiation and progression, and the evidence that increasing the rate of chromosome missegregation may be an effective chemotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Funk
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Lauren M Zasadil
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Beth A Weaver
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, 6109 WIMR I, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA.
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200
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Cirillo L, Gotta M, Meraldi P. The Elephant in the Room: The Role of Microtubules in Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1002:93-124. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57127-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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