151
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Xie J, Lin Y. Patient-derived xenograft models for personalized medicine in colorectal cancer. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:167-172. [PMID: 32100151 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Establishing superior preclinical models is critical for translational cancer research owing to the high failure rates of novel therapeutics in clinical studies. Even though cell line-derived xenograft models are easy to create, they have numerous limitations since these models do not represent the distinctive features of each cancer patient adequately. To circumvent the discrepancies between xenograft models and tumors, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have been developed. These models are established through the engraftment of tissue from a patient's tumor into an immune-deficient mouse, which preserves cell-cell interactions and tumor microenvironment. Since PDXs precisely replicate intratumoral heterogeneity, a range of chemotherapeutic agents can be tested on individual tumors. Colorectal cancer represents a unique case to demonstrate clinical perspectives revealed by PDX models since they surmount limitations of conventional ex vivo models. Even though PDX models have been associated with drawbacks with respect to prediction of clinical outcomes, they are currently the model of choice for preclinical investigations in colorectal cancer. In the current review, we provide an overview of the methodology and applications of PDX for colorectal cancer and discuss critical issues for the advancement of these models for preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xie
- General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), No. 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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152
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Li Q, Dong H, Yang G, Song Y, Mou Y, Ni Y. Mouse Tumor-Bearing Models as Preclinical Study Platforms for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:212. [PMID: 32158692 PMCID: PMC7052016 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical animal models of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have been extensively studied in recent years. Investigating the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies of OSCC is required to further progress in this field, and a suitable research animal model that reflects the intricacies of cancer biology is crucial. Of the animal models established for the study of cancers, mouse tumor-bearing models are among the most popular and widely deployed for their high fertility, low cost, and molecular and physiological similarity to humans, as well as the ease of rearing experimental mice. Currently, the different methods of establishing OSCC mouse models can be divided into three categories: chemical carcinogen-induced, transplanted and genetically engineered mouse models. Each of these methods has unique advantages and limitations, and the appropriate application of these techniques in OSCC research deserves our attention. Therefore, this review comprehensively investigates and summarizes the tumorigenesis mechanisms, characteristics, establishment methods, and current applications of OSCC mouse models in published papers. The objective of this review is to provide foundations and considerations for choosing suitable model establishment methods to study the relevant pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and clinical treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Heng Dong
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangwen Yang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxian Song
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongbin Mou
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongbin Mou
| | - Yanhong Ni
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Yanhong Ni
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Abstract
Brain metastasis, which commonly arises in patients with lung cancer, breast cancer and melanoma, is associated with poor survival outcomes and poses distinct clinical challenges. The brain microenvironment, with its unique cell types, anatomical structures, metabolic constraints and immune environment, differs drastically from microenvironments of extracranial lesions, imposing a distinct and profound selective pressure on tumour cells that, in turn, shapes the metastatic process and therapeutic responses. Accordingly, the study of brain metastasis could uncover new therapeutic targets and identify novel treatment approaches to address the unmet clinical need. Moreover, such efforts could provide insight into the biology of primary brain tumours, which face similar challenges to brain metastases of extracranial origin, and vice versa. However, the paucity of robust preclinical models of brain metastasis has severely limited such investigations, underscoring the importance of developing improved experimental models that holistically encompass the metastatic cascade and/or brain microenvironment. In this Viewpoint, we asked four leading experts to provide their opinions on these important aspects of brain metastasis biology and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Boire
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Livia Garzia
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
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154
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Curran M, Mairesse M, Matas-Céspedes A, Bareham B, Pellegrini G, Liaunardy A, Powell E, Sargeant R, Cuomo E, Stebbings R, Betts CJ, Saeb-Parsy K. Recent Advancements and Applications of Human Immune System Mice in Preclinical Immuno-Oncology. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 48:302-316. [PMID: 31847725 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319886304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in immunotherapies have resulted in the increasing need of predictive preclinical models to improve immunotherapeutic drug development, treatment combination, and to prevent or minimize toxicity in clinical trials. Immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human immune system (HIS), termed humanized mice or HIS mice, permit detailed analysis of human immune biology, development, and function. Although this model constitutes a great translational model, some aspects need to be improved as the incomplete engraftment of immune cells, graft versus host disease and the lack of human cytokines and growth factors. In this review, we discuss current HIS platforms, their pathology, and recent advances in their development to improve the quality of human immune cell reconstitution. We also highlight new technologies that can be used to better understand these models and how improved characterization is needed for their application in immuno-oncology safety, efficacy, and new modalities therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Curran
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maelle Mairesse
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alba Matas-Céspedes
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany Bareham
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ardi Liaunardy
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Powell
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Sargeant
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuela Cuomo
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Stebbings
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J Betts
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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155
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Gitto SB, Kim H, Rafail S, Omran DK, Medvedev S, Kinose Y, Rodriguez-Garcia A, Flowers AJ, Xu H, Schwartz LE, Powell DJ, Simpkins F. An autologous humanized patient-derived-xenograft platform to evaluate immunotherapy in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2019; 156:222-232. [PMID: 31818495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to "humanize" ovarian cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models by autologous transfer of patient-matched tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to evaluate immunotherapies. METHODS Orthotopic high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) PDX models were established from three patient donors. Models were molecularly and histologically validated by immunohistochemistry. TILs were expanded from donor tumors using a rapid expansion protocol. Ex vivo TIL and tumor co-cultures were performed to validate TIL reactivity against patient-matched autologous tumor cells. Expression of TIL activation markers and cytokine secretion was quantitated by flow cytometry and ELISA. As proof of concept, the efficacy of anti-PD-1 monotherapy was tested in autologous TIL/tumor HGSOC PDX models. RESULTS Evaluation of T-cell activation in autologous TIL/tumor co-cultures resulted in an increase in HLA-dependent IFNγ production and T-cell activation. In response to increased IFNγ production, tumor cell expression of PD-L1 was increased. Addition of anti-PD-1 antibody to TIL/tumor co-cultures increased autologous tumor lysis in a CCNE1 amplified model. Orthotopic HGSOC PDX models from parallel patient-matched tumors maintained their original morphology and molecular marker profile. Autologous tumor-reactive TIL administration in patient-matched PDX models resulted in reduced tumor burden and increased survival, in groups that also received anti-PD-1 therapy. CONCLUSIONS This study validates a novel, clinically relevant model system for in vivo testing of immunomodulating therapeutic strategies for ovarian cancer, and provides a unique platform for assessing patient-specific T-cell response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Gitto
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Hyoung Kim
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Stavros Rafail
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Dalia K Omran
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Sergey Medvedev
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Yasuto Kinose
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Alba Rodriguez-Garcia
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Ahron J Flowers
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Haineng Xu
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Lauren E Schwartz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Daniel J Powell
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Fiona Simpkins
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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156
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Mouse Models for Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111800. [PMID: 31731753 PMCID: PMC6896030 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the dominant causes of cancer-related mortality, and the survival rate of liver cancer is among the lowest for all cancers. Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has yielded some encouraging results, but the percentage of patients responding to single-agent therapies remains low. Therefore, potential directions for improved immunotherapies include identifying new immune targets and checkpoints and customizing treatment procedures for individual patients. The development of combination therapies for HCC is also crucial and urgent and, thus, further studies are required. Mice have been utilized in immunotherapy research due to several advantages, for example, being low in cost, having high success rates for inducing tumor growth, and so on. Moreover, immune-competent mice are used in immunotherapy research to clarify the role that the immune system plays in cancer growth. In this review paper, the advantages and disadvantages of mouse models for immunotherapy, the equipment that are used for monitoring HCC, and the cell strains used for inducing HCC are reviewed.
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157
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Hason M, Bartůněk P. Zebrafish Models of Cancer-New Insights on Modeling Human Cancer in a Non-Mammalian Vertebrate. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110935. [PMID: 31731811 PMCID: PMC6896156 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a valuable non-mammalian vertebrate model widely used to study development and disease, including more recently cancer. The evolutionary conservation of cancer-related programs between human and zebrafish is striking and allows extrapolation of research outcomes obtained in fish back to humans. Zebrafish has gained attention as a robust model for cancer research mainly because of its high fecundity, cost-effective maintenance, dynamic visualization of tumor growth in vivo, and the possibility of chemical screening in large numbers of animals at reasonable costs. Novel approaches in modeling tumor growth, such as using transgene electroporation in adult zebrafish, could improve our knowledge about the spatial and temporal control of cancer formation and progression in vivo. Looking at genetic as well as epigenetic alterations could be important to explain the pathogenesis of a disease as complex as cancer. In this review, we highlight classic genetic and transplantation models of cancer in zebrafish as well as provide new insights on advances in cancer modeling. Recent progress in zebrafish xenotransplantation studies and drug screening has shown that zebrafish is a reliable model to study human cancer and could be suitable for evaluating patient-derived xenograft cell invasiveness. Rapid, large-scale evaluation of in vivo drug responses and kinetics in zebrafish could undoubtedly lead to new applications in personalized medicine and combination therapy. For all of the above-mentioned reasons, zebrafish is approaching a future of being a pre-clinical cancer model, alongside the mouse. However, the mouse will continue to be valuable in the last steps of pre-clinical drug screening, mostly because of the highly conserved mammalian genome and biological processes.
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158
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Leonard A, Yapundich M, Nassehi T, Gamer J, Drysdale CM, Haro-Mora JJ, Demirci S, Hsieh MM, Uchida N, Tisdale JF. Low-Dose Busulfan Reduces Human CD34 + Cell Doses Required for Engraftment in c-kit Mutant Immunodeficient Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 15:430-437. [PMID: 31890735 PMCID: PMC6909187 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Humanized animal models are central to efforts aimed at improving hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation with or without genetic modification. Human cell engraftment is feasible in immunodeficient mice; however, high HSC doses and conditioning limit broad use of xenograft models. We assessed human CD45+ chimerism after transplanting varying doses of human CD34+ HSCs (2 × 105 to 2 × 106 cells/mouse) with or without busulfan (BU) pretransplant conditioning in c-kit mutant mice that do not require conditioning (non-obese diabetic [NOD]/B6/severe combined immunodeficiency [SCID]/ interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain null (IL-2rγ-/-) KitW41/W41 [NBSGW]). We then tested a range of BU (5-37.5 mg/kg) using 2 × 105 human CD34+ cells. Glycophorin-A erythrocyte chimerism was assessed after murine macrophage depletion using clodronate liposomes. We demonstrated successful long-term engraftment of human CD34+ cells at all cell doses in this model, and equivalent engraftment using 10-fold less CD34+ cells with the addition of BU conditioning. Low-dose BU (10 mg/kg) was sufficient to allow human engraftment using 2 × 105 CD34+ cells, whereas higher doses (≥37.5 mg/kg) were toxic. NBSGW mice support human erythropoiesis in the bone marrow; however, murine macrophage depletion provided only minimal and transient increases in peripheral blood human erythrocytes. Our xenograft model is therefore useful in HSC gene therapy and genome-editing studies, especially for modeling in disorders, such as sickle cell disease, where access to HSCs is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Leonard
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Morgan Yapundich
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tina Nassehi
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jackson Gamer
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claire M. Drysdale
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan J. Haro-Mora
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Selami Demirci
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew M. Hsieh
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Naoya Uchida
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Corresponding author: Naoya Uchida, Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 10, 9N112, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - John F. Tisdale
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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159
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Le CT, Murphy WJ. Moving forward to address key unanswered questions on targeting PD-1/PD-L1 in cancer: limitations in preclinical models and the need to incorporate human modifying factors. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:291. [PMID: 31699145 PMCID: PMC6839253 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tremendous clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI), particularly targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1/2 (PD-L1/2) pathway, has resulted in application to multiple cancers, as a monotherapy and as a companion to both conventional and novel agents. Despite this, the precise mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor effects of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade remain unclear. Emphasis has centered on its reversal of tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell exhaustion, although many cell types and processes are likely impacted. Due to the complex and pervasive roles of PD-1/PD-L1 on T-cell biology, including on initial T-cell priming, PD-1 blockade likely affects all aspects of T- cell responses, and these other effects may be even more critical for durable anti-tumor responses. Delineating these complex interactions necessitates in vivo modeling. By far, the healthy, young and inbred laboratory mouse, transplanted with an extensively cultured tumor cell line, has been the predominant preclinical model used to assess potential therapeutic efficacies. However, these mouse models often do not adequately reflect the tumor progression and cellular and genetic heterogeneity found within human cancers. Furthermore, laboratory mice also present with a vastly restricted immune profile compared to humans. This commentary discusses some of the critical questions that need to be addressed to optimize the use of ICI as well as caveats and limitations for consideration when extrapolating preclinical mouse data to the human cancer scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine T Le
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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160
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Radtke S, Humbert O, Kiem HP. Mouse models in hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy and genome editing. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 174:113692. [PMID: 31705854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has become an important treatment option for a variety of hematological diseases. The biggest advances have been made with CAR T cells and many of those studies are now FDA approved as a routine treatment for some hematologic malignancies. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy is not far behind with treatment approvals granted for beta-hemoglobinopathies and adenosine deaminase severe combined immune deficiency (ADA-SCID), and additional approbations currently being sought. With the current pace of research, the significant investment of biotech companies, and the continuously growing toolbox of viral as well as non-viral gene delivery methods, the development of new ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy approaches is at an all-time high. Research in the field of gene therapy has been ongoing for more than 4 decades with big success stories as well as devastating drawbacks along the way. In particular, the damaging effect of uncontrolled viral vector integration observed in the initial gene therapy applications in the 90s led to a more comprehensive upfront safety assessment of treatment strategies. Since the late 90s, an important read-out to comprehensively assess the quality and safety of cell products has come forward with the mouse xenograft model. Here, we review the use of mouse models across the different stages of basic, pre-clinical and translational research towards the clinical application of HSC-mediated gene therapy and editing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Radtke
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Olivier Humbert
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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161
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Abstract
Urothelial bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract resulting in over 165,000 deaths worldwide. Immunotherapies targeting the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) checkpoint pathway were recently approved for the treatment of bladder cancer, but favorable responses to this treatment are still limited to a minority of patients. This resistance to therapy has driven a need to optimize syngeneic models of bladder cancer that enable evaluation of the tumor immune microenvironment under varying conditions. Several models have been in place for many years, and we discuss in this chapter the optimization of an orthotopic model of bladder cancer that can be employed to study the anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy F Sweis
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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162
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Alisjahbana A, Mohammad I, Gao Y, Evren E, Ringqvist E, Willinger T. Human macrophages and innate lymphoid cells: Tissue-resident innate immunity in humanized mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 174:113672. [PMID: 31634458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are tissue-resident cells that play important roles in organ homeostasis and tissue immunity. Their intricate relationship with the organs they reside in allows them to quickly respond to perturbations of organ homeostasis and environmental challenges, such as infection and tissue injury. Macrophages and ILCs have been extensively studied in mice, yet important species-specific differences exist regarding innate immunity between humans and mice. Complementary to ex-vivo studies with human cells, humanized mice (i.e. mice with a human immune system) offer the opportunity to study human macrophages and ILCs in vivo within their surrounding tissue microenvironments. In this review, we will discuss how humanized mice have helped gain new knowledge about the basic biology of these cells, as well as their function in infectious and malignant conditions. Furthermore, we will highlight active areas of investigation related to human macrophages and ILCs, such as their cellular heterogeneity, ontogeny, tissue residency, and plasticity. In the near future, we expect more fundamental discoveries in these areas through the combined use of improved humanized mouse models together with state-of-the-art technologies, such as single-cell RNA-sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlisa Alisjahbana
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Imran Mohammad
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu Gao
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elza Evren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Ringqvist
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Willinger
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels allé 8, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Krekorian M, Fruhwirth GO, Srinivas M, Figdor CG, Heskamp S, Witney TH, Aarntzen EH. Imaging of T-cells and their responses during anti-cancer immunotherapy. Theranostics 2019; 9:7924-7947. [PMID: 31656546 PMCID: PMC6814447 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has proven to be an effective approach in a growing number of cancers. Despite durable clinical responses achieved with antibodies targeting immune checkpoint molecules, many patients do not respond. The common denominator for immunotherapies that have successfully been introduced in the clinic is their potential to induce or enhance infiltration of cytotoxic T-cells into the tumour. However, in clinical research the molecules, cells and processes involved in effective responses during immunotherapy remain largely obscure. Therefore, in vivo imaging technologies that interrogate T-cell responses in patients represent a powerful tool to boost further development of immunotherapy. This review comprises a comprehensive analysis of the in vivo imaging technologies that allow the characterisation of T-cell responses induced by anti-cancer immunotherapy, with emphasis on technologies that are clinically available or have high translational potential. Throughout we discuss their respective strengths and weaknesses, providing arguments for selecting the optimal imaging options for future research and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massis Krekorian
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gilbert O. Fruhwirth
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings' College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mangala Srinivas
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy H. Witney
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings' College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erik H.J.G. Aarntzen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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164
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Jin Y, Liu M, Sa R, Fu H, Cheng L, Chen L. Mouse models of thyroid cancer: Bridging pathogenesis and novel therapeutics. Cancer Lett 2019; 469:35-53. [PMID: 31589905 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to a global increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer, numerous novel mouse models were established to reveal thyroid cancer pathogenesis and test promising therapeutic strategies, necessitating a comprehensive review of translational medicine that covers (i) the role of mouse models in the research of thyroid cancer pathogenesis, and (ii) preclinical testing of potential anti-thyroid cancer therapeutics. The present review article aims to: (i) describe the current approaches for mouse modeling of thyroid cancer, (ii) provide insight into the biology and genetics of thyroid cancers, and (iii) offer guidance on the use of mouse models for testing potential therapeutics in preclinical settings. Based on research with mouse models of thyroid cancer pathogenesis involving the RTK, RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, SRC, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways, inhibitors of VEGFR, MEK, mTOR, SRC, and STAT3 have been developed as anti-thyroid cancer drugs for "bench-to-bedside" translation. In the future, mouse models of thyroid cancer will be designed to be ''humanized" and "patient-like," offering opportunities to: (i) investigate the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer through target screening based on the CRISPR/Cas system, (ii) test drugs based on new mouse models, and (iii) explore the underlying mechanisms based on multi-omics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Jin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Ri Sa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
| | - Libo Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.
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165
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Animal Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Role of Immune System and Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101487. [PMID: 31581753 PMCID: PMC6826986 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer in adults and has one of the highest mortality rates of solid cancers. Ninety percent of HCCs are associated with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis developed from chronic liver injuries. The immune system of the liver contributes to the severity of the necrotic-inflammatory tissue damage, the establishment of fibrosis and cirrhosis, and the disease progression towards HCC. Immunotherapies have emerged as an exciting strategy for HCC treatment, but their effect is limited, and an extensive translation research is urgently needed to enhance anti-tumor efficacy and clinical success. Establishing HCC animal models that are analogous to human disease settings, i.e., mimicking the tumor microenvironment of HCC, is extremely challenging. Hence, this review discusses different animal models of HCC by summarizing their advantages and their limits with a specific focus on the role of the immune system and tumor microenvironment.
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166
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Current and Future Horizons of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models in Colorectal Cancer Translational Research. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091321. [PMID: 31500168 PMCID: PMC6770280 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our poor understanding of the intricate biology of cancer and the limited availability of preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate the complexity of tumors are primary contributors to the high failure rate of novel therapeutics in oncology clinical studies. To address this need, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) platforms have been widely deployed and have reached a point of development where we can critically review their utility to model and interrogate relevant clinical scenarios, including tumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution, contributions of the tumor microenvironment, identification of novel drugs and biomarkers, and mechanisms of drug resistance. Colorectal cancer (CRC) constitutes a unique case to illustrate clinical perspectives revealed by PDX studies, as they overcome limitations intrinsic to conventional ex vivo models. Furthermore, the success of molecularly annotated "Avatar" models for co-clinical trials in other diseases suggests that this approach may provide an additional opportunity to improve clinical decisions, including opportunities for precision targeted therapeutics, for patients with CRC in real time. Although critical weaknesses have been identified with regard to the ability of PDX models to predict clinical outcomes, for now, they are certainly the model of choice for preclinical studies in CRC. Ongoing multi-institutional efforts to develop and share large-scale, well-annotated PDX resources aim to maximize their translational potential. This review comprehensively surveys the current status of PDX models in translational CRC research and discusses the opportunities and considerations for future PDX development.
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167
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Okada S, Vaeteewoottacharn K, Kariya R. Application of Highly Immunocompromised Mice for the Establishment of Patient-Derived Xenograft (PDX) Models. Cells 2019; 8:E889. [PMID: 31412684 PMCID: PMC6721637 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are created by engraftment of patient tumor tissues into immunocompetent mice. Since a PDX model retains the characteristics of the primary patient tumor including gene expression profiles and drug responses, it has become the most reliable in vivo human cancer model. The engraftment rate increases with the introduction of Non-obese diabetic Severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID)-based immunocompromised mice, especially the NK-deficient NOD strains NOD/SCID/interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain(IL2Rγ)null (NOG/NSG) and NOD/SCID/Jak3(Janus kinase 3)null (NOJ). Success rates differ with tumor origin: gastrointestinal tumors acquire a higher engraftment rate, while the rate is lower for breast cancers. Subcutaneous transplantation is the most popular method to establish PDX, but some tumors require specific environments, e.g., orthotropic or renal capsule transplantation. Human hormone treatment is necessary to establish hormone-dependent cancers such as prostate and breast cancers. PDX mice with human hematopoietic and immune systems (humanized PDX) are powerful tools for the analysis of tumor-immune system interaction and evaluation of immunotherapy response. A PDX biobank equipped with patients' clinical data, gene-expression patterns, mutational statuses, tumor tissue architects, and drug responsiveness will be an authoritative resource for developing specific tumor biomarkers for chemotherapeutic predictions, creating individualized therapy, and establishing precise cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Kulthida Vaeteewoottacharn
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ryusho Kariya
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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168
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Immunomodulatory roles of nitric oxide in cancer: tumor microenvironment says "NO" to antitumor immune response. Transl Res 2019; 210:99-108. [PMID: 30953610 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that there is an important connection between nitric oxide (NO) and the pathology of malignant diseases, but we are far from a complete comprehension of how this simple diatomic molecule contributes to tumorigenesis. The emerging identification of immune-mediated mechanisms regulated by NO may help to unravel the intricate and complex relationships between NO and cancer. Therefore, this review provides a summary of recent advances in our understanding of the immunomodulatory role of NO in cancer, and in particular the role of this pleiotropic signaling molecule as an immunosuppressive mediator in the tumor microenvironment. We will discuss the participation of NO in the different strategies used by tumors to escape from immune system-mediated recognition, including the acquisition of stem cell like capacities by tumor cells and the metabolic reprogramming of tumor infiltrating immune cells. Finally, we will also discuss different therapeutic strategies directed against NO for abating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and to increase the efficacy of immunotherapy in cancer.
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169
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Novel Semi-Replicative Retroviral Vector Mediated Double Suicide Gene Transfer Enhances Antitumor Effects in Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Models. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081090. [PMID: 31370279 PMCID: PMC6721803 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As glioblastomas are mostly localized infiltrative lesions, gene therapy based on the retroviral replicating vector (RRV) system is considered an attractive strategy. Combinations of multiple suicide genes can circumvent the limitations associated with each gene, achieving direct and synergistic cytotoxic effects, along with bystander cell killing. In this study, we constructed a semi-and pseudotyped-RRV (sp-RRV) system harboring two suicide genes—herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (TK) and yeast cytosine deaminase (CD)—to verify the dissemination and antitumor efficacy of our sp-RRV system (spRRVe-sEF1α-TK/sRRVgp-sEF1α-CD) in seven patient-derived glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs). Flow cytometry and high-content analysis revealed a wide range of transduction efficiency and good correlation between the delivery of therapeutic genes and susceptibility to the prodrugs ganciclovir and 5-fluorocytosine in patient-derived GSCs in vitro. Intra-tumoral delivery of spRRVe-sEF1α-TK/sRRVgp-sEF1α-CD, combined with prodrug treatment, synergistically inhibited cell proliferation and angiogenesis while increasing apoptosis and the depletion of tumor-associated macrophages in orthotopic glioblastoma xenografts. Genomic profiling of patient-derived GSCs revealed that the key genes preventing sp-RRV infection and transmission were associated with cell adhesion, migration, development, differentiation, and proliferation. This is the first report demonstrating that a novel sp-RRV-mediated TK/CD double suicide gene transfer system has high oncolytic power against extremely heterogeneous and treatment-refractory glioblastomas.
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170
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Human Immune System Increases Breast Cancer-Induced Osteoblastic Bone Growth in a Humanized Mouse Model without Affecting Normal Bone. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:4260987. [PMID: 31211147 PMCID: PMC6532310 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4260987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases are prevalent in many common cancers such as breast, prostate, and lung cancers, and novel therapies for treating bone metastases are needed. Human immune system-engrafted models are used in immuno-oncology (IO) studies for subcutaneous cancer cell or patient-derived xenograft implantations that mimic primary tumor growth. Novel efficacy models for IO compounds on bone metastases need to be established. The study was performed using CIEA NOG (NOG) mice engrafted with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (huNOG) and age-matched immunodeficient NOG mice. Bone phenotyping was performed to evaluate baseline differences. BT-474 human breast cancer cells were inoculated into the tibia bone marrow, and cancer-induced bone changes were monitored by X-ray imaging. Bone content and volume were analyzed by dual X-ray absorptiometry and microcomputed tomography. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and the expression of immune checkpoint markers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Bone phenotyping showed no differences in bone architecture or volume of the healthy bones in huNOG and NOG mice, but the bone marrow fat was absent in huNOG mice. Fibrotic areas were observed in the bone marrow of some huNOG mice. BT-474 tumors induced osteoblastic bone growth. Bone lesions appeared earlier and were larger, and bone mineral density was higher in huNOG mice. huNOG mice had a high number of human CD3-, CD4-, and CD8-positive T cells and CD20-positive B cells in immune-related organs. A low number of TILs and PD-1-positive cells and low PD-L1 expression were observed in the BT-474 tumors at the endpoint. This study reports characterization of the first breast cancer bone growth model in huNOG mice. BT-474 tumors represent a “cold” tumor with a low number of TILs. This model can be used for evaluating the efficacy of combination treatments of IO therapies with immune-stimulatory compounds or therapeutic approaches on bone metastatic breast cancer.
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171
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Ito R, Maruoka S, Gon Y, Katano I, Takahashi T, Ito M, Izuhara K, Nunomura S. Recent Advances in Allergy Research Using Humanized Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112740. [PMID: 31167385 PMCID: PMC6600417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence rates of allergic diseases are increasing worldwide, particularly in industrial countries. To date, many mouse models have been generated for allergy research; studies conducted using these models have suggested the importance of cross-talk between immune cells and tissue-resident non-immune cells in the onset of allergic diseases. However, there are several differences between the immune systems of rodents and humans, and human studies are limited. Thus, mice reconstituted with human immune cells are a novel tool for the preclinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of developing drugs. Genetic technologies for generating humanized mice have improved markedly in recent years. In this review, we will discuss recent progress in allergy research using humanized mice and introduce our recent humanized mouse model of airway inflammation in human immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Ito
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Shuichiro Maruoka
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Gon
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Ikumi Katano
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Takahashi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Ito
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Kenji Izuhara
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-0937, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Nunomura
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-0937, Japan.
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172
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Borcoman E, De La Rochere P, Richer W, Vacher S, Chemlali W, Krucker C, Sirab N, Radvanyi F, Allory Y, Pignot G, Barry de Longchamps N, Damotte D, Meseure D, Sedlik C, Bieche I, Piaggio E. Inhibition of PI3K pathway increases immune infiltrate in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1581556. [PMID: 31069145 PMCID: PMC6492984 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1581556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown improvement in survival in comparison to chemotherapy in urothelial bladder cancer, many patients still fail to respond to these treatments and actual efforts are made to identify predictive factors of response to immunotherapy. Understanding the tumor-intrinsic molecular basis, like oncogenic pathways conditioning the presence or absence of tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs), should provide a new rationale for improved anti-tumor immune therapies. In this study, we found that urothelial bladder cancer from human samples bearing PIK3CA gene mutations was significantly associated with lower expression of a defined immune gene signature, compared to unmutated ones. We identified a reduced 10-gene immune gene signature that discriminates muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) samples according to immune infiltration and PIK3CA mutation. Using a humanized mouse model, we observed that BKM120, a pan-PI3K inhibitor, significantly inhibited the growth of a human bladder cancer cell line bearing a PIK3CA mutation, associated to increased immune cell infiltration (hCD45+). Using qRT-PCR, we also found an increase in the expression of chemokines and immune genes in PIK3CA-mutated tumors from mice treated with BKM120, reflecting an active immune infiltrate in comparison to untreated ones. Moreover, the addition of BKM120 rendered PIK3CA-mutated tumors sensitive to PD-1 blockade. Our results provide a relevant rationale for combination strategies of PI3K inhibitors with immune checkpoint inhibitors to overcome resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Borcoman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | | | - Wilfrid Richer
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Nanour Sirab
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Francois Radvanyi
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Yves Allory
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, Paris, France.,Department of diagnostic and theranostic medicine, Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Géraldine Pignot
- Department of Urology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | | | - Diane Damotte
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Didier Meseure
- Department of diagnostic and theranostic medicine, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Christine Sedlik
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Bieche
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
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173
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Mercher T, Schwaller J. Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): From Genes to Models Toward Targeted Therapeutic Intervention. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:401. [PMID: 31681706 PMCID: PMC6803505 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge of the genetic lesions driving pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML), emerging biological concepts, and strategies for therapeutic intervention. Hereby, we focus on lesions that preferentially or exclusively occur in pediatric patients and molecular markers of aggressive disease with often poor outcome including fusion oncogenes that involve epigenetic regulators like KMT2A, NUP98, or CBFA2T3, respectively. Functional studies were able to demonstrate cooperation with signaling mutations leading to constitutive activation of FLT3 or the RAS signal transduction pathways. We discuss the issues faced to faithfully model pediatric acute leukemia in mice. Emerging experimental evidence suggests that the disease phenotype is dependent on the appropriate expression and activity of the driver fusion oncogenes during a particular window of opportunity during fetal development. We also highlight biochemical studies that deciphered some molecular mechanisms of malignant transformation by KMT2A, NUP98, and CBFA2T3 fusions, which, in some instances, allowed the development of small molecules with potent anti-leukemic activities in preclinical models (e.g., inhibitors of the KMT2A-MENIN interaction). Finally, we discuss other potential therapeutic strategies that not only target driver fusion-controlled signals but also interfere with the transformed cell state either by exploiting the primed apoptosis or vulnerable metabolic states or by increasing tumor cell recognition and elimination by the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mercher
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Juerg Schwaller
- Department of Biomedicine, University Children's Hospital Beider Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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174
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Pyo KH, Kim JH, Lee JM, Kim SE, Cho JS, Lim SM, Cho BC. Promising preclinical platform for evaluation of immuno-oncology drugs using Hu-PBL-NSG lung cancer models. Lung Cancer 2018; 127:112-121. [PMID: 30642538 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the advance of immunotherapy, treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has revolutionized by having anti-PD-1 therapy in front-line setting. In this era of cancer immunotherapy, humanized mouse models which recapitulate human immune system, are needed for predicting immunotherapy response in patients. We established a Hu-PBL-NSG mouse model which can be used as a preclinical testing platform for assessing efficacy of different immunotherapeutic agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hu-PBL-NSG mouse model was established by engrafting human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into NOD/scid/IL-2Rγ-/- (NSG) mice. Cytokine array was performed to assess serological similarity between patient and the Hu-PBL-NSG mouse, and microscopic immune cell infiltration was observed in various organs mouse model. Human anti-PD-1 therapy was treated for assessing drug efficacy in patient-derived tumor. RESULTS hCD3+hCD45+ T-cells and antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells, macrophages, and MDSC) increased in the serum of Hu-PBL-NSG mouse 24 h after the transfusion of human PBMCs, and CD3 + T cells were observed in lung, liver, kidney, spleen sections. Cytokine arrays of human and Hu-PBL-NSG mouse revealed high similarity of Th1, Th2, Th17-related cytokines. A tumor xenograft was engrafted from an EML4-ALK patient, and Hu-PBL-NSG mouse was sacrificed for histological analyses. hCD3+ T cells were infiltrated within the tumor, and CD11c + cells, which represent antigen-presenting capability, were seen in spleen, lung, liver and kidney. When anti-PD-1 Ab was treated intraperitoneally, xenograft tumor showed significant reduction in volume after day 6, and increased expression of immune response-related genes on microarray analysis in the tumor. Mostly IFN-gamma and its related gene sets were significantly changed (FDR < 0.25, GSEA). CONCLUSION Hu-PBL-NSG mouse model which highly resembles human immune system was successfully established. This model could be a strong preclinical model for testing efficacy of immunotherapeutic agents, and also for pursuing novel immunotherapy treatment strategies in advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ho Pyo
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Min Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, South Korea
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Seok Cho
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Min Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
| | - Byoung Chul Cho
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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