151
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Badran M, Shalaby K, Al-Omrani A. Influence of the flexible liposomes on the skin deposition of a hydrophilic model drug, carboxyfluorescein: dependency on their composition. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:134876. [PMID: 22536120 PMCID: PMC3334324 DOI: 10.1100/2012/134876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the effect of different flexible liposomes containing sodium cholate, Tween 80, or cineol on skin deposition of carboxyfluorescein (CF). Size distribution, morphology, zeta potential, and stability of the prepared vesicles were evaluated. The influence of these systems on the skin deposition of CF utilizing rat skin as membrane model was investigated. Results showed that all of the investigated liposomes had almost spherical shapes with low polydispersity (PDI < 0.3) and particles size range from 83 to 175 nm. All liposomal formulations exhibited negative zeta potential, good drug entrapment efficiency, and stability. In vitro skin deposition data showed that flexible liposomes gave significant deposition of CF on the skin compared to conventional liposomes and drug solutions. This study revealed that flexible liposomes, containing cineole, were able to deliver higher amount of CF suggesting that the hydrophilic drugs delivery to the skin was strictly correlated to the vesicle composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Badran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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152
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Enhancement of storage stability of cisplatin-loaded protransfersome topical drug delivery system by surface modification with block copolymer and gelling agent. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(12)50060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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153
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In vitro study of ethosome penetration in human skin and hypertrophic scar tissue. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 8:1026-33. [PMID: 22033085 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to characterize a novel transdermal delivery carrier, ethosomes containing 5-fluorouracil. The delivery of drugs from ethosomes in human hypertrophic scar (HS) and the mechanisms of action of ethosomes in human HS were investigated. Percutaneous ethosome permeation was evaluated in vitro in human HS and skin using a Franz's cell. The amount of 5-fluorouracil that permeated HS and skin after 24 hours was most abundant in ethosomes via HS (E-Scar), followed by hydroethanolic solution via HS (H-Scar), ethosomes via skin (E-Skin), and hydroethanolic solution via skin (H-Skin). The penetration of ethosomes in HS and skin was analyzed by ethosomes fluorescently labeled with rhodamine 6GO using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The fluorescence intensity after application for 24 hours was highest in E-Scar, followed by E-Skin, H-Scar, and H-Skin, which indicates the penetration of ethosomes in HS was greatest. In conclusion, we consider that ethosomes are a highly efficient carrier in HS.
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154
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Skin penetration behaviour of liposomes as a function of their composition. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 79:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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155
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Liposomal systems as drug delivery vehicles for dermal and transdermal applications. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 303:607-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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156
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Geusens B, Strobbe T, Bracke S, Dynoodt P, Sanders N, Gele MV, Lambert J. Lipid-mediated gene delivery to the skin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:199-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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157
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Ahad A, Aqil M, Kohli K, Sultana Y, Mujeeb M, Ali A. Formulation and optimization of nanotransfersomes using experimental design technique for accentuated transdermal delivery of valsartan. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 8:237-49. [PMID: 21704600 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this work was to develop and statistically optimize nanotransfersomes for enhanced transdermal of valsartan vis-à-vis traditional liposomes. Nanotransfersomes bearing valsartan were prepared by conventional rotary evaporation method and characterized for various parameters including entrapment efficiency, vesicles shape, size, size distribution, and skin permeation. In vivo antihypertensive activity conducted on Wistar rats was also taken as a measure of performance of nanotransfersomes and liposomes. Nanotransfersomes proved significantly superior in terms of amount of drug permeated in the skin, with an enhancement ratio of 33.97 ± 1.25 when compared to rigid liposomes. This was further confirmed through a confocal laser scanning microscopy study. Nanotransfersomes showed better antihypertensive activity in comparison to liposomes by virtue of better permeation through Wistar rat skin. Finally, it could be concluded that the nanotransfersomes accentuates the transdermal flux of valsartan and could be used as a carrier for effective transdermal delivery of valsartan. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this paper, the authors discuss the development and optimization of nanotransfersomes for enhanced transdermal of valsartan and demonstrate accentuated transdermal compared to standard preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ahad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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158
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Desai P, Patlolla RR, Singh M. Interaction of nanoparticles and cell-penetrating peptides with skin for transdermal drug delivery. Mol Membr Biol 2011; 27:247-59. [PMID: 21028936 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2010.522203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Topical or transdermal drug delivery is challenging because the skin acts as a natural and protective barrier. Therefore, several methods have been examined to increase the permeation of therapeutic molecules into and through the skin. One approach is to use the nanoparticulate delivery system. Starting with liposomes and other vesicular systems, several other types of nanosized drug carriers have been developed such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, polymer-based nanoparticles and magnetic nanoparticles for dermatological applications. This review article discusses how different particulate systems can interact and penetrate into the skin barrier. In this review, the effectiveness of nanoparticles, as well as possible mode of actions of nanoparticles, is presented. In addition to nanoparticles, cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-mediated drug delivery into the skin and the possible mechanism of CPP-derived delivery into the skin is discussed. Lastly, the effectiveness and possible mechanism of CPP-modified nanocarriers into the skin are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Desai
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
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159
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Song YK, Hyun SY, Kim HT, Kim CK, Oh JM. Transdermal delivery of low molecular weight heparin loaded in flexible liposomes with bioavailability enhancement: comparison with ethosomes. J Microencapsul 2011; 28:151-8. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2010.507880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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160
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Manosroi J, Lohcharoenkal W, Götz F, Werner RG, Manosroi W, Manosroi A. Transdermal Absorption Enhancement of N-Terminal Tat–GFP Fusion Protein (TG) Loaded in Novel Low-Toxic Elastic Anionic Niosomes. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:1525-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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161
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Jung E, Choi SH, Lee NK, Kang SK, Choi YJ, Shin JM, Choi K, Jung DH. Machine learning study for the prediction of transdermal peptide. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2011; 25:339-47. [PMID: 21448715 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-011-9424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop a computational method to rapidly evaluate transdermal peptides, we report approaches for predicting the transdermal activity of peptides on the basis of peptide sequence information using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). We identified 269 transdermal peptides by the phage display technique and use them as the positive controls to develop and test machine learning models. Combinations of three descriptors with neural network architectures, the number of latent variables and the kernel functions are tried in training to make appropriate predictions. The capacity of models is evaluated by means of statistical indicators including sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC score). In the ROC score-based comparison, three methods proved capable of providing a reasonable prediction of transdermal peptide. The best result is obtained by SVM model with a radial basis function and VHSE descriptors. The results indicate that it is possible to discriminate between transdermal peptides and random sequences using our models. We anticipate that our models will be applicable to prediction of transdermal peptide for large peptide database for facilitating efficient transdermal drug delivery through intact skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyoung Jung
- Insilicotech Co. Ltd., A-1101 Kolontripolis, 210 Geumgok-Dong, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam-Shi, Korea.
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162
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Knudsen NØ, Jorgensen L, Hansen J, Vermehren C, Frokjaer S, Foged C. Targeting of liposome-associated calcipotriol to the skin: effect of liposomal membrane fluidity and skin barrier integrity. Int J Pharm 2011; 416:478-85. [PMID: 21419203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many dermal diseases like psoriasis are characterized by major changes in skin barrier function, which challenge the reproducible delivery of drugs into specific layers of diseased skin. The purpose of this study was to elucidate how liposomal bilayer fluidity and barrier integrity affected the delivery of liposome-associated calcipotriol to the skin. Calcipotriol-containing gel state and liquid state dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-choline:dilauroylphosphatidylcholine liposomes were prepared by extrusion. Using Langmuir monolayers, calcipotriol was shown to affect the packing of the lipid membrane. The penetration of radioactively labeled lipid and calcipotriol into pig skin was examined using the Franz diffusion cell model, and tape stripping was applied to impose an impaired barrier. Distorting the skin barrier resulted in an enhanced penetration of lipid from both gel and liquid state liposomes. In addition, increased penetration of lipid from liquid state liposomes was observed compared to gel state liposomes into barrier-impaired skin. For barrier-impaired skin, an elevated calcipotriol-to-lipid ratio was found in the receptor fluid for both liposome compositions indicating that calcipotriol is released from the vesicles. This suggests that the liposome-mediated delivery of calcipotriol to the epidermis of diseased skin is affected by the fluidity of the liposomal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Østergaard Knudsen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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163
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Romero EL, Morilla MJ. Topical and mucosal liposomes for vaccine delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 3:356-75. [PMID: 21360692 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal (and in minor extent transcutanous) stimulation can induce local or distant mucosa secretory IgA. Liposomes and other vesicles as mucosal and transcutaneous adjuvants are attractive alternatives to parenteral vaccination. Liposomes can be massively produced under good manufacturing practices and stored for long periods, at high antigen/vesicle mass ratios. However, their uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APC) at the inductive sites remains as a major challenge. As neurotoxicity is a major concern in intranasal delivery, complexes between archaeosomes and calcium as well as cationic liposomes complexed with plasmids encoding for antigenic proteins could safely elicit secretory and systemic antigen-specific immune responses. Oral bilosomes generate intense immune responses that remain to be tested against challenge, but the admixing with toxins or derivatives is mandatory to reduce the amount of antigen. Most of the current experimental designs, however, underestimate the mucus blanket 100- to 1000-fold thicker than a 100-nm diameter liposome, which has first to be penetrated to access the underlying M cells. Overall, designing mucoadhesive chemoenzymatic resistant liposomes, or selectively targeted to M cells, has produced less relevant results than tailoring the liposomes to make them mucus penetrating. Opposing, the nearly 10 µm thickness stratum corneum interposed between liposomes and underlying APC can be surpassed by ultradeformable liposomes (UDL), with lipid matrices that penetrate up to the limit with the viable epidermis. UDL made of phospholipids and detergents, proved to be better transfection agents than conventional liposomes and niosomes, without the toxicity of ethosomes, in the absence of classical immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Lilia Romero
- Nanomedicine Research Program, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina.
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164
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165
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Sunlight triggered photodynamic ultradeformable liposomes against Leishmania braziliensis are also leishmanicidal in the dark. J Control Release 2010; 147:368-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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166
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Jătariu AN, Popa M, Peptu CA. Different particulate systems--bypass the biological barriers? J Drug Target 2010; 18:243-53. [PMID: 19883240 DOI: 10.3109/10611860903398099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The human body has adapted to defend against the aggressive biological or chemical agents. As a result, the defence mechanisms of the human body became barriers for the drug delivery. Theoretically, any problem that prevents a drug from reaching its site of action is considered to be a barrier to drug delivery. The aim of this article is to discuss the possibility of three types of nanocarriers (nanoparticles, liposomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles) to help the drugs to pass some important biological barriers (blood-brain barriers, skin, eye, and tumors) using different strategies/designs of drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca N Jătariu
- Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Technical University Gheorghe Asachi from Iasi, Iasi, Romania
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167
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Raza K, Singh B, Mahajan A, Negi P, Bhatia A, Katare OP. Design and evaluation of flexible membrane vesicles (FMVs) for enhanced topical delivery of capsaicin. J Drug Target 2010; 19:293-302. [PMID: 20615093 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2010.499464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicin, extracted from the fruits of Capsicum, is a powerful local stimulant with strong rubifacient action, devoid of vesication. Topical use of capsaicin is quite common in the treatment of various pain-associated musculo-skeletal disorders, itching and neuropathy. Despite its high pharmacodynamic potential, the patient compliance to the drug is reported to be poor owing to multiple skin problems like irritation, burning sensation, and erythma. The present study targets the encasement of drug in the interiors of flexible membrane vesicles (FMVs), as these are reported to have better penetration in the deeper layers of skin, thus leading to enhanced localization of drug and consequently, decreased skin irritation. Multilamellar drug-loaded FMVs, prepared by thin-film hydration were evaluated for their efficacy in vitro and in vivo. When compared with conventional liposomes, the formulated FMVs showed higher skin retention during ex vivo permeation studies employing LACA mice skin, higher analgesic potential using radiant tail-flick method in mice, and better flexibility in regaining their size. Being less of an irritant, these vesicular carriers were also found to be more comfortable on human skin. Thus, the capsaicin-loaded FMVs offer high potential as topical drug delivery technologies with improved patient acceptance and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisar Raza
- Drug Delivery Research Group, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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168
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El Zaafarany GM, Awad GAS, Holayel SM, Mortada ND. Role of edge activators and surface charge in developing ultradeformable vesicles with enhanced skin delivery. Int J Pharm 2010; 397:164-72. [PMID: 20599487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Transfersomes are highly efficient edge activator (EA)-based ultraflexible vesicles capable of, non-invasively, trespassing skin by virtue of their high, self-optimizing deformability. This investigation presents different approaches for the optimization of Transfersomes for enhanced transepidermal delivery of Diclofenac sodium (DS). Different methods of preparation, drug and lipid concentrations and vesicle compositions were employed, resulting in ultraflexible vesicles with diverse membrane characteristics. Evaluation of Transfersomes was implemented in terms of their shapes, sizes, entrapment efficiencies (EE%), relative deformabilities and in vitro skin permeation. Transfersomes prepared with 95:5% (w/w) (PC:EA) ratio showed highest EE% (Span 85>Span 80>Na cholate>Na deoxycholate>Tween 80). Whereas, those prepared using 85:15% (w/w) ratio showed highest deformability (Tween 80 was superior to bile salts and spans). Transfersomes were proved significantly superior in terms of, the amount of drug deposited in the skin and the amount permeated, with an enhancement ratio of 2.45, when compared to a marketed product. The study proved that the type and concentration of EA, as well as, the method of preparation had great influences on the properties of Transfersomes. Hence, optimized Transfersomes can significantly increase transepidermal flux and prolong the release of DS, when applied non-occlusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada M El Zaafarany
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Monazzamet El-wehda Elafrikeya Street, Abbasseya, Cairo, Egypt
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169
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Abstract
The main disadvantage of transdermal drug delivery is the poor penetration of most compounds into the human skin. The main barrier of the skin is located within its uppermost layer, the stratum corneum (SC). Several approaches have been developed to weaken this skin barrier. One of the approaches for increasing the skin penetration of drugs and many cosmetic chemicals is the use of vesicular systems, such as, liposomes and ethosomes. Ethosomes are phospholipid-based elastic nanovesicles containing a high content of ethanol (20-45%). Ethanol is known as an efficient permeation enhancer and has been added in the vesicular systems to prepare elastic nanovesicles. It can interact with the polar head group region of the lipid molecules, resulting in the reduction of the melting point of the stratum corneum lipid, thereby increasing lipid fluidity and cell membrane permeability. The high flexibility of vesicular membranes from the added ethanol permits the elastic vesicles to squeeze themselves through the pores, which are much smaller than their diameters. Ethosomal systems are much more efficient in delivering substances to the skin in the terms of quantity and depth, than either conventional liposomes or hydroalcoholic solutions. The scope of this small review is to introduce the novel concept of ethosomes and to describe some approaches and mechanisms of stimulating topical and transdermal products with ethosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh - 281 001, India
| | - K. Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh - 281 001, India
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170
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Kim DK, Park JC, Chang IH, Kang C, Ryu SR, Shin SC. Enhanced Controlled Transdermal Delivery of Hydrochlorothiazide from an Ethylene-vinyl Acetate Matrix. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2010. [DOI: 10.4333/kps.2010.40.3.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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171
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Legoabe LJ, N'Da DD, Breytenbach JC, du Preez JL, du Plessis J. Synthesis and transdermal permeation of novel N4-methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) carbamates of cytarabine. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010; 36:1477-85. [PMID: 20560790 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2010.488646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytarabine is a deoxycytidine analogue commonly used in the treatment of hematological malignant diseases. Its clinical utility, however, is severely limited by its short plasma half-life because of the catabolic action of nucleoside deaminases. METHOD In this study, N(4)-carbamate derivatives of cytarabine (1) were synthesized and evaluated for transdermal penetration because this mode of administration may circumvent its limitations. The synthesis of these compounds was achieved in a two-step process. First, the methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) was activated by p-nitrophenyl chloroformate. Second, the activated intermediates were reacted with cytarabine in the presence of N-hydroxysuccinamide to give the N(4)-methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) carbamate derivatives. The transdermal flux values of the N(4)-carbamates of cytarabine were determined in vitro by Franz diffusion cell methodology. Aqueous solubility and log D (pH 7.4) values were determined and assessed for correlation with transdermal flux values. RESULTS The synthesized carbamates, particularly, (9)-(13), showed increased solubility in both aqueous and lipid media. Log D values decreased as the oxyethylene chain lengthened. CONCLUSION Although none of the derivatives showed significantly higher transdermal penetration than cytarabine (1), it should be mentioned that the mean for cytarabine N(4)-methoxyethyleneoxycarbamate (8) was 10 times higher and the median was 2 times higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesetja J Legoabe
- Unit for Drug Research and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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172
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Kim J, Shim J, Kim YJ, Char K, Suh KD, Kim JW. The Design of Polymer-based Nanocarriers for Effective Transdermal Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2010; 10:1171-6. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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173
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Zakir F, Vaidya B, Goyal AK, Malik B, Vyas SP. Development and characterization of oleic acid vesicles for the topical delivery of fluconazole. Drug Deliv 2010; 17:238-48. [DOI: 10.3109/10717541003680981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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174
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SINGH HP, TIWARY AK, JAIN S. Preparation and in Vitro, in Vivo Characterization of Elastic Liposomes Encapsulating Cyclodextrin-Colchicine Complexes for Topical Delivery of Colchicine. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2010; 130:397-407. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.130.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok Kumar TIWARY
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University
| | - Subheet JAIN
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University
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175
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Azarbayjani AF, Tan EH, Chan YW, Chan SY. Transdermal delivery of haloperidol by proniosomal formulations with non-ionic surfactants. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 32:1453-8. [PMID: 19652389 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proniosomal formulations with non-ionic surfactant were studied. The effect of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of one or two surfactants on drug solubility, proniosome surface structure and stability and skin permeation of haloperidol from different formulations were investigated. Haloperidol (HP) was entrapped in proniosomes with very high efficiency for all formulations. Stability studies performed at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C for a period of 6 weeks did not reveal any significant drug leakage (p>0.05). Formulations with single surfactants were found to increase the skin permeation of HP more than formulations containing two surfactants. The number of carbons in the alkyl chain of the non-ionic surfactant influenced the in vitro permeation of HP though the epidermis and the skin permeation was increased with increase in hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of the surfactant. Interfacial tension and surfactant hydrophobicity appeared to be useful for elucidating mechanism of skin permeation and for comparing drug fluxes from different proniosomal formulations.
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176
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Abstract
Abstract
Using liposomes to deliver drugs to and through human skin is controversial, as their function varies with type and composition. Thus they may act as drug carriers controlling release of the medicinal agent. Alternatively, they may provide a localized depot in the skin so minimizing systemic effects or can be used for targeting delivery to skin appendages (hair follicles and sweat glands). Liposomes may also enhance transdermal drug delivery, increasing systemic drug concentrations. With such a multiplicity of functions, it is not surprising that mechanisms of liposomal delivery of therapeutic agents to and through the skin are unclear. Accordingly, this article provides an overview of the modes and mechanisms of action of different vesicles as drug delivery vectors in human skin. Our conclusion is that vesicles, depending on the composition and method of preparation, can vary with respect to size, lamellarity, charge, membrane fluidity or elasticity and drug entrapment. This variability allows for multiple functions ranging from local to transdermal effects. Application to dissimilar skins (animal or human) via diverse protocols may reveal different mechanisms of action with possible vesicle skin penetration reaching different depths, from surface assimilation to (rarely) the viable tissue and subsequent systemic absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal M M El Maghraby
- The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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177
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Weiss-Angeli V, Bourgeois S, Pelletier J, Guterres SS, Fessi H, Bolzinger MA. Development of an original method to study drug release from polymeric nanocapsules in the skin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:35-45. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.01.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the distribution and release profile in the skin of a lipophilic model molecule, octylmethoxycinnamate (OMC), loaded in poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocapsules (NC) by the Franz cell method.
Methods
Nanocapsules were formulated in a hydroxyethylcellulose gel and compared to the same gel containing 5% of free OMC as control. A new extraction method was used to discriminate the OMC still entrapped in the NC from free OMC released in the skin strata. The OMC extraction from the skin was performed using acetonitrile, which broke the NC, or isopropyl myristate, which kept the NC intact.
Key findings
When isopropylmyristate was used to determine the OMC released from NC, the results showed that more than 80% of the OMC was released from the NC at the skin surface after 6 h, whereas only 30% was released in the stratum corneum and epidermis.
Conclusions
It is suggested that the mechanism of release is different at the surface and in viable skin, probably due to the different local environments surrounding the NC. The small amount of OMC that reached the dermis was no longer encapsulated, suggesting that the NC did not reach the dermis. The viable epidermis seemed to be the limiting barrier against NC diffusion into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Weiss-Angeli
- Department for the Postgraduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil, France
| | - Sandrine Bourgeois
- Université de Lyon F-69000, Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ISPB – Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, F-69008, Lyon, UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jocelyne Pelletier
- Université de Lyon F-69000, Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ISPB – Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, F-69008, Lyon, UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Department for the Postgraduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil, France
| | - Hatem Fessi
- Université de Lyon F-69000, Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ISPB – Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, F-69008, Lyon, UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger
- Université de Lyon F-69000, Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ISPB – Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, F-69008, Lyon, UMR CNRS 5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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Abstract
Elastic liposomes have been developed and evaluated as novel topical and transdermal delivery systems. They are similar to conventional liposomes but with the incorporation of an edge activator in the lipid bilayer structure to provide elasticity. Elastic liposomes are applied non-occluded to the skin and have been shown to permeate through the stratum corneum lipid lamellar regions as a result of the hydration or osmotic force in the skin. They have been investigated as drug carriers for a range of small molecules, peptides, proteins and vaccines, both in vitro and in vivo. Following topical application, structural changes in the stratum corneum have been identified and intact elastic liposomes visualised within the stratum corneum lipid lamellar regions, but no intact liposomes have been identified in the deeper viable tissues. The method by which they transport their drug payload into and through the skin has been investigated but remains an area of contention. This chapter provides an overview of the development, characterisation and evaluation of elastic liposomes for delivery into and via the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A E Benson
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA, Australia
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179
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Kang MJ, Eum JY, Jeong MS, Choi SE, Park SH, Cho HI, Cho CS, Seo SJ, Lee MW, Choi YW. Facilitated skin permeation of oregonin by elastic liposomal formulations and suppression of atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:100-6. [PMID: 20045944 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
To develop an external preparation of oregonin (ORG) for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD), conventional creams (CC) and elastic liposomes (EL) containing ORG have been formulated and examined for their in vitro skin permeation properties and in vivo therapeutic efficacy assessments. EL, consisting of soybean phosphatidylcholine and Tween 80 (85 : 15 w/w %), were of flexible nanocarriers: they were about 130 nm in size and had a 4-fold greater deformability index than conventional liposomes. In a skin permeation study using a Franz diffusion cell mounted with depilated mouse skin, liposomal systems were superior to cream, revealing greater flux values. Both CC and EL were diversified with the addition of Trans-activating transcriptional activator (Tat) peptide, a sort of cell penetrating peptide, and subjected to in vivo efficacy evaluations in NC/Nga mice with AD-like lesions. On clinical observation for skin severity, rapid and profound improvement was observed in the treatment group with Tat-added liposomes (EL/T), showing a significant difference (p<0.05) versus Tat-added cream. The results indicated that EL/T treatment is effective for normalizing the immune-related responses and alleviating AD, evaluated as changes in the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin (IL)-4, immunoglobulin E (IgE), and eosinophils in skin or blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Joo Kang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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180
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Madsen HB, Ifversen P, Madsen F, Brodin B, Hausser I, Nielsen HM. In vitro cutaneous application of ISCOMs on human skin enhances delivery of hydrophobic model compounds through the stratum corneum. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:728-39. [PMID: 19862629 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of a novel kind of immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs) on human skin penetration of model compounds in vitro to evaluate their potential as a delivery system, ultimately for transcutaneous vaccination. Special focus was on elucidating the mechanisms of penetration. Preparation of ISCOMs was done by dialysis and subsequent purification in a sucrose density gradient. The penetration pathways of acridine-labeled ISCOMs were visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to evaluate the ultrastructural changes in the skin after application of the ISCOMs with or without hydration. Transcutaneous permeation of the model compound, methyl nicotinate, was evaluated in diffusion cells. The prepared ISCOMs were 42-52 nm in diameter as evaluated by dynamic light scattering with zeta potentials of -33 to -26.1 mV. TEM investigations verified the presence of ISCOM structures. Penetration of acridine into skin was greatly increased by incorporation into ISCOMs as visualized by CLSM. Permeation of methyl nicotinate was enhanced in the presence of ISCOMs. Ultrastructural changes of the intercellular space in the stratum corneum after exposure of ISCOMs were observed on micrographs, especially for hydrated skin. In conclusion, cutaneous application of ISCOMs leads to increased penetration of hydrophobic model compounds through human stratum corneum and thus shows potential as a transcutaneous delivery system. The increased penetration seems to be reflected by a change in the intercellular space between the corneocytes, and the effect is most likely caused by the components of the ISCOMs rather than intact ISCOMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Baun Madsen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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181
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Sagar GH, Bellare JR. Estimation of Mechanical Strength of Unilamellar and Multilamellar AOT/Water Vesicles and Their Rupture Using Micropipet Aspiration. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:13805-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jp902909z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Hema Sagar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai - 400076 India
| | - Jayesh R. Bellare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai - 400076 India
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182
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Karande P, Mitragotri S. Enhancement of transdermal drug delivery via synergistic action of chemicals. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:2362-73. [PMID: 19733150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is an attractive alternative to conventional techniques for administration of systemic therapeutics. One challenge in designing transdermal drug delivery systems is to overcome the natural transport barrier of the skin. Chemicals offer tremendous potential in overcoming the skin barrier to enhance transport of drug molecules. Individual chemicals are however limited in their efficacy in disrupting the skin barrier at low concentrations and usually cause skin irritation at high concentrations. Multicomponent mixtures of chemicals, however, have been shown to provide high skin permeabilization potency as compared to individual chemicals without necessarily causing irritation. Here we review systems employing synergistic mixtures of chemicals that offer superior skin permeation enhancement. These synergistic systems include solvent mixtures, microemulsions, eutectic mixtures, complex self-assembled vesicles and inclusion complexes. Methods for design and discovery of such synergistic systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Karande
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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183
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Samuelsson K, Simonsson C, Jonsson CA, Westman G, Ericson MB, Karlberg AT. Accumulation of FITC nearstratum corneum-visualizing epidermal distribution of a strong sensitizer using two-photon microscopy. Contact Dermatitis 2009; 61:91-100. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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184
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185
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Manconi M, Mura S, Sinico C, Fadda A, Vila A, Molina F. Development and characterization of liposomes containing glycols as carriers for diclofenac. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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186
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Singh HP, Utreja P, Tiwary AK, Jain S. Elastic liposomal formulation for sustained delivery of colchicine: in vitro characterization and in vivo evaluation of anti-gout activity. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:54-64. [PMID: 19191031 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Colchicine, an alkaloid found in extracts of the plants Colchicum autumnale and Gloriosa superb, is effective in the treatment of acute gout and dermatological conditions like leuko-cytoclastic vasculitis, psoriasis, and Sweet's syndrome. Oral administration of colchicine is associated with gastrointestinal side effects and its accumulation in the body leads to bone marrow suppression. In the present study, an attempt has been made for development and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of elastic liposomal formulation for topical delivery of colchicine. The in vitro skin permeation study across rat skin found transdermal flux for different elastic liposomal formulations to range between 32.8 +/- 1.2 and 44.4 +/- 1.9 microg h(-1) cm(-2), which was approximately seven to 11 times higher than obtained using drug solution (4.3 +/- 0.6 microg h(-1) cm(-2)). The results of skin deposition study showed that elastic liposomal formulation provide 12.5-fold higher skin deposition as compared to drug solution of colchicine. Confocal laser scanning microscopy also revealed better accumulation and deeper penetration (up to 200 microm) of elastic liposomes than drug solution (up to 12 microm). The biological evaluation of various vesicular formulations and drug solution was carried out using monosodium urate-induced air pouch model. The results of anti-gout activity in rats showed better and sustained biological effects in 24 h measured in terms of exudate volume (63.1 +/- 5.7% and 9.6 +/- 0.5% reduction with elastic liposomes and drug solution, respectively), reduction in leukocyte count (74.2 +/- 6.0% and 4.1 +/- 0.3% reduction with elastic liposomes and drug solution, respectively), decrease in inflammatory cells accumulation, and collagen deposition with elastic liposomal formulation than drug solution. Hence, the present study reveals that elastic liposomal formulation of colchicine possesses greater potential to enhance skin accumulation, prolong drug release, and improve the site-specificity of colchicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardevinder Pal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
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187
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El Maghraby G, Barry B, Williams A. Liposomes and skin: From drug delivery to model membranes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2008; 34:203-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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188
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Bender J, Simonsson C, Smedh M, Engström S, Ericson MB. Lipid cubic phases in topical drug delivery: Visualization of skin distribution using two-photon microscopy. J Control Release 2008; 129:163-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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189
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Cosco D, Celia C, Cilurzo F, Trapasso E, Paolino D. Colloidal carriers for the enhanced delivery through the skin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:737-55. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.7.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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190
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Liu J, Gong T, Fu H, Wang C, Wang X, Chen Q, Zhang Q, He Q, Zhang Z. Solid lipid nanoparticles for pulmonary delivery of insulin. Int J Pharm 2008; 356:333-44. [PMID: 18281169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Growing attention has been given to the potential of pulmonary route as an alternative for non-invasive systemic delivery of therapeutic agents. In this study, novel nebulizer-compatible solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for pulmonary drug delivery of insulin were developed by reverse micelle-double emulsion method. The influences of the amount of sodium cholate (SC) and soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC) on the deposition properties of the nanoparticles were investigated. Under optimal conditions, the entrapment delivery (ED), respirable fraction (RF) and nebulization efficiency (NE) of SLNs could reach 96.53, 82.11 and 63.28%, respectively, and Ins-SLNs remained stable during nebulization. Fasting plasma glucose level was reduced to 39.41% and insulin level was increased to approximately 170 microIU/ml 4h after pulmonary administration of 20 IU/kg Ins-SLNs. A pharmacological bioavailability of 24.33% and a relative bioavailability of 22.33% were obtained using subcutaneous injection as a reference. Incorporating fluorescent-labelled insulin into SLNs, we found that the SLNs were effectively and homogeneously distributed in the lung alveoli. These findings suggested that SLNs could be used as a potential carrier for pulmonary delivery of insulin by improving both in vitro and in vivo stability as well as prolonging hypoglycemic effect, which inevitably resulted in enhanced bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, No. 17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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191
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Qiu Y, Gao Y, Hu K, Li F. Enhancement of skin permeation of docetaxel: a novel approach combining microneedle and elastic liposomes. J Control Release 2008; 129:144-50. [PMID: 18538885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A combination method of using microneedle pretreatment and elastic liposomes was developed to increase skin permeation of drugs with high molecular weight and poor water solubility. Docetaxel (DTX, MW=807.9) was chosen as a model drug. DTX liposomal systems with and without elastic properties were prepared and characterized. The effect of the developed formulations on the permeation of DTX across both rat and porcine skin was investigated in vitro. The combination effect of microneedle pretreatment and elastic liposomes on the permeability of DTX was evaluated using porcine skin in vitro. The following results were obtained: (1) Elastic liposomes loaded with DTX can enhance transdermal delivery of DTX without microneedle treatment. (2) An enhanced transdermal flux (1.3-1.4 microg/cm(2)/h) for DTX from all liposomal formulations was observed after microneedle treatment. Importantly, the lag time obtained following the application of elastic liposomes through microneedle-treated skin was decreased by nearly 70% compared with that obtained from conventional liposomes. These results suggest that the combination of elastic liposomes with microneedle pretreatment can be a useful method to increase skin permeation of drugs with high molecular weight and poor water solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
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192
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Moraes ML, Baptista MS, Itri R, Zucolotto V, Oliveira ON. Immobilization of liposomes in nanostructured layer-by-layer films containing dendrimers. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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193
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Fang YP, Tsai YH, Wu PC, Huang YB. Comparison of 5-aminolevulinic acid-encapsulated liposome versus ethosome for skin delivery for photodynamic therapy. Int J Pharm 2008; 356:144-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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194
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Bendas ER, Tadros MI. Enhanced transdermal delivery of salbutamol sulfate via ethosomes. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007; 8:E107. [PMID: 18181528 PMCID: PMC2750693 DOI: 10.1208/pt0804107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the present work was to compare the transdermal delivery of salbutamol sulfate (SS), a hydrophilic drug used as a bronchodilator, from ethosomes and classic liposomes containing different cholesterol and dicetylphosphate concentrations. All the systems were characterized for shape, particle size, and entrapment efficiency percentage, by image analysis optical microscopy or transmission electron microscopy, laser diffraction, and ultracentrifugation, respectively. In vitro drug permeation via a synthetic semipermeable membrane or skin from newborn mice was studied in Franz diffusion cells. The selected systems were incorporated into Pluronic F 127 gels and evaluated for both drug permeation and mice skin deposition. In all systems, the presence of spherical-shaped vesicles was predominant. The vesicle size was significantly decreased (P < .05) by decreasing cholesterol concentration and increasing dicetylphosphate and ethanol concentrations. The entrapment efficiency percentage was significantly increased (P < .05) by increasing cholesterol, dicetylphosphate, and ethanol concentrations. In vitro permeation studies of the prepared gels containing the selected vesicles showed that ethosomal systems were much more efficient at delivering SS into mice skin (in terms of quantity and depth) than were liposomes or aqueous or hydroalcoholic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab R. Bendas
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mina I. Tadros
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
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195
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Montanari J, Perez AP, Di Salvo F, Diz V, Barnadas R, Dicelio L, Doctorovich F, Morilla MJ, Romero EL. Photodynamic ultradeformable liposomes: Design and characterization. Int J Pharm 2007; 330:183-94. [PMID: 17157460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobic ([tetrakis(2,4-dimetil-3-pentyloxi)-phthalocyaninate]zinc(II)) (ZnPc) and hydrophilic ([tetrakis(N,N,N-trimethylammoniumetoxi)-phthalocyaninate]zinc(II) tetraiodide) (ZnPcMet) phthalocyanines were synthesized and loaded in ultradeformable liposomes (UDL) of soybean phosphatidylcholine and sodium cholate (6:1, w/w, ratio), resulting 100 nm mean size vesicles of negative Zeta potential, with encapsulation efficiencies of 85 and 53%, enthalpy of phase transition of 5.33 and 158 J/mmol for ZnPc and ZnPcMet, respectively, indicating their deep and moderate partition into UD matrices. Matrix elasticity of UDL-phthalocyanines resulted 28-fold greater than that of non-UDL, leaking only 25% of its inner aqueous content after passage through a nanoporous barrier versus 100% leakage for non-UDL. UDL-ZnPc made ZnPc soluble in aqueous buffer while kept the monomeric state, rendering singlet oxygen quantum yield (Phi(Delta)) similar to that obtained in ethanol (0.61), whereas UDL-ZnPcMet had a four-fold higher Phi(Delta) than that of free ZnPcMet (0.21). Free phthalocyanines were non-toxic at 1 and 10 microM, both in dark or upon irradiation at 15 J/cm2 on Vero and J-774 cells (MTT assay). Only liposomal ZnPc at 10 microM was toxic for J-774 cells under both conditions. Additionally, endo-lysosomal confinement of the HPTS dye was kept after irradiation at 15 J/cm2 in the presence of UDL-phtalocyanines. This could lead to improve effects of singlet oxygen against intra-vesicular pathogen targets inside the endo-lysosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Montanari
- Laboratorio de Diseño de Estrategias de Targeting de Drogas (LDTD), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 180, Bernal B1876BXD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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196
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Elsayed MMA, Abdallah OY, Naggar VF, Khalafallah NM. Lipid vesicles for skin delivery of drugs: reviewing three decades of research. Int J Pharm 2006; 332:1-16. [PMID: 17222523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since liposomes were first shown to be of potential value for topical therapy by Mezei and Gulasekharam in 1980, studies continued towards further investigation and development of lipid vesicles as carriers for skin delivery of drugs. Despite this long history of intensive research, lipid vesicles are still considered as a controversial class of dermal and transdermal carriers. Accordingly, this article provides an overview of the development of lipid vesicles for skin delivery of drugs, with special emphasis on recent advances in this field, including the development of deformable liposomes and ethosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M A Elsayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, El-Khartoum Square, El-Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
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197
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Elsayed MMA, Abdallah OY, Naggar VF, Khalafallah NM. Deformable liposomes and ethosomes: mechanism of enhanced skin delivery. Int J Pharm 2006; 322:60-6. [PMID: 16806755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite intensive research, the mechanisms by which vesicular systems deliver drugs into intact skin are not yet fully understood. In the current study, possible mechanisms by which deformable liposomes and ethosomes improve skin delivery of ketotifen under non-occlusive conditions were investigated. In vitro permeation and skin deposition behavior of deformable liposomes and ethosomes, having ketotifen both inside and outside the vesicles (no separation of free ketotifen), having ketotifen only inside the vesicles (free ketotifen separated) and having ketotifen only outside the vesicles (ketotifen solution added to empty vesicles), was studied using rabbit pinna skin. Results suggested that both the penetration enhancing effect and the intact vesicle permeation into the stratum corneum might play a role in improving skin delivery of drugs by deformable liposomes, under non-occlusive conditions, and that the penetration enhancing effect was of greater importance in case of ketotifen. Regarding ethosomes, results indicated that ketotifen should be incorporated in ethosomal vesicles for optimum skin delivery. Ethosomes were not able to improve skin delivery of non-entrapped ketotifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M A Elsayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, El-Khartoum Square, El-Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
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