Structural basis for endosomal targeting by the Bro1 domain

LIN-12/Notch trafficking and regulation of DSL ligand activity during vulval induction inCaenorhabditis elegans

A novel mode of crosstalk between the EGFR-Ras-MAPK and LIN-12/Notch pathways occurs during the patterning of a row of vulval precursor cells(VPCs) in Caenorhabditis elegans: activation of the EGFR-Ras-MAPK pathway in the central VPC promotes endocytosis and degradation of LIN-12 protein. LIN-12 downregulation in the central VPC is a prerequisite for the activity of the lateral signal, which activates LIN-12 in neighboring VPCs. Here we characterize cis-acting targeting sequences in the LIN-12 intracellular domain and find that in addition to a di-leucine motif,serine/threonine residues are important for internalization and lysine residues are important for post-internalization trafficking and degradation. We also identify two trans-acting factors that are required for post-internalization trafficking and degradation: ALX-1, a homolog of yeast Bro1p and mammalian Alix and the WWP-1/Su(dx)/Itch ubiquitin ligase. By examining the effects of mutated forms of LIN-12 and reduced wwp-1or alx-1 activity on subcellular localization and activity of LIN-12,we provide evidence that the lateral signal-inhibiting activity of LIN-12 resides in the extracellular domain and occurs at the apical surface of the VPCs.

Structural characterization of the MIT domain from human Vps4b

The microtubule interacting and trafficking (MIT) domain is a small protein module of unknown function that is conserved in proteins of diverse function, such as Vps4, sorting nexin 15 (SNX15), and spastin. One non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism was reported, which results in a Ile58-to-Met (I58M) substitution in hVps4b. Here, we have determined the solution structure of the MIT domain isolated from the NH(2)-terminus of human Vps4b, an AAA-ATPase involved in multivesicular body formation. The MIT domain adopts an 'up-and-down' three-helix bundle. Comparison with the sequences of other MIT domains clearly shows that the residues involved in inter-helical contacts are well conserved. The Ile58-to-Met substitution resulted a substantial thermal instability. In addition, we found a shallow crevice between helices A and C that may serve as a protein-binding site. We propose that the MIT domain serves as a putative adaptor domain for the ESCRT-III complex involved in endosomal trafficking.