151
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Figueiredo SA, Vilela FMP, Silva CAD, Cunha TM, dos Santos MH, Fonseca MJV. In vitro and in vivo photoprotective/photochemopreventive potential of Garcinia brasiliensis epicarp extract. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 131:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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152
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Kikuchi A, Oguchi-Fujiyama N, Miyazawa K, Yagi M. Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer from a UV-A Absorber Butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane to UV-B Absorbers. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:511-6. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Kikuchi
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Yokohama National University; Hodogaya-ku Yokohama Japan
| | | | | | - Mikio Yagi
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Yokohama National University; Hodogaya-ku Yokohama Japan
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153
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Chen Y, Ye X, Li G, He Y, Zhou W, Wang P, Zhang Y, Tong W, Wu H, Liu M. Identification, Synthesis and Photo-protection Evaluation of Arylthiazole Derivatives as a Novel Series of Sunscreens. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-13-12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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154
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KHLEBNIKOVA AN, PETRUNIN DD. Zinc, its biological role and use in dermatology. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2013. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This literature review detines the biological role ot zinc in the human body, immune homeostasis and skin physiology as well as pathophysiology ot skin diseases. It describes the current range ot systemic and topical zinc preparations and their pharmacological characteristics. The review also describes skin diseases that may be treated with the use ot zinc preparations on a grounded basis, and discloses the clinical experience ot the use ot these drugs described in the world literature. It sets out certain recommendations tor using zinc preparations in clinical practice.
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155
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Rider LG, Katz JD, Jones OY. Developments in the classification and treatment of the juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2013; 39:877-904. [PMID: 24182859 PMCID: PMC3817412 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review updates recent trends in the classification of the juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (JIIM) and the emerging standard of treatment of the most common form of JIIM, juvenile dermatomyositis. The JIIM are rare, heterogeneous autoimmune diseases that share chronic muscle inflammation and weakness. A growing spectrum of clinicopathologic groups and serologic phenotypes defined by the presence of myositis autoantibodies are now recognized, each with differing demographics, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and prognoses. Although daily oral corticosteroids remain the backbone of treatment, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs are almost always used adjunctively and biologic therapies may benefit patients with recalcitrant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa G Rider
- Environmental Autoimmunity Group, Program of Clinical Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, CRC 4-2352, MSC 1301, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1301, USA; Myositis Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, George Washington University, G-400, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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156
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Visscher MO, Pan BS, Kitzmiller WJ. Photodamage: treatments and topicals for facial skin. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2013; 21:61-75. [PMID: 23369590 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of current therapies for photodamaged facial skin and their efficacy, with particular focus on studies that use the objective, quantitative evaluation methods discussed in the previous article. The role of topically applied agents including prescription drugs and cosmetics is discussed. From this information, a schema for the relative effectiveness of therapeutic modalities in reducing perceived age is presented. This information assists the facial plastic surgeon in evaluating patient expectations and selecting the most effective program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marty O Visscher
- Skin Sciences Program, Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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157
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IL-11, IL-1α, IL-6, and TNF-α are induced by solar radiation in vitro and may be involved in facial subcutaneous fat loss in vivo. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 71:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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158
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Ambrogi V, Latterini L, Marmottini F, Pagano C, Ricci M. Mesoporous Silicate MCM-41 as a Particulate Carrier for Octyl Methoxycinnamate: Sunscreen Release and Photostability. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:1468-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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159
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Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has many interactions with the skin, which are explored in detail in this review. Both ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) wavelengths are absorbed by chromophores in the skin, resulting in important biologic effects. Exposure to UVR can result in sunburn, immediate and delayed skin pigmentation, photoaging, and immunosuppression. In addition, exposure to UVA and UVB is an important risk factor for melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. Because endogenous vitamin D synthesis requires UVB, concerns have been raised about the possibility that photoprotection might contribute to vitamin D deficiency; however, vitamin D supplementation is a safer and more reliable method for maintaining adequate vitamin D levels than UVR exposure. Protection from UVR is critical and involves several factors. These elements include sun avoidance during peak hours of UVR exposure (10 am to 2 pm), proper application of a broad-spectrum sunscreen with adequate sun protection factor, and wearing protective clothing, a wide-brimmed hat, and protective eyewear. Indoor tanning is a high-risk activity that is likely contributing to recent increases in melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer in young women, and efforts are ongoing to ban minors from engaging in indoor tanning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry W. Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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160
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Cestari TF, Oliveira FBD, Boza JC. Considerations on photoprotection and skin disorders. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2013; 139 Suppl 4:S135-43. [PMID: 23522628 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(12)70125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to solar or artificial sources of UV radiation is deleterious to the skin and can cause or worsen several diseases. Detrimental effects of UV radiation exert an important role in the development of skin cancers, cause alterations on the immune response, and act as a trigger or aggravating factor for pigmentary disorders. A group of measures, including education, change of habits, use of physical barriers and sunscreens constitutes a significant part of the treatment of many skin disorders and are valuable preventive tools. This article summarizes the relevant studies addressing these issues, emphasizing the many aspects of photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ferreira Cestari
- Department of Dermatology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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161
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162
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Faure B, Salazar-Alvarez G, Ahniyaz A, Villaluenga I, Berriozabal G, De Miguel YR, Bergström L. Dispersion and surface functionalization of oxide nanoparticles for transparent photocatalytic and UV-protecting coatings and sunscreens. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2013; 14:023001. [PMID: 27877568 PMCID: PMC5074370 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/14/2/023001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This review describes recent efforts on the synthesis, dispersion and surface functionalization of the three dominating oxide nanoparticles used for photocatalytic, UV-blocking and sunscreen applications: titania, zinc oxide, and ceria. The gas phase and liquid phase synthesis is described briefly and examples are given of how weakly aggregated photocatalytic or UV-absorbing oxide nanoparticles with different composition, morphology and size can be generated. The principles of deagglomeration are reviewed and the specific challenges for nanoparticles highlighted. The stabilization of oxide nanoparticles in both aqueous and non-aqueous media requires a good understanding of the magnitude of the interparticle forces and the surface chemistry of the materials. Quantitative estimates of the Hamaker constants in various media and measurements of the isoelectric points for the different oxide nanoparticles are presented together with an overview of different additives used to prepare stable dispersions. The structural and chemical requirements and the various routes to produce transparent photocatalytic and nanoparticle-based UV-protecting coatings, and UV-blocking sunscreens are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Faure
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - German Salazar-Alvarez
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anwar Ahniyaz
- YKI, Ytkemiska Institutet, Institute for Surface Chemistry, Drottning Kristinas Väg 45, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irune Villaluenga
- Sustainable Construction Division, TECNALIA, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, C/Geldo, Edificio 700, E-48160 Derio-Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Gemma Berriozabal
- Sustainable Construction Division, TECNALIA, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, C/Geldo, Edificio 700, E-48160 Derio-Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Yolanda R De Miguel
- Sustainable Construction Division, TECNALIA, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, C/Geldo, Edificio 700, E-48160 Derio-Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lennart Bergström
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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163
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Duffy SA, Ronis DL, Waltje AH, Choi SH. Protocol of a randomized controlled trial of sun protection interventions for operating engineers. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:273. [PMID: 23530608 PMCID: PMC3616939 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin cancer are increasing and some types of skin cancer are among the most lethal cancers yet are easily preventable. However, sun protection interventions are rarely implemented among outdoor workers. Our prior work shows that Michigan Operating Engineers (heavy equipment operators) spend an average of 4-5 hours in the sun, about one-third reported getting sun burned at least once a summer, and over half burned more than once a summer. About three-quarters of the sample never or only sometimes used sun block. METHODS/DESIGN Using the Health Belief Model as a guide, this randomized controlled trial (RCT) will test the efficacy of four sun protection interventions targeting Operating Engineers: a) education only; b) education and mailed sunscreen; c) education and text message reminders; and, d) education, mailed sunscreen, and text message reminders. Participations in the study will be offered during regularly scheduled safety trainings at the Local 324 Training Center. Pre- and post-intervention surveys will be collected to determine changes in sunscreen use and sun burning, the primary dependent variables. The analyses will include: a) paired t-tests to determine changes over time (from pre-intervention to post-intervention) in outcome variables (sunscreen use and burning) separately in the 4 intervention groups, b) Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RM-ANOVA) to compare the changes in outcomes across the 4 groups, and c) t-tests on change scores as follow-ups to the RM-ANOVA to determine exactly which groups differ from each other. DISCUSSION Based on the outcome of this study, we will develop a RO1 for wider scale testing and dissemination in conjunction with the International Training Center which services North America (including the US, Mexico, and Canada). Wide scale dissemination of an efficacious sun protection intervention has the potential to substantially impact skin cancer rates among this population. The ultimate goal is for high reach, high efficacy, and low cost. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01804595.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia A Duffy
- School of Nursing, Department of Otolaryngology and Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor VA Center for Clinical Management Research, 400 North Ingalls Building #3178, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5482, USA.
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164
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Diaz JH, Nesbitt LT. Sun exposure behavior and protection: recommendations for travelers. J Travel Med 2013; 20:108-18. [PMID: 23464719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2012.00667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there have been recent advances in the development of photoprotective clothing and broad-spectrum sunscreens, few peer-reviewed publications have focused on photoprotection recommendations for travelers. METHODS In order to describe the adverse health effects of excessive ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposures; review recent studies of public perceptions regarding photoprotection and sun exposure behaviors; identify special populations at increased risks of drug-induced photosensitivity reactions and UV-induced skin cancers; and recommend several effective photoprotection strategies for travelers, Internet search engines were queried with the key words as search terms to examine the latest references on photoprotection and the epidemiology of UV-associated skin cancers. RESULTS Observational studies have demonstrated that the public knows little about proper sunscreen protection, selection, and use, and often abuses sunscreens for intentional UV overexposures. Cohort studies have identified special populations at increased risks of UV-associated skin cancers without the proper use of sunscreens and photoprotective clothing including children, fair-skinned persons, patients taking photosensitizing drugs, and organ transplant recipients (OTRs). Clinical investigations support the regular use of broad-spectrum sunscreens to prevent the development of premalignant actinic keratoses (AK) in all sun-exposed subjects, especially OTRs; to prevent the development of squamous cell carcinomas from new AK in sun-exposed subjects, especially OTRs; to possibly prevent the development of cutaneous malignant melanomas in children and adults; and to possibly prevent the development of basal cell carcinomas in OTRs. CONCLUSIONS Recommended photoprotection strategies for travelers should include avoiding intense sunlight, wearing photoprotective clothing, wearing sunglasses, and selecting the right sunscreen for their skin type. Travel medicine practitioners should counsel travelers about photoprotection and encourage travelers to take advantage of recent advances in the development of more effective broad-spectrum sunscreens and photoprotective clothing for themselves and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Diaz
- Program in Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Schools of Public Health and Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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165
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Physicians need to be prepared to counsel patients on why and how to protect themselves from damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation, including the proper use of sunscreens. In this article, we review the interplay between UV radiation, sunscreens and the skin, highlighting current controversies and recommendations surrounding sunscreen use. RECENT FINDINGS An important concept is that excessive UV exposure has long-term damaging effects on the skin beyond the immediate sunburn. Recent discoveries of the role of UVA radiation in skin cancer development have set high standards for broad-spectrum coverage to be met by sunscreens. Current evidence does not support an association between sunscreen use and melanoma, systemic toxicity or vitamin D deficiency. Although sunscreen application is the most common modality for sun protection, many people do not use it correctly. Regular sunscreen use during childhood and adolescence can significantly reduce lifetime incidence of skin cancer; therefore, targeting children in pediatric offices regarding unprotected UV exposure may be a practical approach. SUMMARY Sunscreens continue to be a major method of photoprotection among the public, offering numerous benefits that clearly outweigh potential risks; however, optimizing the use of sunscreens, especially among children and adolescents, remains a major challenge.
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166
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Lichenic extracts and metabolites as UV filters. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 120:17-28. [PMID: 23416709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three lichen extracts and ten lichenic compounds have been screened for their photoprotective activities. The determination of their Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and Protection Factor-UVA (PF-UVA) values was done in vitro. Among them, a Lasallia pustulata extract and gyrophoric acid exhibited SPF values over 5, which is better than Homosalate (SPF≈4). Their photoprotective properties are only slightly modified after a 2-hours period of irradiation. Salazinic acid and L. pustulata presented characteristics of a UVA booster like the butyl-methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) (PF-UVA≈2 vs. 2.8 for Avobenzone). Salazinic acid was a better anion superoxide scavenger than ascorbic acid and none of them exhibited a photosensitizing cytotoxicity by exposing them on HaCaT cells to UVA radiations (photo-irritancy factor PIF<5).
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167
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Gilbert E, Pirot F, Bertholle V, Roussel L, Falson F, Padois K. Commonly used UV filter toxicity on biological functions: review of last decade studies. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 35:208-19. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Gilbert
- Fonctions normales et pathologiques de la barrière cutanée; Laboratoire de Recherche et Développement de Pharmacie Galénique Industrielle; Université de Lyon 1; EA 4169, ISPB, 8, avenue Rockefeller; 69373; Lyon Cedex 08; France
| | | | - V. Bertholle
- Fonctions normales et pathologiques de la barrière cutanée; Laboratoire de Recherche et Développement de Pharmacie Galénique Industrielle; Université de Lyon 1; EA 4169, ISPB, 8, avenue Rockefeller; 69373; Lyon Cedex 08; France
| | - L. Roussel
- Fonctions normales et pathologiques de la barrière cutanée; Laboratoire de Recherche et Développement de Pharmacie Galénique Industrielle; Université de Lyon 1; EA 4169, ISPB, 8, avenue Rockefeller; 69373; Lyon Cedex 08; France
| | - F. Falson
- Fonctions normales et pathologiques de la barrière cutanée; Laboratoire de Recherche et Développement de Pharmacie Galénique Industrielle; Université de Lyon 1; EA 4169, ISPB, 8, avenue Rockefeller; 69373; Lyon Cedex 08; France
| | - K. Padois
- Fonctions normales et pathologiques de la barrière cutanée; Laboratoire de Recherche et Développement de Pharmacie Galénique Industrielle; Université de Lyon 1; EA 4169, ISPB, 8, avenue Rockefeller; 69373; Lyon Cedex 08; France
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168
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Kikuchi A, Shibata K, Kumasaka R, Yagi M. Excited states of menthyl anthranilate: a UV-A absorber. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:246-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25190f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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169
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Vogt O, Lademann J, Rancan F, Meinke M, Schanzer S, Stockfleth E, Sterry W, Lange-Asschenfeldt B. Photoprotective Properties of the Fluorescent Europium Complex in UV-Irradiated Skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:76-84. [DOI: 10.1159/000345976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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170
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Cestari TF, de Oliveira FB, Boza JC. [Considerations on photoprotection and skin disorders]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2012; 139 Suppl 3:S83-91. [PMID: 23260523 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(12)70116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to solar or artificial sources of UV radiation is deleterious to the skin and can cause or worsen several diseases. Detrimental effects of UV radiation exert an important role in the development of skin cancers, cause alterations on the immune response, and act as a trigger or aggravating factor for pigmentary disorders. A group of measures, including education, change of habits, use of physical barriers and sunscreens constitutes a significant part of the treatment of many skin disorders and are valuable preventive tools. This article summarizes the relevant studies addressing these issues, emphasizing the many aspects of photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ferreira Cestari
- Service de dermatologie, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul ; Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brésil.
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171
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Bangash HK, Colegio OR. Management of non-melanoma skin cancer in immunocompromised solid organ transplant recipients. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2012; 13:354-76. [PMID: 22592596 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-012-0195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The management of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) in solid organ transplant recipients (OTRs) presents a variety of clinical challenges for physicians. OTRs are at a 65-fold increased risk for developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), the most common NMSC that develops after transplantation. Risk factors contributing to the development of NMSCs in OTRs include a past medical history of any previous skin cancer, a personal history of significant sun exposure and a fair skin complexion or phototype. Further, greater immunosuppressive medication levels lead to an increased risk of NMSCs. Among immunosuppressants, specific older agents such as azathioprine and cyclosporine may increase the risk of developing NMSCs in contrast to newer agents such as sirolimus. Early skin biopsy and treatment of premalignant and malignant lesions are essential for treating these patients successfully. In this regard, the concept of field cancerization has been instructive in broadening treatments to include entire affected areas rather than individual lesions given that the areas with significant ultraviolet irradiation will continue to develop numerous individual precancerous and cancerous lesions. Field therapy with photodynamic therapy or topical 5-fluorouracil, imiquimod or diclofenac is often used in OTRs according to individual patient tolerability. Prompt excision or Mohs micrographic surgery is the standard of care of primary, uncomplicated squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas. For patients with in-transit or metastatic squamous cell carcinomas, adjuvant radiation, chemotherapy, and staging by sentinel lymph node dissection may be employed. For patients who develop numerous SCC per year, chemoprophylaxis can be effective in limiting the burden of disease. In consultation with the multidisciplinary transplant team, the immunosuppressive regimen can be revised to lower overall immunosuppression or altered to include newer drugs that have decreased oncogenic potential in OTRs. The greatest impact may be made by the prevention of NMSCs through simple, but rigorous, patient education on the benefits of UV protection, periodic self-skin examinations, and regular follow-ups. Accordingly, vitamin D and calcium supplementation should also be incorporated in transplant recipients. Management of OTRs requires patient education, frequent motivation for vigilance, regular follow-up, and interdisciplinary collaboration between transplant surgeons, nephrologists, hepatologists, cardiologists, transplant nurses, dermatologists, oncologists, pharmacists, and other relevant physicians ideally orchestrated by the essential transplant coordinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider K Bangash
- Transplant Dermatology Clinic, Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8059, USA
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172
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Ou-Yang H, Stanfield J, Cole C, Appa Y, Rigel D. High-SPF sunscreens (SPF ≥ 70) may provide ultraviolet protection above minimal recommended levels by adequately compensating for lower sunscreen user application amounts. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 67:1220-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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173
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Kapadia GJ, S. Rao G, Takayasu J, Takasaki M, Iida A, Suzuki N, Konoshima T, Tokuda H. Evaluation of skin cancer chemoprevention potential of sunscreen agents using the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activationin vitroassay. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 35:143-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. J. Kapadia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Howard University; Washington; DC; 20059; USA
| | - G. S. Rao
- Global Technology Resource Center; 145 Rosewood Drive; Streamwood; IL; 60107; U.S.A
| | - J. Takayasu
- Kyoto Bunkyo Junior University; Kyoto; 611-0041; Japan
| | - M. Takasaki
- Chiba Institute of Science; Chiba; 288-0025; Japan
| | - A. Iida
- Kinki University; Nara; 631-8505; Japan
| | - N. Suzuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Howard University; Washington; DC; 20059; USA
| | - T. Konoshima
- Chiba Institute of Science; Chiba; 288-0025; Japan
| | - H. Tokuda
- Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Clinical Research and Development; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kanazawa University; Ishikawa; 920-1192; Japan
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174
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Oghan F, Eskiizmir G, Unlu H, Cingi C. Nonmelanoma skin cancer of the head and neck: prevention. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2012; 20:515-23. [PMID: 23084302 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The importance and effectiveness of prevention efforts and strategies for skin cancers are reviewed. Topical sunscreens and their proper use are presented. Topical and ingested forms of natural, synthetic, or biologic chemical agents that are potentially efficacious for chemoprevention are listtdldted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Oghan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Dumlupinar University, DPU Merkez Kampus, Kutahya 43270, Turkey.
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175
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Massa A, Vione D, Ugazio E, Gastaldi LE, Carlotti ME. Effect of Reactive Species Photogenerated by the Ultraviolet Irradiation of TiO2on the Peroxidation of Linoleic Acid. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2011.620887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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176
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Merk HF, Baratli J. [Modern light protection from the view of occupational dermatology]. Hautarzt 2012; 63:796-800. [PMID: 23008009 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-012-2462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UV-light induced skin cancer is being more and more accepted in Germany as an occupational disease for several jobs with increased UV-light exposure. Over the past 100 years sunscreens with filters against UVB- and UVA-light have been developed. Another development is the use of antioxidants such as vitamin E, vitamin C and herbal agents for additional photoprotection. The evidence supporting these products in their topical and systemic formulation is very variable. The recent changes in the recognition of UV-induced skin cancers as occupational diseases increases the need for preventive strategies which are supported by appropriate clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Merk
- Univ.-Hautklinik, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland.
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177
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Guinea M, Franco V, Araujo-Bazán L, Rodríguez-Martín I, González S. In vivo UVB-photoprotective activity of extracts from commercial marine macroalgae. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1109-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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178
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Depigmenting activity of new kojic acid derivative obtained as a side product in the synthesis of cinnamate of kojic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2004-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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179
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Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2011. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:13-27. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp90033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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180
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Tedja R, Soeriyadi AH, Whittaker MR, Lim M, Marquis C, Boyer C, Davis TP, Amal R. Effect of TiO2 nanoparticle surface functionalization on protein adsorption, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity: the attachment of PEG comb polymers using catalytic chain transfer and thiol–ene chemistry. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20450a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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181
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Paller AS, Hawk JLM, Honig P, Giam YC, Hoath S, Mack MC, Stamatas GN. New insights about infant and toddler skin: implications for sun protection. Pediatrics 2011; 128:92-102. [PMID: 21646256 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is increasingly recognized as a component of the innate immune response, in addition to its role as a physical barrier. Although the deleterious effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), including immunosuppression and cutaneous tumorigenesis, are widely acknowledged, most studies to date have concentrated on adult skin. Despite the more sensitive nature of infant and toddler skin, little is known about its responses to UVR exposure, whether acute or long-term. Accumulating evidence suggests not only that the skin's barrier protection remains immature throughout at least the first 2 years of life but also that accumulation of UVR-induced changes in the skin may begin as early as the first summer of life. Such evidence not only affirms the importance of sun protection during the infant and toddler years but underscores the need for more research to establish evidence-based standards of care in this area. In this article we review recent studies in which differences between the skin properties of infants and young children and those of adults were compared, and we discuss the implications of these differences for sun-protection practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St Clair St, Suite 1600, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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