151
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Carstens T, Hayes R, Abedin SZE, Corr B, Webber GB, Borisenko N, Atkin R, Endres F. In situ STM, AFM and DTS study of the interface 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate/Au(111). Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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152
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Ratkova EL. A semiempirical model for estimating the hydration free energy of neutral nonpolar compounds. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024412100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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153
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Henderson D, Jiang DE, Jin Z, Wu J. Application of Density Functional Theory To Study the Double Layer of an Electrolyte with an Explicit Dimer Model for the Solvent. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:11356-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jp305400z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Henderson
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah 84602-5700, United States
| | - De-en Jiang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
37831, United States
| | - Zhehui Jin
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521-0425, United States
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521-0425, United States
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154
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Bhuiyan LB, Lamperski S, Wu J, Henderson D. Monte Carlo Simulation for the Double Layer Structure of an Ionic Liquid Using a Dimer Model: A Comparison with the Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:10364-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jp304362y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutful Bari Bhuiyan
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physics,
Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00936-8377
| | - Stanisław Lamperski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań,
Poland
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- Department of Chemical
and Environmental
Engineering, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521-0425, United States
| | - Douglas Henderson
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah 84602-5700, United States
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155
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Roling B, Drüschler M, Huber B. Slow and fast capacitive process taking place at the ionic liquid/electrode interface. Faraday Discuss 2012; 154:303-11; discussion 313-33, 465-71. [PMID: 22455027 DOI: 10.1039/c1fd00088h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to characterise the interface between the ultrapure room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate and a Au(111) working electrode at electrode potentials more positive than the open circuit potential (-0.14 V vs. Pt pseudo-reference). Plots of the potential-dependent data in the complex capacitance plane reveal the existence of a fast and a slow capacitive process. In order to derive the contribution of both processes to the overall capacitance, the complex capacitance data were fitted using an empirical Cole-Cole equation. The differential capacitance of the fast process is almost constant between -0.14 V and +0.2 V (vs. Pt pseudo-reference) and decreases at more positive potentials, while the differential capacitance of the slower process exhibits a maximum at +0.2 V. This maximum leads to a maximum in the overall differential capacitance. We attribute the slow process to charge redistributions in the innermost ion layer, which require an activation energy in excess of that for ion transport in the room temperature ionic liquid. The differential capacitance maximum of the slow process at +0.2 V is most likely caused by reorientations of the 1-butyl-1l-methylpyrrolidinium cations in the innermost layer with the positively charged ring moving away from the Au(111) surface and leaving behind voids which are then occupied by anions. In a recent Monte Carlo simulation by Federov, Georgi and Kornyshev (Electrochem. Commun. 2010, 12, 296), such a process was identified as the origin of a differential capacitance maximum in the anodic regime. Our results suggest that the time scales of capacitive processes at the ionic liquid/metal interface are an important piece of information and should be considered in more detail in future experimental and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Roling
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps- University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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156
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Endres F, Borisenko N, El Abedin SZ, Hayes R, Atkin R. The interface ionic liquid(s)/electrode(s): in situ STM and AFM measurements. Faraday Discuss 2012; 154:221-33; discussion 313-33, 465-71. [PMID: 22455022 DOI: 10.1039/c1fd00050k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the interfacial layer(s) between the extremely pure air- and water-stable ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate and Au(111) has been investigated using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at electrode potentials more positive than the open circuit potential. The in situ STM measurements show that layers/islands form with increasing electrode potential. According to recently published atomic force microscopy (AFM) data the anion is adsorbed even at low anodic overvoltages and adsorption becomes slightly stronger with increasing electrode potential. Furthermore, the number of interfacial layers increases with increasing electrode potential. The present discussion paper shows that these layers are not uniform and have a structure on the nanoscale, supporting earlier results that the interface electrode/ionic liquid is highly complex. It is also shown that the addition of solutes changes this structure considerably. AFM results reveal that in the pure liquid, interfacial layers lead to a repulsive force but the addition of 10 wt% of LiCl leads to an attractive force close to the surface. These preliminary results show that solutes strongly alter the interfacial structure of the ionic liquid/ electrode interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Endres
- Institute of Particle Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
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157
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Peñalber CY, Baldelli S. Observation of Charge Inversion of an Ionic Liquid at the Solid Salt-Liquid Interface by Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:844-847. [PMID: 26286408 DOI: 10.1021/jz3000917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy of the ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide [BMIM][DCA], in contact with two different solid salt surfaces, BaF2(111) single crystal and solid NaCl{100}, are discussed in this Letter. This investigation describes the nature of an ionic liquid-(solid) salt interface using SFG, contributing a new understanding to the molecular-level interactions involved in salts, which are conceptually similar compounds (of purely ionic character) but of different physical properties (liquid versus solid at room temperature). Results show the presence of [BMIM](+) at the NaCl{100} surface and [DCA](-) at the BaF2(111) surface. [BMIM](+) cations adhere closely via Coulombic interactions to the negatively charged NaCl{100} surface, while [DCA](-) anions subsequently have a strong electrostatic affinity to the positively charged BaF2(111) surface. Ions of the ionic liquid adsorb to the solid salt surface to form a Helmholtz-like electric double layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chariz Y Peñalber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Steven Baldelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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158
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Si X, Li S, Wang Y, Ye S, Yan T. Effects of Specific Adsorption on the Differential Capacitance of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid Electrolytes. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:1671-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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159
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Drüschler M, Borisenko N, Wallauer J, Winter C, Huber B, Endres F, Roling B. New insights into the interface between a single-crystalline metal electrode and an extremely pure ionic liquid: slow interfacial processes and the influence of temperature on interfacial dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:5090-9. [PMID: 22402629 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40288b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are of high interest for the development of safe electrolytes in modern electrochemical cells, such as batteries, supercapacitors and dye-sensitised solar cells. However, electrochemical applications of ionic liquids are still hindered by the limited understanding of the interface between electrode materials and ionic liquids. In this article, we first review the state of the art in both experiment and theory. Then we illustrate some general trends by taking the interface between the extremely pure ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate and an Au(111) electrode as an example. For the study of this interface, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was combined with in situ STM and in situ AFM techniques. In addition, we present new results for the temperature dependence of the interfacial capacitance and dynamics. Since the interfacial dynamics are characterised by different processes taking place on different time scales, the temperature dependence of the dynamics can only be reliably studied by recording and carefully analysing broadband capacitance spectra. Single-frequency experiments may lead to artefacts in the temperature dependence of the interfacial capacitance. We demonstrate that the fast capacitive process exhibits a Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman temperature dependence, since its time scale is governed by the ionic conductivity of the ionic liquid. In contrast, the slower capacitive process appears to be Arrhenius activated. This suggests that the time scale of this process is determined by a temperature-independent barrier, which may be related to structural reorganisations of the Au surface and/or to charge redistributions in the strongly bound innermost ion layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Drüschler
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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160
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Siinor L, Siimenson C, Ivaništšev V, Lust K, Lust E. Influence of cation chemical composition and structure on the double layer capacitance for Bi(111)|room temperature ionic liquid interface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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161
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Henderson D, Wu J. Electrochemical Properties of the Double Layer of an Ionic Liquid Using a Dimer Model Electrolyte and Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:2520-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp212082k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Henderson
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah 84602-5700, United States
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521-0425, United States
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162
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Abstract
Over recent years the Surface Force Apparatus (SFA) has been used to carry out model experiments revealing structural and dynamic properties of ionic liquids confined to thin films. Understanding characteristics such as confinement induced ion layering and lubrication is of primary importance to many applications of ionic liquids, from energy devices to nanoparticle dispersion. This Perspective surveys and compares SFA results from several laboratories as well as simulations and other model experiments. A coherent picture is beginning to emerge of ionic liquids as nano-structured in pores and thin films, and possessing complex dynamic properties. The article covers structure, dynamics, and colloidal forces in confined ionic liquids; ionic liquids are revealed as a class of liquids with unique and useful confinement properties and pertinent future directions of research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Perkin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK.
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163
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Luo J, Tan TV, Conrad O, Vankelecom IFJ. 1H-1,2,4-Triazole as solvent for imidazolium methanesulfonate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:11441-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41098b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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164
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Lynden-Bell RM, Frolov AI, Fedorov MV. Electrode screening by ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:2693-701. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23267g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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165
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Frolov AI, Kirchner K, Kirchner T, Fedorov MV. Molecular-scale insights into the mechanisms of ionic liquids interactions with carbon nanotubes. Faraday Discuss 2012; 154:235-47; discussion 313-33, 465-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c1fd00080b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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166
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Fedorov MV, Lynden-Bell RM. Probing the neutral graphene–ionic liquid interface: insights from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:2552-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp22730d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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167
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Borisenko N, Zein El Abedin S, Endres F. An in Situ STM and DTS Study of the Extremely Pure [EMIM]FAP/Au(111) Interface. Chemphyschem 2011; 13:1736-42. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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168
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Zhao H. Diffuse-charge dynamics of ionic liquids in electrochemical systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:051504. [PMID: 22181419 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.051504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We employ a continuum theory of solvent-free ionic liquids accounting for both short-range electrostatic correlations and steric effects (finite ion size) [Bazant et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 046102 (2011)] to study the response of a model microelectrochemical cell to a step voltage. The model problem consists of a 1-1 symmetric ionic liquid between two parallel blocking electrodes, neglecting any transverse transport phenomena. Matched asymptotic expansions in the limit of thin double layers are applied to analyze the resulting one-dimensional equations and study the overall charge-time relation in the weakly nonlinear regime. One important conclusion is that our simple scaling analysis suggests that the length scale √(λ*(D)l*(c)) accurately characterizes the double-layer structure of ionic liquids with strong electrostatic correlations where l*(c) is the electrostatic correlation length (in contrast, the Debye screening length λ*(D) is the primary double-layer length for electrolytes) and the response time of λ(D)(*3/2)L*/(D*l(c)(1/2)) (not λ*(D)L*/D* that is the primary charging time of electrolytes) is the correct charging time scale of ionic liquids with strong electrostatic correlations where D* is the diffusivity and L* is the separation length of the cell. With these two new scales, data of both electric potential versus distance from the electrode and the total diffuse charge versus time collapse onto each individual master curve in the presence of strong electrostatic correlations. In addition, the dependance of the total diffuse charge on steric effects, short-range correlations, and driving voltages is thoroughly examined. The results from the asymptotic analysis are compared favorably with those from full numerical simulations. Finally, the absorption of excess salt by the double layer creates a depletion region outside the double layer. Such salt depletion may bring a correction to the leading order terms and break down the weakly nonlinear analysis. A criterion which justifies the weakly nonlinear analysis is verified with numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA.
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169
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Kolombet VA. Calculation of the hydration energy of polyvalent metal ions by the RISM method. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023611080110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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170
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Double layer structure in solid oxide fuel cell anode/electrolyte interfaces: A Monte Carlo study. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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171
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Endres F. Ionische Flüssigkeiten in der elektrochemischen Abscheidung - Potenzial und Herausforderungen. CHEM-ING-TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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172
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Perkin S, Crowhurst L, Niedermeyer H, Welton T, Smith AM, Gosvami NN. Self-assembly in the electrical double layer of ionic liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:6572-4. [PMID: 21573282 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11322d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the structure of two ionic liquids confined between negatively charged mica sheets. Both liquids exhibit interfacial layering, however the repeat distance is dramatically different for the two liquids. Our results suggest a transition from alternating cation-anion monolayers to tail-to-tail cation bilayers when the length of the cation hydrocarbon chain is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Perkin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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173
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Forsman J, Woodward CE, Trulsson M. A Classical Density Functional Theory of Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:4606-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111747w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Forsman
- Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Clifford E. Woodward
- School of Physical, Environmental and Physical Sciences, University College, University of New South Wales, ADFA Canberra ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Martin Trulsson
- Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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174
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Atkin R, Borisenko N, Drüschler M, el-Abedin SZ, Endres F, Hayes R, Huber B, Roling B. An in situ STM/AFM and impedance spectroscopy study of the extremely pure 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate/Au(111) interface: potential dependent solvation layers and the herringbone reconstruction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:6849-57. [PMID: 21399819 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02846k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure and dynamics of the interfacial layers between the extremely pure air- and water-stable ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate and Au(111) has been investigated using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy measurements. The in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy measurements reveal that the Au(111) surface undergoes a reconstruction, and at -1.2 V versus Pt quasi-reference the famous (22 × √3) herringbone superstructure is probed. Atomic force microscopy measurements show that multiple ion pair layers are present at the ionic liquid/Au interface which are dependent on the electrode potential. Upon applying cathodic electrode potentials, stronger ionic liquid near surface structure is detected: both the number of near surface layers and the force required to rupture these layers increases. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results reveal that three distinct processes take place at the interface. The fastest process is capacitive in its low-frequency limit and is identified with electrochemical double layer formation. The differential electrochemical double layer capacitance exhibits a local maximum at -0.2 V versus Pt quasi-reference, which is most likely caused by changes in the orientation of cations in the innermost layer. In the potential range between -0.84 V and -1.04 V, a second capacitive process is observed which is slower than electrochemical double layer formation. This process seems to be related to the herringbone reconstruction. In the frequency range below 1 Hz, the onset of an ultraslow faradaic process is found. This process becomes faster when the electrode potential is shifted to more negative potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Atkin
- Centre for Organic Electronics, Chemistry Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia.
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175
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Vatamanu J, Borodin O, Smith GD. Molecular simulations of the electric double layer structure, differential capacitance, and charging kinetics for N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide at graphite electrodes. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:3073-84. [PMID: 21384838 DOI: 10.1021/jp2001207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were performed on N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (pyr(13)FSI) room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) confined between graphite electrodes as a function of applied potential at 393 and 453 K using an accurate force field developed in this work. The electric double layer (EDL) structure and differential capacitance (DC) of pyr(13)FSI was compared with the results of the previous study of a similar RTIL pyr(13)bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (pyr(13)TFSI) with a significantly larger anion [ Vatamanu, J.; Borodin, O.; Smith, G. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 14825]. Intriguingly, the smaller size of the FSI anion compared to TFSI did not result in a significant increase of the DC on the positive electrode. Instead, a 30% higher DC was observed on the negative electrode for pyr(13)FSI compared to pyr(13)TFSI. The larger DC observed on the negative electrode for pyr(13)FSI compared to pyr(13)TFSI was associated with two structural features of the EDL: (a) a closer approach of FSI compared to TFSI to the electrode surface and (b) a faster rate (vs potential decrease) of anion desorption from the electrode surface for FSI compared to TFSI. Additionally, the limiting behavior of DC at large applied potentials was investigated. Finally, we show that constant potential simulations indicate time scales of hundreds of picoseconds required for electrode charge/discharge and EDL formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenel Vatamanu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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176
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Jiang DE, Meng D, Wu J. Density functional theory for differential capacitance of planar electric double layers in ionic liquids. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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177
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Bazant MZ, Storey BD, Kornyshev AA. Double layer in ionic liquids: overscreening versus crowding. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:046102. [PMID: 21405339 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.046102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We develop a simple Landau-Ginzburg-type continuum theory of solvent-free ionic liquids and use it to predict the structure of the electrical double layer. The model captures overscreening from short-range correlations, dominant at small voltages, and steric constraints of finite ion sizes, which prevail at large voltages. Increasing the voltage gradually suppresses overscreening in favor of the crowding of counterions in a condensed inner layer near the electrode. This prediction, the ion profiles, and the capacitance-voltage dependence are consistent with recent computer simulations and experiments on room-temperature ionic liquids, using a correlation length of order the ion size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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178
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Outhwaite CW, Lamperski S, Bhuiyan LB. Influence of electrode polarization on the capacitance of an electric double layer at and around zero surface charge. Mol Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2010.519731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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179
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Kondrat S, Georgi N, Fedorov MV, Kornyshev AA. A superionic state in nano-porous double-layer capacitors: insights from Monte Carlo simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:11359-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20798a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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180
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Feng G, Huang J, Sumpter BG, Meunier V, Qiao R. A “counter-charge layer in generalized solvents” framework for electrical double layers in neat and hybrid ionic liquid electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:14723-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21428d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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181
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Georgi N, Kornyshev A, Fedorov M. The anatomy of the double layer and capacitance in ionic liquids with anisotropic ions: Electrostriction vs. lattice saturation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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182
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Vatamanu J, Borodin O, Smith GD. Molecular Insights into the Potential and Temperature Dependences of the Differential Capacitance of a Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid at Graphite Electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:14825-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ja104273r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenel Vatamanu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Oleg Borodin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Grant D. Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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183
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Gore TR, Bond T, Zhang W, Scott RW, Burgess IJ. Hysteresis in the measurement of double-layer capacitance at the gold–ionic liquid interface. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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184
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Lockett V, Horne M, Sedev R, Rodopoulos T, Ralston J. Differential capacitance of the double layer at the electrode/ionic liquids interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12499-512. [PMID: 20721389 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00170h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The differential capacitance of the electrical double layer at glassy carbon, platinum and gold electrodes immersed in various ionic liquids was measured using impedance spectroscopy. We discuss the influence of temperature, the composition of the ionic liquids and the electrode material on the differential capacitance/potential curves. For different systems these curves have various overall shapes, but all include several extremes and a common minimum near the open circuit potential. We attribute this minimum to the potential of zero charge (PZC). Significantly, the differential capacitance generally decreases if the applied potential is large and moving away from the PZC. This is attributed to lattice saturation [A. A. Kornyshev, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2007, 111, 5545] effects which result in a thicker double layer. The differential capacitance of the double layer grows and specific adsorption diminishes with increasing temperature. Specific adsorption of both cations and anions influences the shapes of curves close to the PZC. The general shape of differential capacitance/potential does not depend strongly on the identity of the electrode material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Lockett
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
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185
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Su YZ, Fu YC, Wei YM, Yan JW, Mao BW. The Electrode/Ionic Liquid Interface: Electric Double Layer and Metal Electrodeposition. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:2764-78. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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186
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Yasui Y, Kitazumi Y, Nishi N, Kakiuchi T. Electrocapillarity under Ultraslow Relaxation of the Ionic Liquid Double Layer at the Interface between Trioctylmethylammonium Bis(nonafluorobutanesulfonyl)amide and Water. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:11141-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp105266y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Yasui
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Kitazumi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Naoya Nishi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Kakiuchi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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187
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Siinor L, Lust K, Lust E. Influence of anion composition and size on the double layer capacitance for Bi(111)|room temperature ionic liquid interface. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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188
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Tazi S, Salanne M, Simon C, Turq P, Pounds M, Madden PA. Potential-Induced Ordering Transition of the Adsorbed Layer at the Ionic Liquid/Electrified Metal Interface. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:8453-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Tazi
- UPMC Universite Paris 06, CNRS, ESPCI, UMR 7195, PECSA, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- UPMC Universite Paris 06, CNRS, ESPCI, UMR 7195, PECSA, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Christian Simon
- UPMC Universite Paris 06, CNRS, ESPCI, UMR 7195, PECSA, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Turq
- UPMC Universite Paris 06, CNRS, ESPCI, UMR 7195, PECSA, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Michael Pounds
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K
| | - Paul A. Madden
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
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