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Babur Guler G, Dogan AC, Kalkan AK, Demir AR, Uygur B, Birant A, Zencirkiran Agus H, Pastore MC, Memiç K, Uzun F, Cameli M, Erturk M. Does patent foramen ovale presence procure favourable outcomes in patients with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis? Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 37:2871-2879. [PMID: 34109513 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-021-02257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitral stenosis (MS) is tolerated for an extended period in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD) known as Lutembacher syndrome due to depressurizing effect. In a similar way, patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) may have clinical benefits in severe MS. We aim to evaluate the clinical effects of PFO in rheumatic MS. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography records of the patients with symptomatic severe MS were screened for the period between 2008 and 2019 in a single center. 320 symptomatic patients with severe MS were included and presence of PFO recorded. Left atrial appendix (LAA) thrombotic status was defined as clear, spontaneous echo contrast, and thrombus. Two different statistical models were used to determine the predictors of either smallest (mitral valve area) MVA at symptomatic presentation or more thrombogenic LAA. 34 patients had PFO. Multivariable ordinary least square model demonstrated that increase in systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, ejection fraction and presence of PFO were associated with smaller MVA on presentation. Multivariable proportional odds logistic regression model demonstrated that advanced age, increased left atrial diameter, absence of PFO were associated with more thrombotic status whereas larger MVA was associated with decreased thrombotic status in LAA. Presence of PFO in severe MS results in two clinical benefits as (i) being asymptomatic with smaller MVA and (ii) having less LAA thrombosis probably caused by depressurizing effect on the left atrial pressure. Our study could serve as an example for patient groups with expected symptomatic benefits from left atrium pressure offloading interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Babur Guler
- Cardiology Department, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic And Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, University Of Health Sciences Istanbul, Turgut Ozal Bulvarı no:11, 34303, Istanbul, Küçükçekmece, Turkey.
| | - Arda Can Dogan
- Cardiology Department, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic And Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, University Of Health Sciences Istanbul, Turgut Ozal Bulvarı no:11, 34303, Istanbul, Küçükçekmece, Turkey
| | - Ali Kemal Kalkan
- Cardiology Department, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic And Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, University Of Health Sciences Istanbul, Turgut Ozal Bulvarı no:11, 34303, Istanbul, Küçükçekmece, Turkey
| | - Ali Rıza Demir
- Cardiology Department, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic And Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, University Of Health Sciences Istanbul, Turgut Ozal Bulvarı no:11, 34303, Istanbul, Küçükçekmece, Turkey
| | - Begum Uygur
- Cardiology Department, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic And Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, University Of Health Sciences Istanbul, Turgut Ozal Bulvarı no:11, 34303, Istanbul, Küçükçekmece, Turkey
| | - Ali Birant
- Cardiology Department, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic And Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, University Of Health Sciences Istanbul, Turgut Ozal Bulvarı no:11, 34303, Istanbul, Küçükçekmece, Turkey
| | - Hicaz Zencirkiran Agus
- Cardiology Department, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic And Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, University Of Health Sciences Istanbul, Turgut Ozal Bulvarı no:11, 34303, Istanbul, Küçükçekmece, Turkey
| | - Maria Concetta Pastore
- Department of Medical Biotecnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Kadriye Memiç
- Cardiology Department, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic And Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, University Of Health Sciences Istanbul, Turgut Ozal Bulvarı no:11, 34303, Istanbul, Küçükçekmece, Turkey
| | - Fatih Uzun
- Cardiology Department, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic And Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, University Of Health Sciences Istanbul, Turgut Ozal Bulvarı no:11, 34303, Istanbul, Küçükçekmece, Turkey
| | - Matteo Cameli
- Department of Medical Biotecnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mehmet Erturk
- Cardiology Department, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic And Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital, University Of Health Sciences Istanbul, Turgut Ozal Bulvarı no:11, 34303, Istanbul, Küçükçekmece, Turkey
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152
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Tateishi Y, Ueno Y, Tsujino A, Kuriki A, Kamiya Y, Shimizu T, Doijiri R, Yamaguchi E, Kikuno M, Shimada Y, Takekawa H, Koga M, Ihara M, Hirata K, Hasegawa Y, Toyoda K, Hattori N, Urabe T. Cardiac and Echocardiographic Markers in Cryptogenic Stroke with Incidental Patent Foramen Ovale. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105892. [PMID: 34107415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Some cardiac abnormalities could be a substrate for potential embolic source in cryptogenic stroke (CS). We evaluated whether cardiac and echocardiographic markers were associated with CS in patients with incidental patent foramen ovale (PFO) as defined using the Risk of Paradoxical Embolism (RoPE) score. MATERIALS AND METHODS Among 677 patients enrolled in a multicenter observational CS registry, 300 patients (44%) had PFOs detected by transesophageal echocardiography. They were classified into probable PFO-related stroke (RoPE score>6, n = 32) and stroke with incidental PFO (RoPE score≤6, n = 268) groups, and clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, cardiac and echocardiographic markers (i.e. brain natriuretic peptide, left atrial [LA] diameter, ejection fraction, early transmitral flow velocity/early diastolic tissue Doppler imaging velocity [E/e'], LA appendage flow velocity, spontaneous echo contrast, atrial septal aneurysm, substantial PFO, and aortic arch plaques), stroke recurrence, and excellent outcome (modified Rankin scale score <2) at discharge were compared. Risk factors for low RoPE scores were determined using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Higher brain natriuretic peptide levels (p = 0.032), LA enlargement (p < 0.001), higher E/e' (p = 0.001), lower LA appendage flow velocity (p < 0.001), non-substantial PFO (p = 0.021), and aortic arch plaques (p = 0.002) were associated with the low RoPE score group. Patients with high RoPE scores had excellent outcomes (58% versus 78%, p = 0.035). LA enlargement (age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio, 1.15; 95 % confidence interval, 1.00-1.32; p = 0.039) was an independent predictor of low RoPE scores. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal cardiac substrate could be associated with CS occurrence in a subset of patients with PFO. Patients with CS who had incidental PFO may be at risk of cardioembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Tateishi
- Department of Neurology and Strokology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Yuji Ueno
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akira Tsujino
- Department of Neurology and Strokology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Ayako Kuriki
- Department of Neurology, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kamiya
- Department of Neurology, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Doijiri
- Department of Neurology, Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital, Iwate, Japan.
| | - Eriko Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital, Iwate, Japan.
| | - Muneaki Kikuno
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Shimada
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
| | | | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Koichi Hirata
- Department of Neurology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Hasegawa
- Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan; Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, Shin-yurigaoka General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takao Urabe
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
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153
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Pöyhönen P, Kuusisto J, Pirinen J, Räty H, Lehmonen L, Paakkanen R, Martinez-Majander N, Gerdts E, Putaala J, Sinisalo J, Järvinen V. Right atrium and cryptogenic ischaemic stroke in the young: a case-control study. Open Heart 2021; 8:openhrt-2021-001596. [PMID: 34006504 PMCID: PMC8137166 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2021-001596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies suggest left atrial (LA) dysfunction in cryptogenic stroke. We studied the dynamics of right atrium (RA) and right atrial appendage (RAA) in young adults with cryptogenic stroke. We hypothesised that bi-atrial dysfunction and blood stagnation might contribute to thrombosis formation in patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO), as deep venous thrombosis is detected only in the minority of patients. Methods Thirty patients (aged 18–49) with a first-ever cryptogenic stroke and 30 age-matched and sex-matched stroke-free controls underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. An approach to estimate the RAA volume was developed, using crista terminalis and pectinate muscles as anatomical landmarks. Atrial expansion indices were calculated as (maximal volume – minimal volume) ×100%/minimal volume. Total pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratio (Qp/Qs) was based on phase contrast CMR. Right-to-left shunt (RLS) was evaluated with transoesophageal echocardiography in 29 patients and transcranial Doppler in 30 controls, moderate-to-severe RLS considered as clinically significant. Results We found that RA and RAA volumes were similar between patients and controls. Also, RA expansion index was similar, but RAA (95.6%±21.6% vs 108.7%±25.8%, p=0.026) and LA (126.2%±28% vs 144.9%±36.3%, p=0.023) expansion indices were lower in patients compared with controls. Seven (24%) of 29 patients had an RLS compared with 1 (3%) of 30 controls (p=0.012). Among 59 study subjects, RLS was associated with lower RA (81.9%±15.9% vs 98.5%±29.5%, p=0.030), RAA (84.7%±18% vs 105.6%±24.1%, p=0.022), LA (109.8%±18.6% vs 140.1%±33.7%, p=0.017) and LAA (median 102.9% (IQR 65.6%–121.7%) vs 229.1% (151.8%–337.5%], p=0.002) expansion indices and lower Qp/Qs ratio (0.91±0.06 vs 0.98±0.07, p=0.027). Conclusions This study suggests bi-atrial dysfunction in young adults with cryptogenic stroke, associated with moderate-to-severe RLS. Dysfunction of the atria and atrial appendages may be an additional mechanism for PFO-related stroke. Trial registration number NCT01934725.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauli Pöyhönen
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouni Kuusisto
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jani Pirinen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Internal Medicine, HUS Porvoo Hospital Area, Porvoo, Finland
| | - Heli Räty
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Lehmonen
- Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Paakkanen
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Eva Gerdts
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jukka Putaala
- Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa Järvinen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki, Finland
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154
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Beneduce A, Moroni F, Montorfano M. Suture-Mediated Percutaneous Patent Foramen Ovale Closure: A Call for Careful Imaging Assessment. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2021; 14:106-107. [PMID: 33413857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2020.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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155
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Zhu Y, Zhang J, Huang B, Liu Y, Deng Y, Weng Y, Sun R. Impact of Patent Foramen Ovale Anatomic Features on Right-to-Left Shunt in Patients with Cryptogenic Stroke. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:1289-1298. [PMID: 33541750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the morphologic characteristics of patent foramen ovale (PFO) on right-to-left shunt (RLS) in patients with PFO and cryptogenic stroke using transesophageal echocardiography and saline contrast transthoracic echocardiography (c-TTE). Of the 165 patients with PFO stroke, both the height and the length of PFO in the provoked RLS group were smaller than those in the constant RLS group. PFO height, interatrial septum mobility and proportion of atrial septal aneurysms were greater in the severe RLS group than in the mild and moderate RLS groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that PFO height and interatrial septum mobility were independent predictors of severe RLS. Multiple territorial ischemic lesions were more common in the severe RLS or constant RLS group. Our findings indicated that the severity of RLS was related to the anatomic features in PFO, inducing different cerebral ischemia lesion patterns in cryptogenic stroke patients with PFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yani Liu
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Youbin Deng
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yahui Weng
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruiying Sun
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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156
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Kuriki A, Ueno Y, Kamiya Y, Shimizu T, Doijiri R, Tateishi Y, Kikuno M, Shimada Y, Takekawa H, Yamaguchi E, Koga M, Ihara M, Ono K, Tsujino A, Hirata K, Toyoda K, Hasegawa Y, Hattori N, Urabe T. Atrial Septal Aneurysm may Cause In-Hospital Recurrence of Cryptogenic Stroke. J Atheroscler Thromb 2021; 28:514-523. [PMID: 32684557 PMCID: PMC8193779 DOI: 10.5551/jat.56440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Awareness of potentially embologenic diseases is critical to determining the prognosis of cryptogenic stroke. The clinical significance of atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) in cryptogenic stroke has not been fully studied. Therefore, we explored clinical characteristics and in-hospital recurrence in patients with ASA in cryptogenic stroke. METHODS A multicenter observational registry of cryptogenic stroke patients was conducted. We obtained baseline characteristics, radiological and laboratory findings, and echocardiographic findings, especially of embolic sources on transesophageal echocardiography. The CHALLENGE ESUS/CS (Mechanisms of Embolic Stroke Clarified by Transesophageal Echocardiography for embolic stroke of undetermined source/cryptogenic stroke) registry was recorded at http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/ (UMIN000032957). Patients' clinical characteristics were compared according to the presence of ASA, and factors associated with in-hospital stroke recurrence were assessed. RESULTS The study included 671 patients (age, 68.7±12.7 years; 450 males; median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, 2). ASA was detected in 92 patients (14%), displaying higher age (72.4±11.0 vs. 68.1 ±12.9 years, p=0.004), reduced frequency of diabetes mellitus (16% vs. 27%, p=0.030), higher frequency of right-to-left shunt (66% vs. 45%, p<0.001), and in-hospital stroke recurrence (8% vs. 3%, p=0.034). ASA was relatively associated with in-hospital recurrence (odds ratio 2.497, 95% confidence interval 0.959-6.500, p= 0.061). CONCLUSIONS The CHALLENGE ESUS/CS registry indicated that ASA was not rare in cryptogenic stroke, and ASA's clinical characteristics included higher age, reduced frequency of diabetes mellitus, and increased frequency of concomitant right-to-left shunt. ASA may be related to in-hospital stroke recurrence in cryptogenic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kuriki
- Department of Neurology, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ueno
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kamiya
- Department of Neurology, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Neurology, St.Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Doijiri
- Department of Neurology, Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yohei Tateishi
- Department of Neurology and Strokology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Muneaki Kikuno
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Shimada
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Eriko Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurology, Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital, Iwate, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Ono
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Tsujino
- Department of Neurology and Strokology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Hirata
- Department of Neurology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hasegawa
- Department of Neurology, St.Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Urabe
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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157
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Küçükosmanoğlu M, Koç AS, Sümbül HE, Koca H, Çakır Pekoz B, Koç M. Liver stiffness value obtained by point shear-wave elastography is significantly related with atrial septal defect size. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26:284-291. [PMID: 32558650 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2019.19287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The increase in volume and pressure in the right atrium (RA) and right ventricle (RV) has been shown to increase the liver stiffness (LS). In the literature, there is no information about the changes in LS value in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD). The aim of our study was to investigate the change of LS values obtained by point shear-wave elastography (pSWE) in patients with ASD and the clinical utility of pSWE for this disease. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 66 patients with ostium secundum ASD: 21 patients with no indication for ASD closure (Group I), 38 patients who underwent ASD closure (Group II), and 7 patients who had ASD with Eisenmenger syndrome (Group III). All patients underwent echocardiography and pSWE. Increased LS was accepted as ≥7 kPa. RESULTS LS values as well as transaminases, clinical signs of heart failure and functional and structural heart abnormalities (increase of RA and RV diastolic dimensions, tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient [TRPG], ASD size and decrease of ejection fraction, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion) significantly increased from Group I to Group III (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). Mean LS values for Group I, Group II, and Group III were 5.16±1.55 kPa, 7.48±1.99 kPa, and 13.9±2.58 kPa, respectively. In multivariate linear regression analysis, ASD size and TRPG were significantly associated with LS increase. Only ASD size independently predicted abnormal LS increase ≥7 kPa according to multivariate logistic regression. Clinical value of LS increase was comparable to TRPG for detection of Eisenmenger syndrome; in the receiver operating curve analysis, area under the curve was 0.995 for LS (P < 0.001) and 0.990 for TRPG (P < 0.001). At 10 kPa threshold, LS determined the Eisenmenger syndrome with 100% sensitivity and 91.5% specificity. CONCLUSION LS value assessed by pSWE was significantly increased in ASD patients with closure indication and Eisenmenger syndrome compared to patients without ASD closure indication and was comparable with TRPG in regards to Eisenmenger syndrome identification. ASD size significantly associated with LS and independently predicted abnormal LS increase ≥7 kPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Küçükosmanoğlu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Selcan Koç
- Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Erdem Sümbül
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Hasan Koca
- Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Burçak Çakır Pekoz
- Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mevlüt Koç
- Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
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158
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Nayak KR, Trieu NB, O'Dell J, Kendall S, Stanton K, Thanh Han NH, Krause D, Wessman D, Lopez J, Phi-Lee T, Adams D, Parrish JS, LanHieu N. Serial Echocardiographic Follow-up of Structural Heart Interventions Performed During Pacific Partnership Interventional Cardiology Subject Matter Exchanges From 2015 to 2017 in Da Nang, Vietnam. Mil Med 2021; 186:833-838. [PMID: 33499520 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usaa499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The U.S. Navy Medicine has a long history of conducting global health missions that foster international diplomacy through medical knowledge exchange with a goal of increasing partner nation's health care capacity. Pacific Partnership is an annual U.S. Navy-sponsored joint operation that enhances medical collaboration with participating nations throughout the Indo-Asia-Pacific region. Since 2015, a U.S. Navy Cardiology team has conducted a structural heart disease interventional workshop focused on congenital heart disease with the cardiologists at the Da Nang General Hospital, Da Nang, Vietnam. Herein, we describe the multinational collaborative project including the patient registry we developed to monitor the short- and long-term outcomes of structural heart disease interventions preformed during Pacific Partnership 2015 and 2016. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our team developed a sustainable procedural registry with the goal of following the long-term outcomes of cardiac interventions for congenital heart disease in Vietnamese patients. Specifically, the registry was designed to record the changes in symptoms referable to the cardiovascular system and for device placement-associated complications for devices placed in 2015 and 2016 and has been updated annually thereafter. RESULTS Twelve patients (age range, 7 months to 31 years) underwent successful atrial septal defect closure in 2015 without procedural complications. The follow-up rate was 75% at 1 year and 67% at 2 years, and all devices were in appropriate position with no complications identified. Fifteen patients (age range, 20-66 years) underwent successful atrial septal defect closure in 2016. The follow-up rate was 62.5% at 1 year, and all devices were in appropriate position with no complications identified. Three patients (age range, 5-25 months) underwent successful device closure of the patent ductus arteriosus in 2015 without complications. The follow-up rate was 67% in 2016 and again in 2017. Six patients (age range, 9-74 years) underwent successful patent ductus arteriosus closure in 2016 without complications. The follow-up rate was 67% in 2017, and all devices were in appropriate position with no device-related complications identified. CONCLUSIONS The development of a patient registry during these missions allowed for the longitudinal monitoring of outcomes for cardiac interventions. Notably, treated patients experienced symptomatic improvement without significant long-term procedural complications. Following patients longitudinally across medical missions is of recognized importance but remains a difficult objective to achieve for a multitude of factors including administrative and financial burdens on both the medical systems and the patients of host nations. Despite these limitations, longitudinal follow-up of patient care facilitated by a patient registry has a vital role in monitoring the quality of care provided and should be an integral part of all future global medical missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav R Nayak
- Department of Cardiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134, USA.,San Diego Heart & Vascular Associates, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.,Department of Cardiology, Scripps Mercy Hospital, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
| | - Nguyen Ba Trieu
- Department of Cardiology, Da Nang General Hospital, Da Nang 50000, Vietnam
| | | | - Shellie Kendall
- Department of Cardiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134, USA
| | - Kelly Stanton
- Department of Cardiology, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | | | - David Krause
- Department of Cardiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134, USA
| | - Dylan Wessman
- Department of Cardiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134, USA
| | - Joseph Lopez
- Department of Cardiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134, USA
| | - Trong Phi-Lee
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center Bremen, Bremen 28277, Germany
| | - David Adams
- Sonographer Emeritus, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - J Scott Parrish
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134, USA
| | - Nguyen LanHieu
- Department of Cardiology, Hanoi Medical University Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Liu F, Kong Q, Zhang X, Li Y, Liang S, Han S, Li G. Comparative analysis of the diagnostic value of several methods for the diagnosis of patent foramen ovale. Echocardiography 2021; 38:790-797. [PMID: 33870543 DOI: 10.1111/echo.15058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to compare the sensitivity and positive predictive value of contrast transcranial Doppler (c-TCD), contrast transthoracic echocardiography (c-TTE), and contrast transesophageal echocardiography (c-TEE), to determine the best method for diagnosing patent foramen ovale (PFO) and to provide a reference for the further improvement of clinical practice. We investigated 161 patients who suffered from migraines, cryptogenic stroke, TIA, and cerebral infarction of unknown cause. All patients underwent transcatheter examination, and the results of the right heart catheterization (RHC) were considered the gold standard for PFO diagnosis. The present study revealed that c-TTE with the Valsalva maneuver had a higher sensitivity in detecting PFO related right-to-left shunt (PFO-RLS), c-TCD performed similarly to c-TEE but maybe produce more false positives. Moreover, when we observed color shunt from the slit-like channel between the septum primum and the septum secundum on TEE, the positive predictive value was the highest. Patients with suspected PFO should be examined with c-TTE and c-TEE for confirmation. When there were a large number of bubbles in the left heart, especially in the presence of color shunt, the positive predictive value was the highest. The positive results of c-TCD only point out the presence of right-to-left shunt and cannot exclude extracardiac shunt, so c-TCD should not be used as a screen for PFO, additional measures such as c-TTE and c-TEE should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Qingyu Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Rongjun General Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | | | - Shimin Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Shuang Han
- Department of Doppler Ultrasonic, The First Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Guishuang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
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160
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Hockstein MA, Haycock K, Wiepking M, Lentz S, Dugar S, Siuba M. Transthoracic Right Heart Echocardiography for the Intensivist. J Intensive Care Med 2021; 36:1098-1109. [PMID: 33853435 DOI: 10.1177/08850666211003475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of critical illness on the right ventricle (RV) can be profound and RV dysfunction is associated with mortality. Intensivists are becoming more facile with bedside echocardiography, however, pedagogy has largely focused on left ventricular function. Here we review measurements of right heart function by way of echocardiographic modalities and list clinical scenarios where the RV dysfunction is a salient feature. MAIN RV dysfunction is heterogeneously defined across many domains and its diagnosis is not always clinically apparent. The RV is affected by conditions commonly seen in the ICU such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, RV ischemia, and pulmonary hypertension. Basic ultrasonographic modalities such as 2D imaging, M-mode, tissue Doppler, pulsed-wave Doppler, and continuous Doppler provide clinicians with metrics to assess RV function and response to therapy. CONCLUSION The right ventricle is impacted by various critical illnesses with substantial mortality and mortality. Focused bedside echocardiographic exams with attention to the right heart may provide intensivists insight into RV function and provide guidance for patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A Hockstein
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, 8405MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Korbin Haycock
- Department of Emergency Medicine, 4608Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Wiepking
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Surgery, 12223University of Southern California-Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Skyler Lentz
- Division of Emergency Medicine and Pulmonary Disease & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Surgery and Medicine, Larner College of 12352Medicine-University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Siddharth Dugar
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, 2569Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Siuba
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, 2569Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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161
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Horowitz MJ, Kupsky DF, El-Said HG, Alshawabkeh L, Kligerman SJ, Hsiao A. 4D Flow MRI Quantification of Congenital Shunts: Comparison to Invasive Catheterization. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging 2021; 3:e200446. [PMID: 33969306 PMCID: PMC8098085 DOI: 10.1148/ryct.2021200446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare invasive right heart catheterization with four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI for estimating shunt fraction in patients with intracardiac and extracardiac shunts. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective study, patients who underwent 4D flow MRI and invasive right heart catheterization with a shunt run between August 2015 and November 2018 were included. The primary objective was comparison of estimated shunt fraction (ratio of pulmonary-to-systemic flow, Qp/Qs) at 4D flow and catheterization. Secondary objectives included comparison of the right ventricular-to-left ventricular stroke volume ratio (RVSV/LVSV) to shunt fraction (for those with applicable shunts) and comparison of cardiac output between 4D flow and catheterization. Statistical analysis included Pearson correlation and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS A total of 33 patients met inclusion criteria (mean age, 49 years ± 16 [standard deviation]; 24 women). 4D flow measurements of Qp/Qs strongly correlated with those at catheterization (r = 0.938), and there was no bias. RVSV/LVSV correlated strongly with Qp/Qs from 4D flow (r = 0.852) and catheterization (r = 0.842). Measurements of left ventricle (Qs) and right ventricle (QP) cardiac output from 4D flow and catheterization (Fick) correlated moderately overall (r = 0.673 [Qp] and r = 0.750 [Qs]). CONCLUSION Shunt fraction measurement using 4D flow MRI compares well with that using invasive cardiac catheterization.Supplemental material is available for this article.© RSNA, 2021.
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162
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How I treat unexplained arterial thrombosis. Blood 2021; 136:1487-1498. [PMID: 32584955 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Most arterial thrombotic events have a clear atherosclerotic or cardioembolic etiology, but hematologists are frequently asked to assist in the diagnosis and management of a patient with a nonatherosclerotic and noncardioembolic arterial event, referred to here as an unexplained arterial thrombosis. Because there is an assorted list of factors that can precipitate an arterial event, we present a systematic diagnostic approach to ensure consideration of not only primary hypercoagulable disorders, but also pro-thrombotic medications or substances, vascular and anatomic abnormalities, and undiagnosed systemic disorders, such as malignancy and autoimmune diseases. We also review existing literature of the role of hypercoagulable disorders in arterial thrombosis and discuss our approach to thrombophilia workup in patients after an unexplained arterial event. We conclude with 3 representative cases to both illustrate the application of the outlined diagnostic schema and discuss common management considerations, specifically the selection of anticoagulation vs antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention.
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163
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Filomena D, Cimino S, Maestrini V, Monosilio S, Birtolo LI, Vicenzini E, Mancone M, Fedele F, Agati L. The evolving role of echocardiography in the assessment of patent foramen ovale in patients with left-side thromboembolism. Echocardiography 2021; 38:657-675. [PMID: 33740289 DOI: 10.1111/echo.15018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is the most common congenital cardiac abnormality found approximately in 25% of the adult population The pathophysiological role of paradoxical embolization through the PFO in ischemic stroke is well established. "Self-expanding double disk" and, more recently, suture-based "deviceless" systems are used for PFO closure in the setting of secondary prevention after ischemic stroke likely related to paradoxical embolization. Ultrasound plays a significant role in PFO assessment, indication to treatment, intra-procedural guidance, and follow-up for those undergoing PFO closure. Three different techniques are frequently used for these purposes: transesophageal echocardiography, transthoracic echocardiogram, and transcranial Doppler. In this review, advantages and limits of these techniques are discussed in detail to improve our skills in detection and treatment of this important condition by using ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Filomena
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Cimino
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Monosilio
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Ilaria Birtolo
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vicenzini
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Mancone
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fedele
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Agati
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
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Jin X, Hummel YM, Tay WT, Nauta JF, Bamadhaj NSS, van Melle JP, Lam CSP, Voors AA, Hoendermis ES. Short- and long-term haemodynamic consequences of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale. Neth Heart J 2021; 29:402-408. [PMID: 33594591 PMCID: PMC8271075 DOI: 10.1007/s12471-021-01543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcatheter atrial septal defect (ASD) and patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure might have opposite short- and long-term haemodynamic consequences compared with restricted interatrial shunt creation, which recently emerged as a potential treatment modality for patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Given the opposing approaches of ASD and PFO closure versus shunt creation, we investigated the early and sustained cardiac structural and functional changes following transcatheter ASD or PFO closure. METHODS In this retrospective study, adult secundum-type ASD and PFO patients with complete echocardiography examinations at baseline and at 1‑day and 1‑year follow-up who also underwent transcatheter closure between 2013 and 2017 at the University Medical Centre Groningen, the Netherlands were included. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients (mean age 48 ± standard deviation 16 years, 61.5% women) were included. Transcatheter ASD/PFO closure resulted in an early and persistent decrease in right ventricular systolic and diastolic function. Additionally, transcatheter ASD/PFO closure resulted in an early and sustained favourable response of left ventricular (LV) systolic function, but also in deterioration of LV diastolic function with an increase in LV filling pressure (LVFP), as assessed by echocardiography. Age (β = 0.31, p = 0.009) and atrial fibrillation (AF; β = 0.24, p = 0.03) were associated with a sustained increase in LVFP after transcatheter ASD/PFO closure estimated by mean E/e' ratio (i.e. ratio of mitral peak velocity of early filling to diastolic mitral annular velocity). In subgroup analysis, this was similar for ASD and PFO closure. CONCLUSION Older patients and patients with AF were predisposed to sustained increases in left-sided filling pressures resembling HFpEF following ASD or PFO closure. Consequently, these findings support the current concept that creating a restricted interatrial shunt might be beneficial, particularly in elderly HFpEF patients with AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Jin
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Y M Hummel
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W T Tay
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J F Nauta
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - J P van Melle
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A A Voors
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E S Hoendermis
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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165
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Tuan HX, Long PTP, Kien VD, Kramer H, Dalla-Pozza R. Cost comparison of transcatheter and operative closures for patients with secundum atrial septal defects in Vietnam. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05904. [PMID: 33490673 PMCID: PMC7809180 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to estimate and compare the costs of operative and transcatheter closure for patients with secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) in Vietnam. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study based on medical records of congenital heart diseases (CHD) patients in Da Nang Hospital, Vietnam from 2010 through 2015. All costs in this study were calculated according to a provider's perspective. All pricing data were converted into USD at the 2015 exchange rate. A total of 258 patients with secundum ASD were recruited in the study, including 35 patients treated by operative closure and 223 patients treated by transcatheter closure. The total treatment costs of the transcatheter closure group (US $3,107.9) were higher than those of the operative closure group (US $2,080.5). The cost of the procedure and medical supplies accounted for 67.3% of the total treatment cost in the operative closure group, while the cost of occlusion devices accounted for 62.2% of the total cost in the transcatheter closure group. Given the advantages of the transcatheter closure procedure, reducing occlusion device costs may increase the proportion of patients treated with this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Xuan Tuan
- Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, The Da Nang University, Da Nang city, Viet Nam
- Corresponding author.
| | - Phan The Phuoc Long
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, The Da Nang University, Da Nang city, Viet Nam
| | - Vu Duy Kien
- OnCare Medical Technology Company Limited, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Harald Kramer
- Institute of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Dalla-Pozza
- Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Großhadern Clinic, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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166
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A Large Right Ventricle and Severe Hypoxemia. Use of Bedside Transesophageal Echocardiography to Assess Cardiopulmonary Failure. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 17:112-115. [PMID: 31891302 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201904-316cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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167
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Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging and its role in the investigation of stroke: an update. J Neurol 2021; 268:2597-2604. [PMID: 33439327 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in complementary diagnostic exams have helped to clarify stroke etiology, not only by helping to confirm established stroke causes but also by unveiling new possible stroke mechanisms. Etiological investigation for cardioembolic stroke has benefited in the last years from information provided by studies analysing serum biomarkers, heart rhythm monitoring and imaging methods like cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. CMR has been particularly important for the characterization of possible new cardioembolic stroke mechanisms including atrial cardiomyopathy, silent myocardial infarction and cardiomyopathies.
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168
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Ito S, Dhesi S, Miranda WR, Geske JB, Anavekar NS, Morant K, Rihal CS, Eleid MF, Oh JK. Assessment of left ventricular filling pressure with Doppler velocities across the patent foramen ovale. J Echocardiogr 2021; 19:158-165. [PMID: 33438170 DOI: 10.1007/s12574-020-00509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utility of Doppler velocities across the patent foramen ovale (PFO) to estimate left ventricular (LV) filling pressure is not well known. METHODS The best cut-off value of peak interatrial septal velocity across a transeptal puncture site measured by transesophageal echocardiography for estimating high mean left atrial (LA) pressure (≥ 15 mmHg) was determined in 17 patients. This cut-off value was subsequently applied to 67 patients with a PFO undergoing transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for assessing the value of PFO velocity in determining LV filling pressure. RESULTS The peak systolic interatrial septal velocities significantly correlated with directly measured mean LA pressures during transcatheter mitral valve procedure (r = 0.77, P < 0.001). The best cut-off value was 1.7 m/s for predicting high LA pressure (AUC 0.91; sensitivity 90%, specificity 86%). When this cut-off was applied to patients undergoing TTE, peak PFO velocity ≥ 1.7 m/s correlated with reduced e', higher E/e', and higher tricuspid regurgitation velocity (P < 0.01). LV filling pressure according to the 2016 diastolic guideline was compared with peak PFO velocity in 51 patients. Among patients with high filling pressure according to the guidelines (n = 20), peak PFO velocity ≥ 1.7 m/s was present in 60% of patients. In patients with normal filling pressure per the guidelines (n = 31), PFO velocity < 1.7 m/s was present 84%. Sensitivity and specificity were 75% and 92%, respectively, in patients with sinus rhythm, but were only 50% and 57%, respectively, among patients with atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS Doppler-derived peak PFO velocities could be valuable in the assessment of increased LV filling pressure using 1.7 m/s as the cut-off value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Sumandeep Dhesi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Cardiology at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William R Miranda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Jeffrey B Geske
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Nandan S Anavekar
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kareem Morant
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Charanjit S Rihal
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Mackram F Eleid
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jae K Oh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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169
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Leitman M, Blondheim DS, Sabetay S, Tyomkin V. Diagnosis of patent foramen ovale using maximum intensity T-projection imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 37:1343-1348. [PMID: 33394216 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-020-02123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of patent foramen ovale (PFO) and grading of right-to-left shunt severity by the standard method of transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) with bubble injection is often challenging. We proposed the novel Maximum Intensity T-Projection (MIP) Imaging method as a complementary or alternative approach for simplified diagnosis and grading of PFO. MIP Imaging represents the superimposition of all frames of an echocardiographic video onto one image. Thus, all bubbles passing from right to left atrium are represented in this single image. Diagnosis and quantification of PFO by MIP Images were compared to those obtained by standard echocardiographic methods, using the same echocardiography video loops. We applied the MIP Imaging approach to 122 echo examinations (75% of them TEE studies), performed to rule out PFOs. The average time needed to manually analyze video loops taken during bubble injection was 102 ± 52 s vs. less than 1 s using the MIP Imaging method. There was good concordance between the conventional echo method and MIP Imaging in the diagnosis and quantification of PFOs. MIP Imaging for diagnosis and quantification of PFOs was much less time consuming than the classical method and at least as accurate as the classical method. Thus MIP Imaging may be used initially as an adjunct method for PFO diagnosis and quantification and may eventually replace the classical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Leitman
- Department of Cardiology, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, and Sackler School of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - David S Blondheim
- Department of Cardiology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, affiliated with the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sergiu Sabetay
- Department of Neurology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, affiliated with the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Vladimir Tyomkin
- Department of Cardiology, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
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170
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Takaya Y, Akagi T, Nakagawa K, Nakayama R, Miki T, Toh N, Ito H. Morphological assessments of deficient posterior-inferior rim for transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2021; 97:135-141. [PMID: 32790128 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.29182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine morphological characteristics of deficient posterior-inferior rim for transcatheter atrial septal defect (ASD) closure success. BACKGROUND The feasibility of transcatheter closure of ASD with deficient posterior-inferior rim remains unclear. METHODS Of 869 patients with ASD who were scheduled transcatheter closure, 121 with posterior-inferior rim of <5 mm were included. Posterior-inferior rim morphologies were evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography. RESULTS One hundred six patients successfully underwent transcatheter closure, while 15 patients failed. These 15 patients had complete deficient posterior-inferior rim of 0 mm and/or a large defect of ≥38 mm. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that transcatheter closure failure was independently related to complete deficient posterior-inferior rim and a large defect of ≥38 mm. Incomplete deficient posterior-inferior rim of >0 to <5 mm was observed in 84 patients. All these patients successfully underwent transcatheter closure, except two patients with a large defect of ≥38 mm. Complete deficient posterior-inferior rim was observed in 37 patients. The frequency of complete deficient posterior-inferior rim was higher in patients who failed transcatheter closure (87% vs. 23%, p < .01), but transcatheter closure was performed successfully if the range of complete deficient rim was ≤30°. After the procedure, no adverse events occurred during a median follow-up of 24 months. CONCLUSIONS Most patients with deficient posterior-inferior rim successfully underwent transcatheter closure. Transcatheter closure could be performed even in patients with complete deficient posterior-inferior rim if the range was partial. Our findings can help to identify candidates for transcatheter closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Takaya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Teiji Akagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koji Nakagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Rie Nakayama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Miki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Norihisa Toh
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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171
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Lee M, Oh JH. Echocardiographic diagnosis of right-to-left shunt using transoesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography. Open Heart 2020; 7:openhrt-2019-001150. [PMID: 32763965 PMCID: PMC7412608 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2019-001150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis and quantification of right-to-left shunt (RLS) using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) as well as transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) have not been well established. We aimed to diagnose RLS by TOE using direct visualisation of the shunt and to compare the diagnosis with TTE diagnosis using conventional methods. Methods and results We evaluated 141 patients with ischaemic stroke for RLS by both non-sedation TOE and TTE using saline contrast and Valsalva manoeuvre. The amount (graded as 0 to IV) and timing of RLS were demonstrated. All patients were classified into four groups by TOE based on direct visualisation of shunt through a patent foramen ovale (PFO) or either pulmonary vein: no shunt (group 1: n=11), PFO (group 2: n=47), pulmonary RLS (group 3: n=25) and indeterminate RLS (group 4: n=58). All cases in group 3 showed delayed shunt, and all cases in group 4 had small shunt. On TTE findings, all cases with early appearing large shunt (cardiac cycles ≤3 and shunt grade ≥III) were group 2. Six of the eight patients with delayed appearing large shunt on TTE were group 3. TTE diagnosis of PFO using criteria of cardiac beats ≤3 and grade ≥II had a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 98% compared with TOE diagnosis using shunt visualisation. Conclusions Compared with TOE using shunt visualisation, TTE accurately diagnosed large PFO using criteria of cardiac cycles ≤3 and shunt grade ≥III. TTE possibly diagnosed pulmonary shunt using criteria of cardiac cycles >3 and shunt grade ≥III. Both modalities showed limitations in diagnosing small amount of RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirae Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Oh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Republic of Korea
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172
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Nayak S, Kanakriyeh M, Varadarajan P. Echocardiographic assessment of atrioventricular canal defects. Echocardiography 2020; 37:2199-2210. [DOI: 10.1111/echo.14961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Nayak
- Loma Linda University Medical Center Loma Linda CA USA
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173
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Khetan A, Salehian O, Karbassi A. Asking Bubbles for Direction: Assessment of a Classic Glenn Shunt Using Agitated Saline Contrast Echocardiography. CASE 2020; 4:485-489. [PMID: 33376839 PMCID: PMC7756162 DOI: 10.1016/j.case.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Glenn shunt is a common palliative surgery for congenital heart disease. PAVMs are a frequent complication. A saline contrast study can show bubbles first appearing in the left atrium. Treatment options include coil embolization and surgery.
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174
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Deng W, Yin S, McMullin D, Inglessis-Azuaje I, Elmariah S, Hung J, Lo EH, Palacios IF, Buonanno FS, Ning M. Residual Shunt After Patent Foramen Ovale Closure and Long-Term Stroke Recurrence. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173:946-947. [PMID: 33253613 PMCID: PMC8158150 DOI: 10.7326/l20-1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Deng
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - Shanye Yin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - David McMullin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - Ignacio Inglessis-Azuaje
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - Sammy Elmariah
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - Judy Hung
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - Eng H Lo
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - Igor F Palacios
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - Ferdinando S Buonanno
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - MingMing Ning
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
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175
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Van der Giessen H, Wilson LC, Coffey S, Whalley GA. Review: Detection of patient foramen ovale using transcranial Doppler or standard echocardiography. Australas J Ultrasound Med 2020; 23:210-219. [PMID: 34765407 PMCID: PMC8411673 DOI: 10.1002/ajum.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common remnant of fetal circulation present in up to 25% of the worldwide adult population. Paradoxical embolism occurs when venous blood crosses the PFO into the arterial system, bypassing the pulmonary circulation. This allows for the direct passage of microemboli into cerebral blood vessels, increasing the risk of cryptogenic stroke. This review investigates the current diagnostic procedures used to detect and grade a PFO, including transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) and transcranial Doppler (TCD). Only a few studies have directly compared the use of TTE with TCD for PFO detection but several have compared TTE and TCD independently against the clinical gold standard TOE. Known pitfalls of TTE and TCD are also discussed, including the difficulty of differentiating between intracardiac shunts and intrapulmonary shunts. This review also discusses methods to optimise imaging, such as performing an adequate Valsalva manoeuvre, the role of abdominal compression and the choice of the injection site for the contrast agent and how these may increase the diagnostic success of detecting a right-to-left shunt when prompted by a clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Van der Giessen
- The Department of Medicine, Otago Medical SchoolThe University of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Luke C Wilson
- The Department of Medicine, Otago Medical SchoolThe University of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Sean Coffey
- The Department of Medicine, Otago Medical SchoolThe University of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Gillian A Whalley
- The Department of Medicine, Otago Medical SchoolThe University of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
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176
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Gazagnes J, Gollion C, Fournier P, Cariou E, Larrue V, Lairez O. Left Atrial Function in Young Patients With Cryptogenic Stroke and Patent Foramen Ovale: A Left Atrial Longitudinal Strain Study. Front Neurol 2020; 11:536612. [PMID: 33250839 PMCID: PMC7674925 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.536612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The study of left atrial (LA) longitudinal strain by speckle tracking is a reliable method for analyzing LA function that could provide relevant information in young patients with cryptogenic stroke (CS). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the presence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) impacts the LA longitudinal strain in a population of young patients with first CS. Methods and Results: Patients aged 18 to 54 years, treated consecutively in a university hospital for first CS, were included in this study. The presence of a PFO and an atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) was investigated using transesophageal echocardiography and transcranial Doppler. Speckle tracking analysis was performed on transthoracic echocardiography, allowing the measurement of global, passive, and active longitudinal LA strain, corresponding to the reservoir, conduit, and contractile function, respectively. A total of 51 patients were included in the study. In a multivariable analysis, overweight was associated with reduced global and passive LA longitudinal strain (P = 0.013 and P = 0.018, respectively), and hypertension was associated with reduced active LA longitudinal strain (P = 0.049). LA longitudinal strain was not different between patients with PFO or PFO plus ASA and patients without PFO. Conclusion: LA longitudinal strain in young subjects with CS was impaired in the presence of overweight and hypertension, but not of PFO or PFO plus ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gazagnes
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Gollion
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Medical School, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Fournier
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Cardiac Imaging Center, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Eve Cariou
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Cardiac Imaging Center, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Larrue
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Medical School, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Vincent Larrue
| | - Olivier Lairez
- Medical School, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Cardiac Imaging Center, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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177
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Musuku SR, Srikanthan A, Cherukupalli D, Donovan J, Shapeton AD, Winston B. NobleStitch EL PFO Closure Guided by Transesophageal Echocardiography. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020; 36:549-552. [PMID: 33229166 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar R Musuku
- The Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY.
| | | | - Divya Cherukupalli
- The Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY
| | - Jaqueline Donovan
- The Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY
| | - Alexander D Shapeton
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Brion Winston
- Cardiology/ Interventional Cardiology, (Capital Cardiology Associates), Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY
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178
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Bernard S, Churchill TW, Namasivayam M, Bertrand PB. Agitated Saline Contrast Echocardiography in the Identification of Intra- and Extracardiac Shunts: Connecting the Dots. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2020; 34:S0894-7317(20)30615-5. [PMID: 34756394 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Agitated saline contrast studies are an essential component of contemporary echocardiography. Agitated saline contrast plays a critical role in the elucidation of intracardiac versus intrapulmonary shunting and can have major therapeutic implications, particularly in light of the evolution of percutaneous treatment options for atrial septal defects or a patent foramen ovale. Despite their perceived simplicity, however, there are numerous pitfalls of these investigations that can occur during their performance and interpretation. As such, the authors review the "bubble study" in identifying intracardiac and extracardiac shunts, including the history of its development, the physics and physiology of contrast enhancement, how to optimally perform and interpret an agitated saline contrast study, and its safety in unique populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bernard
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Timothy W Churchill
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mayooran Namasivayam
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Philippe B Bertrand
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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179
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Zangrillo A, Morselli F, Lombardi G, Yavorovskiy A, Likhvantsev V, Beretta L, Monaco F, Landoni G. Procedural sedation and analgesia for percutaneous high-tech cardiac procedures. Minerva Cardiol Angiol 2020; 69:358-369. [PMID: 32989964 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5683.20.05211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The interest in percutaneous high-tech cardiac procedures has increased in recent years together with its safety and efficacy. In fragile patients, procedural sedation and analgesia are used to perform most of the procedures. General anesthesia remains the technique of choice during the team learning curve and might be required in selected patients or in emergent situations. Despite the high costs of percutaneous high-tech cardiac procedures, the decrease in length of hospital stays, rate of intensive care admission and complications, balance the increase in devices costs. In fragile patients who undergo percutaneous high tech cardiac procedures, the primary role of the anesthesiologist is to prevent the need for postprocedural intensive care unit and complications rate. Starting from the experience of a large university third level hospital we identified the eight most commonly performed contemporary percutaneous high tech cardiac procedures (ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation ablation, protected percutaneous coronary intervention, transcatheter aortic valve implantation, MitraClip® (Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Park, IL, USA), percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure, left atrial appendage closure, and dysfunctional lead extraction), discuss the role of procedural sedation and analgesia in this setting, and explore future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Zangrillo
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrey Yavorovskiy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Luigi Beretta
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Landoni
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy - .,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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180
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Evolving Paradigms in the Treatment of Atrial Septal Defects With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Cardiol Rev 2020; 29:305-309. [PMID: 32956165 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Atrial septal defects are one of the most frequently diagnosed congenital heart defects in adulthood. The presence of concurrent moderate or severe pulmonary arterial hypertension without Eisenmenger syndrome at the time of diagnosis can make for a challenging clinical scenario. There is continually evolving literature to determine the ideal approach to this subset of patients. Here we aim to review the clinical presentation, history, medical therapy, and closure options for atrial septal defects-pulmonary arterial hypertension with predominant left-to-right shunting, in the absence of Eisenmenger syndrome.
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181
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Samiei N, Akiash N, Djafari Naeini S, Nikpajouh A, Pazoki M. The Presence of Patent Foramen Ovale in the Superior Type of Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect. J Tehran Heart Cent 2020; 15:98-104. [PMID: 33552204 PMCID: PMC7827115 DOI: 10.18502/jthc.v15i3.4218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The superior type of sinus venosus atrial septal defect (SVASD) is a rare form of the atrial septal defect (ASD) in which the upper part of the atrial septum does not exist. The presence of other cardiac anomalies such as anomalous pulmonary venous connections has been reported in this type of congenital heart disease. This study aimed to assess the presence of the patent foramen ovale (PFO) in patients with the superior type of SVASD. Methods: This retrospective case-control study on 387 patients, consisting of 187 patients with a definite SVASD and 200 patients with problems other than the ASD, was conducted in Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center between February 2005 and July 2014. Seven patients with inadequate data were excluded from the analysis. The presence/absence of the PFO was also evaluated in the case and control groups. Results: The analyses were performed on 182 male and 198 female patients at a mean age of 39.07±14.41 and 51.01±15.80 years in the case and control groups, respectively. The PFO was significantly more frequent in the patients with the superior type of SVASD than in those without the condition (P<0.001). The persistence of the left superior vena cava was seen in 34 out of 180 patients with SVASD and in 1 out of 200 patients without the condition (18.9% vs 0.5%; P<0.001). Conclusion: This study was the first to highlight the coexistence of the PFO and the superior type of SVASD. Physiological, genetic, or fetal factors may play an important role in the association between the PFO and the SVASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Samiei
- Heart Valve Disease Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nehzat Akiash
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Djafari Naeini
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Nikpajouh
- Heart Valve Disease Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Pazoki
- Rasul Akram General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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182
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Montrief T, Alerhand S, Denault A, Scott J. Point-of-care echocardiography for the evaluation of right-to-left cardiopulmonary shunts: a narrative review. Can J Anaesth 2020; 67:1824-1838. [PMID: 32944839 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-020-01813-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Right-to-left pulmonary and cardiac shunts (RLS) are important causes of refractory hypoxia in the critically-ill perioperative patient. Using a point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) agitated saline bubble study for an early diagnosis allows patients with clinically significant RLSs to receive expedited therapy. This narrative review discusses the principles of agitated saline ultrasonography as well as the role of POCUS in detecting the most common RLS types seen in the intensive care unit, including patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defects, and pulmonary arterio-venous malformations. An illustrated discussion of the procedure, as well as shunt-enhancing maneuvers (Valsalva or lung recruitment maneuver with subsequent rapid release) is provided. With the wide dissemination of bedside ultrasound within the perioperative and critical care arena, POCUS practitioners should be knowledgeable of the potential pitfalls leading to both false-positive and false-negative studies. False-positive studies may be due to congenital abnormalities, mischaracterization of intrapulmonary shunts as intracardiac shunts (and vice versa), or evidence of the Valsalva effect. False negatives are typically due to respiratory-phasic variation, performing an inadequate shunt-enhancing maneuver, inadequate injection of agitated saline, or pathophysiologic states of elevated left atrial pressure. Finally, alternative POCUS methods for determining presence of an RLS in patients with poor echocardiographic windows are discussed, with a focus on pulsed-wave Doppler interrogation of arterial signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Montrief
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen Alerhand
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - André Denault
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Division, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, QC, H1T 1C8, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey Scott
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Transplant Critical Care, Jackson Health System, Miami Transplant Institute, Miami, FL, USA
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183
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Anderson S, Figueroa J, McCracken CE, Cochran C, Slesnick TC, Border WL, Sachdeva R. Factors Influencing Temporal Trends in Pediatric Inpatient Imaging Utilization. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2020; 33:1517-1525. [PMID: 32919851 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern exists over exponential growth in cardiac imaging in adults, but there is paucity of such data for cardiac imaging trends in pediatric patients. The aims of this study were to determine temporal trends in the use of noninvasive cardiac imaging and compare these with trends in the use of noncardiac imaging and to identify factors influencing those trends using the Pediatric Health Information Service database. METHODS Pediatric inpatient encounter data from January 2004 to December 2017 at 35 pediatric hospitals were extracted from the Pediatric Health Information Service database. Temporal imaging utilization trends in cardiac and noncardiac ultrasound or echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) were assessed using linear mixed-effects models. Models were adjusted for case-mix index, complex chronic conditions, patient age, length of stay, payer source, and cardiac surgical volume. RESULTS A total of 5,869,335 encounters over 14 years were analyzed (median encounters per center per year, 11,411; median patient age, 4 years; median length of stay, 3 days). From 2004 to 2017, the rates of pediatric inpatient cardiac and noncardiac ultrasound and MRI increased, whereas the rate of noncardiac CT decreased. Cardiac CT use increased beginning in 2014 (+0.264 cardiac CT encounters per 1,000 encounters per year), surpassing the rate of rise of cardiac MRI. Case-mix index, cardiac surgical volume, and payer source affected the largest number of imaging trends. CONCLUSIONS Among pediatric inpatients, utilization of cardiac and noncardiac ultrasound and MRI has steadily increased. Noncardiac CT use declined and cardiac CT use increased after 2014. Factors influencing imaging trends include case-mix index, cardiac surgical volume, and payer source. This study lays a foundation for investigations of imaging-related resource utilization and outcomes among pediatric inpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shae Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Sibley Heart Center Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Janet Figueroa
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Charles Cochran
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Sibley Heart Center Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Timothy C Slesnick
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Sibley Heart Center Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William L Border
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Sibley Heart Center Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ritu Sachdeva
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Sibley Heart Center Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia
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184
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Flower L, Madhivathanan PR, Andorka M, Olusanya O, Roshdy A, Sanfilippo F. Getting the most from the subcostal view: The rescue window for intensivists. J Crit Care 2020; 63:202-210. [PMID: 32958350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Flower
- Department of Anaesthesia, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Pradeep R Madhivathanan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matyas Andorka
- Department of Critical Care, Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olusegun Olusanya
- Department of Critical Care, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashraf Roshdy
- Department of Critical Care, Whipps Cross University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; Critical Care Medicine department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Filippo Sanfilippo
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, AOU Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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185
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Transthoracic echocardiogram assessment of atrial septal defects in pediatric patients. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2020.101274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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186
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Kong P, Zhao G, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Fan T, Han Y, Pang K, Wang S, Zhang F, Wang W, Hu S, Pan X. Novel Panna Guide Wire Facilitates Percutaneous and Nonfluoroscopic Procedure for Atrial Septal Defect Closure: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2020; 13:e009281. [PMID: 32847382 DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.120.009281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echo-guided percutaneous procedures have been reported reliable and advantageous. However, the learning curve is difficult for junior doctors. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel guidewire (Panna wire) in percutaneous atrial septal defect closure under transthoracic echocardiography guidance only. METHODS The Panna wire is designed for echo-guide procedure with a retractable spindle-shaped tip. A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Panna wire versus the conventional guidewire for junior doctors with <100 cases experience. The primary outcome was operative success rate. The secondary outcomes were incidence of major adverse events, operation time, time needed to enter the left atrium, number of arrhythmia episodes, number of misguidance to tricuspid valve, and incidence of peripheral vascular complications. RESULTS Between July 2018 and September 2019, 100 patients with atrial septal defect were randomized to either the Panna wire group (n=52) or the conventional wire group (n=48) at 3 centers. The baseline clinical characteristics were similarly distributed. The operative success rate (primary outcome) was 100% in the Panna wire group versus 68.75% in the conventional wire group (P<0.001). No major adverse events occurred in either group. Significant differences in favor of the Panna wire group were found in operation time (P=0.004), time needed to enter the left atrium (P<0.001), number of arrhythmia episodes (P<0.001), and number of misguidance to tricuspid valve (P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS The Panna wire is safe and effective and reduces the learning curve in percutaneous atrial septal defect closure under transthoracic echocardiography guidance only. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT04096924.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxu Kong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (P.K., G.Z., S.W., F.Z., S.H., X.P.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beilishilu, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (P.K., G.Z., S.W., F.Z., S.H., X.P.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beilishilu, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Zonggang Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China (Z.Z., W.Z.)
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China (Z.Z., W.Z.)
| | - Taibing Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China (T.F., Y.H.)
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China (T.F., Y.H.)
| | - Kunjing Pang
- Department of Echocardiography, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (K.P.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beilishilu, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Shouzheng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (P.K., G.Z., S.W., F.Z., S.H., X.P.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beilishilu, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Fengwen Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (P.K., G.Z., S.W., F.Z., S.H., X.P.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beilishilu, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China (W.W.)
| | - Shengshou Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (P.K., G.Z., S.W., F.Z., S.H., X.P.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beilishilu, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangbin Pan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (P.K., G.Z., S.W., F.Z., S.H., X.P.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beilishilu, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
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Moceri P, Duchateau N, Gillon S, Jaunay L, Baudouy D, Squara F, Ferrari E, Sermesant M. Three-dimensional right ventricular shape and strain in congenital heart disease patients with right ventricular chronic volume loading. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 22:1174-1181. [PMID: 32756985 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeaa189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Right ventricular (RV) function assessment is crucial in congenital heart disease patients, especially in atrial septal defect (ASD) and repaired Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) patients with pulmonary regurgitation (PR). In this study, we aimed to analyse both 3D RV shape and deformation to better characterize RV function in ASD and TOF-PR. METHODS AND RESULTS We prospectively included 110 patients (≥16 years old) into this case-control study: 27 ASD patients, 28 with TOF, and 55 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Endocardial tracking was performed on 3D transthoracic RV echocardiographic sequences and output RV meshes were post-processed to extract local curvature and deformation. Differences in shape and deformation patterns between subgroups were quantified both globally and locally. Curvature highlights differences in RV shape between controls and patients while ASD and TOF-PR patients are similar. Conversely, strain highlights differences between controls and TOF-PR patients while ASD and controls are similar [global area strain: -31.5 ± 5.8% (controls), -34.1 ± 7.9% (ASD), -24.8 ± 5.7% (TOF-PR), P < 0.001, similar significance for longitudinal and circumferential strains]. The regional and local analysis highlighted differences in particular in the RV free wall and the apical septum. CONCLUSION Chronic RV volume loading results in similar RV shape remodelling in both ASD and TOF patients while strain analysis demonstrated that RV strain is only reduced in the TOF group. This suggests a fundamentally different RV remodelling process between both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Moceri
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria Epione Team, Sophia Antipolis, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Service de Cardiologie, Nice, France.,UR2CA, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Nicolas Duchateau
- Creatis, CNRS UMR5220, INSERM U1206, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Gillon
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Service de Cardiologie, Nice, France
| | - Lolita Jaunay
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Service de Cardiologie, Nice, France
| | - Delphine Baudouy
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Service de Cardiologie, Nice, France
| | - Fabien Squara
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Service de Cardiologie, Nice, France
| | - Emile Ferrari
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Service de Cardiologie, Nice, France
| | - Maxime Sermesant
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria Epione Team, Sophia Antipolis, France
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188
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Bouchez S, De Somer F. The evolving role of the modern perfusionist: insights from transesophageal echocardiography. Perfusion 2020; 36:222-232. [PMID: 32729372 DOI: 10.1177/0267659120944094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transesophageal echocardiography is a relatively non-invasive, mobile, safe imaging technique that is ideal for providing real-time information on cardiac anatomy and function during heart surgery. The technology has evolved from two-dimensional to real-time three-dimensional imaging during cardiac procedures, which has significantly benefited preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance, evaluation, and postoperative follow-up. Transesophageal echocardiography may serve the clinical perfusionist by providing imaging guidance for identifying potential problems before cardiopulmonary bypass, guiding the proper placement of cannulas, monitoring cardiac performance on cardiopulmonary bypass, and providing useful feedback during weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. Although the perfusionist should be able to understand all echocardiographic images and measurements in depth, perfusion-related echocardiographic information can or should be used to optimize the clinical practice of the modern perfusionist. Vice versa, whenever the perfusionist suspects a problem, the surgical team including the sonographer should verify this "clinical treat" by echocardiography whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan Bouchez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip De Somer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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189
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Morikawa T, Miyasaka M, Flint N, Manabe O, Dawkins S, Cheng R, Hussaini A, Makar M, Kar S, Nakamura M. Right-to-Left Shunt Through Iatrogenic Atrial Septal Defect After MitraClip Procedure. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2020; 13:1544-1553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2020.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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190
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Das BB. Patent Foramen Ovale in Fetal Life, Infancy and Childhood. Med Sci (Basel) 2020; 8:medsci8030025. [PMID: 32630193 PMCID: PMC7565039 DOI: 10.3390/medsci8030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common, incidental echocardiographic finding in otherwise healthy and asymptomatic infants and children. However, a variety of clinical conditions have been ascribed to the presence of a PFO in childhood, such as cryptogenic stroke, platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome, decompression sickness and migraine, although the data on these are controversial and sometimes contradictory. This review discusses embryology and correlation with post-natal anatomy, anatomical variations of the atrial septum, diagnostic modalities in special circumstances of PFO associated clinical syndromes, and the role of PFO in congenital heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure in children who require an extracorporeal membrane oxygenator or ventricular assist device as life support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti B Das
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital Specialty Care Austin, Austin, TX 78759, USA
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191
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Mathew A, Taylor D. Fluoroscopy-Only Guided Patent Foramen Ovale Device Closure: Will It Cut Ice With the Interventionalist Community? Can J Cardiol 2020; 36:1569-1571. [PMID: 32574604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Mathew
- Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dylan Taylor
- Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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192
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Transseptal occluder migration after transcatheter atrial septal aneurysm and double secondary septal defect correction: A case report. Radiol Case Rep 2020; 15:1221-1224. [PMID: 32566068 PMCID: PMC7298566 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2020.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of secondary atrial septal defect transcatheter correction attempt in a 72 years old male, complicated by the device migration. The occluder was captured, pulled down to the common femoral artery and retrieved through the arteriotomy site. Second attempt was successfully performed using combination of transesophageal echo (TEE) and sizing balloon to accurately measure the defect diameter. This case underscores the importance of TEE ultrasound, sizing balloon, and contrast fluoroscopy combination to achieve accurate device sizing. Our calculation approach significantly increased the success rate of the septal defect closure procedure and potentially reduced the risk of immediate and mid-term complications. Combination of measuring methods should be used in order to accurately assess the device diameter.
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193
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Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio are associated with cryptogenic stroke in patients with patent foramen ovale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:e112-e117. [PMID: 32529113 PMCID: PMC7277521 DOI: 10.5114/amsad.2020.95946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Although most ischaemic strokes are due to cardioembolism, about 25–40% of strokes are cryptogenic. Patent foramen ovale has been associated with cryptogenic stroke; however, the precise mechanism of this association has not been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between inflammatory markers and cryptogenic stroke in patients with patent foramen ovale. Material and methods We included 206 patients with patent foramen ovale. Ninety-four (45.63%) out of 206 patients had had stroke, and 112 (54.37%) had not had stroke. The ratio of the total neutrophil count to the total lymphocyte count was defined as the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, and the ratio of the absolute platelet count to the absolute lymphocyte count was determined as the platelet to lymphocyte count. Results The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was significantly higher in patients who had stroke than in those who did not (2.41 ±1.69 vs. 2.19 ±1.74, p = 0.047). Although the platelet to lymphocyte count was also higher in patients who had had stroke than in those who had not, it was not statistically significant (120.94 ±55.45 vs. 118.01 ±52.21, p = 0.729). 1.62 was the cut-off value for neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio to be associated with stroke with 73.4% sensitivity and 45.05% specificity (p = 0.042). Conclusions This study demonstrated that elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte count could be associated with cryptogenic stroke in patients with patent foramen ovale.
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194
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Melduni RM, Wysokinski WE, Wang Z, Gersh BJ, Asirvatham SJ, Patlolla SH, Greene EL, Oh JK, Lee HC. Prognostic significance of patent foramen ovale in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. Open Heart 2020; 7:e001229. [PMID: 32518658 PMCID: PMC7254151 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2019-001229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous studies have postulated a causal role of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in the aetiology of embolic stroke in the general population. We hypothesised that the presence of concomitant PFO and atrial fibrillation (AF) will add incremental risk of ischaemic stroke to that linked to AF alone. Methods We analysed data on 3069 consecutive patients (mean age 69.4±12.2 years; 67.1% men) undergoing transoesophageal echocardiography-guided electrical cardioversion (ECV) for AF between May 2000 and March 2012. PFO was identified by colour Doppler and agitated saline contrast study. All patients were followed up after ECV for first documentation of ischaemic stroke. Outcomes were compared using Cox regression models. Results The prevalence of PFO was 20.0% and the shunt direction was left-to-right in the majority of patients (71.4%). Patients with PFO had a higher frequency of obstructive sleep apnoea (21.7% vs 17.1%, p=0.01) and higher mean peak left atrial appendage emptying velocity (38.3±21.8 vs 36.1±20.4 cm/s; p=0.04) compared with those without PFO. Otherwise, baseline characteristics were similar between groups. During a mean follow-up period of 7.3±4.6 years, 214 patients (7.0%) had ischaemic stroke. Multivariable analysis showed no significant association between PFO and ischaemic stroke (HR, 0.82 (95% CI 0.57 to 1.18)). PFO shunt direction was strongly associated with stroke: HR, 1.91 (95% CI 1.16 to 3.16) for right-to-left shunt and HR, 0.58 (95% CI 0.36 to 0.93) for left-to-right shunt. Conclusions The presence of concurrent PFO in this largely anticoagulated group of patients with AF was not associated with increased risk of ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bernard J Gersh
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Eddie L Greene
- Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jae K Oh
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hon-Chi Lee
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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195
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Structural heart intervention for prevention of embolic and hemorrhagic stroke: The new field of neurocardiology. J Cardiol 2020; 76:227-235. [PMID: 32482326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiogenic stroke (CS), characteristic causes of which include atrial fibrillation (AF) and right-to-left shunting due to a patent foramen ovale (PFO), has a well-known tendency to be associated with a more extensive ischemic area. This may result in severe neurological damage, and require strict life-long antithrombotic therapy. However, the fact that some patients have problems complying with the requirement for extended oral antithrombotic treatment has motivated the development of alternative approaches for stroke prevention. Heart structures such as the left atrial appendage (LAA) and PFO are potential targets for stroke prevention by way of device implantation. Several large prospective randomized clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy and safety of devices dedicated to this purpose. Percutaneous LAA occlusion for patients with non-valvular AF resulted in similar embolic event rates but significantly reduced bleeding events than did therapy with warfarin. Furthermore, PFO closure significantly reduced the frequency of recurrent embolic stroke relative to oral antithrombotic treatment. Current unsolved problems remaining in the application of these two strategies can be identified as the lack of standardized regimens for post-procedural antithrombotic therapy, ambiguity of determining the indications therefore, and the problem of device-related thrombus, which need to be investigated in depth in future. Cost-benefit analysis in comparison with standard medication is also required for each instance. A heart-brain multidisciplinary team approach, mandated to start such structural heart interventions, will become the future standard unit of personnel for stroke management, which promises to usher in the new field of neurocardiology.
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196
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Deng W, Yin S, McMullin D, Inglessis-Azuaje I, Elmariah S, Hung J, Lo EH, Palacios IF, Buonanno FS, Ning M. Residual Shunt After Patent Foramen Ovale Closure and Long-Term Stroke Recurrence: A Prospective Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2020; 172:717-725. [PMID: 32422058 PMCID: PMC10021023 DOI: 10.7326/m19-3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residual shunt is observed in up to 25% of patients after patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure, but its long-term influence on stroke recurrence currently is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of residual shunt after PFO closure with the incidence of recurrent stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). DESIGN Prospective cohort study comparing stroke or TIA recurrence in patients with and without residual shunt after PFO closure. SETTING Single hospital center. PARTICIPANTS 1078 consecutive patients (mean age, 49.3 years) with PFO-attributable cryptogenic stroke who were undergoing percutaneous PFO closure were followed for up to 11 years. MEASUREMENTS Residual shunt was evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography with saline contrast. Primary outcome was a composite of the first recurrent ischemic stroke or TIA after PFO closure. RESULTS Compared with complete closure, the presence of residual shunt after PFO closure was associated with an increased incidence of recurrent stroke or TIA: 2.32 versus 0.75 events per 100 patient-years (hazard ratio [HR], 3.05 [95% CI, 1.65 to 5.62]; P < 0.001). This result remained robust after adjustment for important covariates, namely age; study period; device; presence of atrial septal aneurysm, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypercoagulability, or hypermobile septum; and medication use (HR, 3.01 [CI, 1.59 to 5.69]; P < 0.001). Further stratification based on shunt size revealed that moderate or large residual shunts were associated with a higher risk for stroke or TIA recurrence (HR, 4.50 [CI, 2.20 to 9.20]; P < 0.001); the result for small residual shunts was indeterminate (HR, 2.02 [CI, 0.87 to 4.69]; P = 0.102). LIMITATION Nonrandomized study with potential unmeasured confounding. CONCLUSION Among patients undergoing PFO closure to prevent future stroke, the presence of residual shunt, particularly a moderate or large residual shunt, was associated with an increased risk for stroke or TIA recurrence. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Deng
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - Shanye Yin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - David McMullin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - Ignacio Inglessis-Azuaje
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - Sammy Elmariah
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - Judy Hung
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - Eng H Lo
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - Igor F Palacios
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - Ferdinando S Buonanno
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
| | - MingMing Ning
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.D., S.Y., D.M., I.I., S.E., J.H., E.H.L., I.F.P., F.S.B., M.N.)
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Nicoara A, Skubas N, Ad N, Finley A, Hahn RT, Mahmood F, Mankad S, Nyman CB, Pagani F, Porter TR, Rehfeldt K, Stone M, Taylor B, Vegas A, Zimmerman KG, Zoghbi WA, Swaminathan M. Guidelines for the Use of Transesophageal Echocardiography to Assist with Surgical Decision-Making in the Operating Room: A Surgery-Based Approach: From the American Society of Echocardiography in Collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2020; 33:692-734. [PMID: 32503709 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography is a standard diagnostic and monitoring tool employed in the management of patients undergoing an entire spectrum of cardiac surgical procedures, ranging from "routine" surgical coronary revascularization to complex valve repair, combined procedures, and organ transplantation. Utilizing a protocol as a starting point for imaging in all procedures and all patients enables standardization of image acquisition, reduction in variability in quality of imaging and reporting, and ultimately better patient care. Clear communication of the echocardiographic findings to the surgical team, as well as understanding the impact of new findings on the surgical plan, are paramount. Equally important is the need for complete understanding of the technical steps of the surgical procedures being performed and the complications that may occur, in order to direct the postprocedure evaluation toward aspects directly related to the surgical procedure and to provide pertinent echocardiographic information. The rationale for this document is to outline a systematic approach describing how to apply the existing guidelines to questions on cardiac structure and function specific to the intraoperative environment in open, minimally invasive, or hybrid cardiac surgery procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Niv Ad
- White Oak Medical Center and University of Maryland, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Alan Finley
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Feroze Mahmood
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bradley Taylor
- University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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198
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The Efficacy of Contrast Transthoracic Echocardiography and Contrast Transcranial Doppler for the Detection of Patent Foramen Ovale Related to Cryptogenic Stroke. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1513409. [PMID: 32566656 PMCID: PMC7275210 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1513409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been linked to the pathophysiology of cryptogenic stroke. Contrast transesophageal echocardiography (cTEE) is the current gold standard for PFO diagnosis, but it has the disadvantage of being semi-invasive and does not exempt from risks. As a diagnostic test, the efficacy of contrast transthoracic echocardiography (cTTE) and contrast transcranial Doppler (cTCD) is controversial. This study is aimed at investigating the efficacy of cTTE and cTCD versus cTEE in PFO detection, exploring a more cost-effective and reliable method for the diagnosis of PFO related to cryptogenic stroke. Methods From August 2019 to January 2020, a total of 213 patients with suspected PFO were included in our study. All patients underwent cTEE, cTCD, and cTTE examinations. cTTE3 was named for using a cutoff of 3 beats to detect PFO during cTTE, and cTTE5 represented a cutoff of 5 beats. A cutoff of cTCD grade III was named cTCD III. A cutoff of grade IV was named cTCD IV. cTTE3+cTCD IV was used for the combination of a cutoff of 3 beats during cTTE with grade IV of cTCD. cTTE5+cTCD III combined a cutoff of 5 beats during cTTE with cTCD grade III. Taking cTEE as the gold standard, we compared the sensitivity, specificity, negative likelihood ratio (-LR), and misdiagnosis rate for PFO detection among the above methods. Results A total of 161 of 213 (76%) patients had PFO confirmed by cTEE. With the spontaneous Valsalva maneuver, the sensitivity, specificity, negative likelihood ratio (-LR), and misdiagnosis rate of cTTE3 in PFO diagnosis were 60%, 90%, 44%, and 10%, respectively, and those for cTTE5 were 76%, 78%, 31% and 22%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, negative likelihood ratio (-LR), and misdiagnosis rate of cTCD III were 80%, 71%, 29%, and 29%, respectively, while those for cTCD IV were 55%, 90%, 49%, and 10%, respectively. When cTTE and cTCD were combined to diagnose PFO, the specificity and misdiagnosis rate were significantly improved, especially cTTE3+cTCD IV, with 100% specificity and a misdiagnosis rate of 0. Conclusion cTTE or cTCD can be used for preliminary PFO related to cryptogenic stroke findings. The combination of the two methods can improve the specificity of PFO diagnosis, especially using the cutoff of cTTE3+cTCD IV.
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199
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Alkashkari W, Albugami S, Hijazi ZM. Current practice in atrial septal defect occlusion in children and adults. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2020; 18:315-329. [PMID: 32441165 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2020.1767595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most common congenital heart diseases (CHD) in children and adults. This group of malformations includes several types of atrial communications allowing shunting of blood between the systemic and the pulmonary circulations. Early diagnosis and treatment carries favorable outcomes. Patients diagnosed during adulthood often present with complications related to longstanding volume overload such as pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH), atrial dysrhythmias, and right (RV) and left (LV) ventricular dysfunction. AREA COVERED This article intended to review all aspects of ASD; anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, natural history, and indication for treatment. Also, we covered the transcatheter therapy in detail, including the procedural aspect, available devices, and outcomes. EXPERT OPINION There has been a remarkable improvement in the treatment strategy of ASD over the last few decades. Transcatheter closure of ASD is currently accepted as the treatment of choice in most patients with appropriately selected secundum ASDs. This review will focus on the most recent advances in diagnosis and treatment strategy of secundum ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wail Alkashkari
- Department of Cardiology, King Faisal Cardiac Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Postgraduate, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Albugami
- Department of Postgraduate, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad M Hijazi
- Sidra Heart Center, Sidra Medicine , Doha, Qatar.,Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, NY, USA
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Dannenberg V, Goliasch G, Hengstenberg C, Binder T, Gabriel H, Schneider M. Detection of atrial shunt lesions with a single echocardiographic parameter. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2020; 132:295-300. [PMID: 32356100 PMCID: PMC7297847 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-020-01659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Unrepaired left to right atrial shunt lesions can cause significant right ventricular (RV) volume overload. The parameter pulmonary to systemic shunt volume ratio (Qp:Qs) has been shown to detect even small differences between left and right ventricular stroke volume; however, four parameters are needed for its calculation. This study was carried out to evaluate the accuracy of the single parameter right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) velocity time integral (VTI) to identify atrial shunt lesions. Methods All patients who underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) examination at this institution between 1 January 2013 and 1 January 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The RVOT-VTI was measured in the transthoracic echocardiography performed immediately before each TEE. The diagnostic accuracy for detection of atrial shunt lesions was tested. Results A total of 2797 patients with a median age of 67 years (interquartile range, IQR 54–77 years) were included in the final analysis. A total of 113 (4%) patients had a relevant atrial shunt lesion. The mean RVOT-VTI of the shunt group was 25 cm (SD ± 8.1 cm) and was significantly higher than that of the non-shunt group with 17 cm (SD ± 4.8 cm) (p < 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.81. A total of 106 patients (93.8%) of the shunt group had a VTI of ≥16 cm. If the RVOT-VTI was <16 cm, the negative predictive value was 99.3%. If the RVOT-VTI was ≥25 cm, 22% of patients proved to have a significant shunt lesion. Conclusion In this large retrospective analysis it could be shown that a low RVOT-VTI predicted the absence of significant atrial shunt lesions, while a high RVOT-VTI predicted the presence. The parameter should be applied in all patients with suspected atrial shunt lesions where calculation of Qp:Qs is impossible. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00508-020-01659-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varius Dannenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Goliasch
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Binder
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Gabriel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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