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Bouillaguet S, Wataha JC, Zapata O, Campo M, Lange N, Schrenzel J. Production of reactive oxygen species from photosensitizers activated with visible light sources available in dental offices. Photomed Laser Surg 2010; 28:519-25. [PMID: 20001322 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2009.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the ability of commonly available red- or blue-light dental sources to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) from photosensitive chemicals that might be useful for photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT). BACKGROUND Although the use of red diode lasers is well documented, there is limited information on how useful blue-light sources might be for PACT in dental contexts. MATERIALS AND METHODS A diode laser (Periowave; see Table 1 for material and equipment sources) emitting red light (660-675 nm) was used to activate toluidine blue; riboflavin and pheophorbide-a polylysine (pheophorbide-a-PLL) were photoactivated using an Optilux 501 curing unit emitting blue light (380-500 nm). Ozone gas (generated by OzoTop, Tip Top Tips, Rolle, Switzerland), sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide were used for comparison. ROS production was estimated using an iodine-triiodide colorimetric assay, and ROS levels were plotted versus concentration of chemicals to determine each chemical's efficiency in ROS production. One-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc analysis (alpha = 0.05) was used to compare the efficiencies of ROS production for the various chemicals. RESULTS Sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone gas produced ROS spontaneously, whereas pheophorbide-a-PLL, riboflavin, and toluidine blue required light exposure. The efficiency of ROS production was higher for pheophorbide-a-PLL and toluidine blue than for ozone gas or riboflavin (p < 0.05). Hydrogen peroxide was the least efficient ROS producer. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study support the use of blue- or red-light-absorbing photosensitizers as candidates to produce ROS for clinical applications. Blue-light photosensitizers were as efficient as red-light photosensitizers in producing ROS and more efficient than the oxidant chemicals currently used for dental disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Bouillaguet
- Endodontics Unit, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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152
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153
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Kishen A, Upadya M, Tegos GP, Hamblin MR. Efflux pump inhibitor potentiates antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:1343-9. [PMID: 20860692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biofilm architecture contains numerous protective features, including extracellular polymeric material that render biofilms impermeable to conventional antimicrobial agents. This study evaluated the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. The ability of a cationic, phenothiazinium photosensitizer, methylene blue (MB) and an anionic, xanthene photosensitizer, rose bengal (RB) to inactivate biofilms of E. faecalis (OG1RF and FA 2-2) and disrupt the biofilm structure was evaluated. Bacterial cells were tested as planktonic suspensions, intact biofilms and biofilm-derived suspensions obtained by the mechanical disruption of biofilms. The role of a specific microbial efflux pump inhibitor (EPI), verapamil hydrochloride in the MB-mediated aPDI of E. faecalis biofilms was also investigated. The results showed that E. faecalis biofilms exhibited significantly higher resistance to aPDI when compared with E. faecalis in suspension (P < 0.001). aPDI with cationic MB produced superior inactivation of E. faecalis strains in a biofilm along with significant destruction of biofilm structure when compared with anionic RB (P < 0.05). The ability to inactivate biofilm bacteria was further enhanced when the EPI was used with MB (P < 0.001). These experiments demonstrated the advantage of a cationic phenothiazinium photosensitizer combined with an EPI to inactivate biofilm bacteria and disrupt biofilm structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kishen
- Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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154
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Garcez AS, Nuñez SC, Hamblim MR, Suzuki H, Ribeiro MS. Photodynamic Therapy Associated with Conventional Endodontic Treatment in Patients with Antibiotic-resistant Microflora: A Preliminary Report. J Endod 2010; 36:1463-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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155
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Yavari HR, Rahimi S, Shahi S, Lotfi M, Barhaghi MHS, Fatemi A, Abdolrahimi M. Effect of Er, Cr: YSGG Laser Irradiation onEnterococcus faecalisin Infected Root Canals. Photomed Laser Surg 2010; 28 Suppl 1:S91-6. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2009.2539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Yavari
- The Department of Endodontics, Tabriz Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Rahimi
- The Department of Endodontics, Tabriz Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahriar Shahi
- The Department of Endodontics, Tabriz Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Lotfi
- The Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ali Fatemi
- The Department of Endodontics, Tabriz Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Abdolrahimi
- The Department of Endodontics, Tabriz Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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156
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Endodontic photoactivated disinfection using a conventional light source: an in vitro and ex vivo study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 109:634-41. [PMID: 20303060 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The antimicrobial effect of photoactivated disinfection (PAD) using toluidine blue and an LED lamp was tested on endodontic pathogens in planktonic suspension and after inoculation into extracted teeth. Irradiation time was limited to 30 seconds. STUDY DESIGN The effect of PAD on planktonic suspensions of Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Streptococcus intermedius was analyzed using Poisson regression. Moreover, cultures of S. intermedius were inoculated into prepared root canals of extracted molars. The effect of PAD performed immediately after inoculation or after overnight bacterial incubation was determined by a 2-sample t test. RESULTS Photoactivated disinfection yielded significant reductions (P < .001) in the viable counts of all organisms in planktonic suspension. The PAD treatment of S. intermedius in root canals yielded a mean log10 reduction of 2.60 (P < .001) immediately after inoculation and of 1.38 (P < .001) after overnight incubation. CONCLUSION Photoactivated disinfection using a conventional light source strongly reduces the number of viable endodontic pathogens in planktonic suspension and in root canals.
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Souza LC, Brito PR, Machado de Oliveira JC, Alves FR, Moreira EJ, Sampaio-Filho HR, Rôças IN, Siqueira Jr. JF. Photodynamic Therapy with Two Different Photosensitizers as a Supplement to Instrumentation/Irrigation Procedures in Promoting Intracanal Reduction of Enterococcus faecalis. J Endod 2010; 36:292-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pagonis TC, Chen J, Fontana CR, Devalapally H, Ruggiero K, Song X, Foschi F, Dunham J, Skobe Z, Yamazaki H, Kent R, Tanner ACR, Amiji MM, Soukos NS. Nanoparticle-based endodontic antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. J Endod 2009; 36:322-8. [PMID: 20113801 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the in vitro effects of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with the photosensitizer methylene blue (MB) and light against Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212). MATERIALS AND METHODS The uptake and distribution of nanoparticles in E. faecalis in suspension was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after incubation with PLGA complexed with colloidal gold particles for 2.5, 5, and 10 minutes. E. faecalis species were sensitized in planktonic phase and in experimentally infected root canals of human extracted teeth with MB-loaded nanoparticles for 10 minutes followed by exposure to red light at 665 nm. RESULTS The nanoparticles were found to be concentrated mainly on the cell walls of microorganisms at all three time points. The synergism of light and MB-loaded nanoparticles led to approximately 2 and 1 log10 reduction of colony-forming units (CFUs) in planktonic phase and root canals, respectively. In both cases, mean log10 CFU levels were significantly lower than controls and MB-loaded nanoparticles without light. CONCLUSION The utilization of PLGA nanoparticles encapsulated with photoactive drugs may be a promising adjunct in antimicrobial endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom C Pagonis
- Advanced Graduate Endodontics, Division of Endodontics, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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159
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Lim Z, Cheng JL, Lim TW, Teo EG, Wong J, George S, Kishen A. Light activated disinfection: an alternative endodontic disinfection strategy. Aust Dent J 2009; 54:108-14. [PMID: 19473151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2009.01102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An improved light activated disinfection technique utilizing a specific photosensitizer formulation, liquid optical-conduit, oxygen-carrier and light energy of appropriate wavelength has been introduced recently. This study tested the efficacy of this improved light activated disinfection on ex vivo biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis at two different stages of maturation. METHODS Eighty-five tooth sections were prepared and endodontic biofilm of E. faecalis were grown within the root canal. In stage 1, conventional light activated disinfection (LAD), chemical disinfectant (sodium hypochlorite) and improved LAD were tested on four-day-old (immature) biofilms. In stage 2, conventional LAD, improved LAD and chemomechanical disinfection (alone and in combination with improved LAD) were tested on four-week-old (mature) biofilms. RESULTS Sodium hypochlorite and improved LAD showed the ability to significantly inactivate bacteria in four-day-old biofilms when compared to the control and LAD (p < 0.05). Inactivation of bacteria from deeper dentine was higher in improved LAD than sodium hypochlorite. In four-week-old biofilms, a combination of chemomechanical disinfection and improved LAD produced significant bacterial killing compared to either chemomechanical disinfection or improved LAD alone. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted the potential of improved LAD to kill bacteria within dentinal tubules. In combination with chemomechanical preparation, the improved LAD significantly inactivated four-week-old biofilm bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Lim
- Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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160
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Endodontic antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: safety assessment in mammalian cell cultures. J Endod 2009; 35:1567-72. [PMID: 19840649 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the in vitro synergistic effect of methylene blue (MB) and red light on human gingival fibroblasts and osteoblasts with parameters similar to those that may be applied in a clinical setting for endodontic disinfection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Both cell types were sensitized with 50 microg/mL MB followed by exposure to red light at 665 nm for 5 minutes with an irradiance of 10, 20, and 40 mW/cm(2). After photodynamic therapy (PDT), cell viability and mitochondrial activity were evaluated by the neutral red and MTT assay, respectively. The assessment of PDT-induced apoptosis was investigated by western blot analysis using cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-specific antibodies. RESULTS Light at 20 and 40 mW/cm(2) with MB had modest effects at 24 hours on osteoblasts in both assays, whereas sodium hypochlorite completely eliminated cells. Western blot analysis revealed no signs of apoptosis in either cell type. CONCLUSION The data suggest that there is a safe therapeutic window whereby PDT can inactivate endodontic pathogens without affecting host cell viability.
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161
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Estrela C, Sydney GB, Figueiredo JAP, Estrela CRDA. Antibacterial efficacy of intracanal medicaments on bacterial biofilm: a critical review. J Appl Oral Sci 2009; 17:1-7. [PMID: 19148398 PMCID: PMC4327605 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572009000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to discuss critically the antibacterial efficacy of intracanal medicaments on bacterial biofilm. Longitudinal studies were evaluated by a systematic review of English-language articles retrieved from electronic biomedical journal databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL) and handsearching records, using different matches of keywords for root canal biofilm, between 1966 and August 1st, 2007. The selected articles were identified from titles, abstracts and full-text articles by two independent reviewers, considering the tabulated inclusion and exclusion criteria. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. The search retrieved 91 related articles, of which 8.8% referred to in vivo studies demonstrating the lack of efficacy of endodontic therapy on bacterial biofilm. Intracanal medicaments were found to have a limited action against bacterial biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Estrela
- Department of Oral Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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162
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Stein E, Koehn J, Sutter W, Schmidl C, Lezaic V, Wendtlandt G, Watzinger F, Turhani D. Phenothiazine Chloride and Soft Laser Light Have a Biostimulatory Effect on Human Osteoblastic Cells. Photomed Laser Surg 2009; 27:71-7. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2008.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Stein
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jadranka Koehn
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Department of Angiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Sutter
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Constanze Schmidl
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vesna Lezaic
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Wendtlandt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Department of Angiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Watzinger
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dritan Turhani
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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163
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Abstract
The mouth is a favorable habitat for a great variety of bacteria. Microbial composition of dental plaque is the usual cause of various oral diseases in humans, including dental caries, periodontal disease and halitosis. In general, oral antibacterial agents such as antibiotics are commonly used to treat oral bacterial infection. Traditional periodontal surgery is painful and time-consuming. In addition, bacterial resistance and toxicity of antibiotics have become a global pandemic and unavoidable. Recently, vaccines for dental caries and periodontal disease have been developed and applied. Moreover, the use of photodynamic therapy has become an alternative to antibiotic drugs. The purpose of this article is to highlight the advantages of vaccine therapy and photodynamic therapy for oral microbial-related diseases compared to treatments with antimicrobial agents and traditional periodontal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Feng Liu
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Wen-Hong Zhu
- Center on Proteolytic Pathways, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare Center, San Diego, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center; University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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164
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Fonseca MB, Júnior POT, Pallota RC, Filho HF, Denardin OVP, Rapoport A, Dedivitis RA, Veronezi JF, Genovese WJ, Ricardo ALF. Photodynamic therapy for root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis. Photomed Laser Surg 2008; 26:209-13. [PMID: 18484911 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2007.2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on endodontic pathogens by evaluating the decrease in numbers of Enterococcus faecalis colonies in the canals of extracted human teeth. BACKGROUND DATA Failure in endodontics is usually related to inadequate cleaning and disinfection of the root canal system. This is due to the establishment of microorganisms in areas where the instruments and chemical agents used during root canal preparation cannot eliminate them. PDT is a complementary therapeutic method that could be used to eliminate these remaining bacteria. PDT is a process in which radiation acts on a dye that is applied to the target organism, resulting in bacterial death. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-six uniradicular teeth had their canals contaminated with bacteria and were incubated for 48 h at 35 degrees C. After that, the teeth were divided into a control group (CG) and a test group (TG). The 23 CG teeth did not undergo any intervention, whereas in the TG the teeth received a solution of 0.0125% toluidine blue for 5 min followed by irradiation using a 50-mW diode laser (Ga-Al-As) at a wavelength of 660 nm. Bacterial samples were taken before and after irradiation. In each of the samples, the number of colony-forming units (CFU) was counted. RESULTS The mean decrease in CFU was 99.9% in the TG, whereas in the CG an increase of 2.6% was observed. CONCLUSION PDT was effective as a bactericidal agent in Enterococcus faecalis-contaminated root canals.
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165
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George S, Kishen A. Augmenting the Antibiofilm Efficacy of Advanced Noninvasive Light Activated Disinfection with Emulsified Oxidizer and Oxygen Carrier. J Endod 2008; 34:1119-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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166
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Bouillaguet S, Owen B, Wataha JC, Campo MA, Lange N, Schrenzel J. Intracellular reactive oxygen species in monocytes generated by photosensitive chromophores activated with blue light. Dent Mater 2008; 24:1070-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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167
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Sedgley CM, Lee EH, Martin MJ, Flannagan SE. Antibiotic Resistance Gene Transfer between Streptococcus gordonii and Enterococcus faecalis in Root Canals of Teeth Ex Vivo. J Endod 2008; 34:570-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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168
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Fimple JL, Fontana CR, Foschi F, Ruggiero K, Song X, Pagonis TC, Tanner ACR, Kent R, Doukas AG, Stashenko PP, Soukos NS. Photodynamic treatment of endodontic polymicrobial infection in vitro. J Endod 2008; 34:728-34. [PMID: 18498901 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the photodynamic effects of methylene blue on multispecies root canal biofilms comprising Actinomyces israelii, Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia in experimentally infected root canals of extracted human teeth in vitro. The 4 test microorganisms were detected in root canals by using DNA probes. Scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of biofilms in root canals before therapy. Root canal systems were incubated with methylene blue (25 microg/mL) for 10 minutes followed by exposure to red light at 665 nm with an energy fluence of 30 J/cm(2). Light was delivered from a diode laser via a 250-microm diameter polymethyl methacrylate optical fiber that uniformly distributed light over 360 degrees. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) achieved up to 80% reduction of colony-forming unit counts. We concluded that PDT can be an effective adjunct to standard endodontic antimicrobial treatment when the PDT parameters are optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Lee Fimple
- Division of Endodontics, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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169
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Pinheiro SL, Schenka AA, Neto AA, de Souza CP, Rodriguez HMH, Ribeiro MC. Photodynamic therapy in endodontic treatment of deciduous teeth. Lasers Med Sci 2008; 24:521-6. [PMID: 18427873 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-008-0562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate photodynamic therapy in deciduous teeth with necrotic pulp by means of fully quantifying viable bacteria, before and after instrumentation and after the use of photodynamic therapy. Radicular canal cultures were conducted (n = 10): the first one was performed right after access and location of the radicular canal; the second was performed after the conclusion of chemical-mechanical instrumentation, and the last one after photodynamic therapy. The photodynamic therapy was performed with 4 J/cm energy low-intensity diode together with toluidine blue. The results (log(10)) were submitted to a descriptive analysis and Wilcoxon test. The percentage of reduction was submitted to the Mann-Whitney test. The instrumentation resulted in a reduction of 82.59% of viable bacteria, and, after photodynamic therapy, the microbial reduction observed was 98.37% (P = 0.0126). Photodynamic therapy is recommended as adjunct therapy for microbial reduction in deciduous teeth with necrotic pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Luiz Pinheiro
- Dental School, Catholic University of Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Jardim Ipaussurama, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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170
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Bergmans L, Moisiadis P, Huybrechts B, Van Meerbeek B, Quirynen M, Lambrechts P. Effect of photo-activated disinfection on endodontic pathogens ex vivo. Int Endod J 2008; 41:227-39. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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171
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Foschi F, Fontana CR, Ruggiero K, Riahi R, Vera A, Doukas AG, Pagonis TC, Kent R, Stashenko PP, Soukos NS. Photodynamic inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis
in dental root canals in vitro. Lasers Surg Med 2007; 39:782-7. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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172
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George S, Kishen A. Photophysical, photochemical, and photobiological characterization of methylene blue formulations for light-activated root canal disinfection. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2007; 12:034029. [PMID: 17614737 DOI: 10.1117/1.2745982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-specific modification of treatment strategy is proposed to increase the antimicrobial activity of light-activated therapy (LAT) for root canal disinfection. Methylene blue (MB) dissolved in different formulations: water, 70% glycerol, 70% poly ethylene glycol (PEG), and a mixture of glycerol:ethanol:water (30:20:50) (MIX), is analyzed for photophysical, photochemical, and photobiological characteristics. Aggregation of MB molecules, as evident from monomer to dimer ratio, depends on the molar concentrations of MB, which is significantly higher in water compared to other formulations. MIX-based MB formulation effectively penetrates the dentinal tubules. Although, the affinity of MB for Enterococcus faecalis (gram positive) and Actinomycetes actinomycetemcomitans (gram negative) was found to be high in the water-based formulation, followed by MIX, the MIX-based formulation significantly enhanced the model substrate photooxidation and singlet oxygen generation compared to MB dissolved in other formulations. Finally, the efficacy of LAT is evaluated on biofilms produced by both organisms under in vitro and ex vivo conditions. A dual-stage approach that applies a photosensitization medium and an irradiation medium separately is tested. The MIX-based photosensitization medium in combination with dual-stage approach demonstrates thorough disinfection of the root canal with bacterial biofilms. This method will have potential application for root canal disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saji George
- National University of Singapore, Faculty of Dentistry, Biophotonics-Microbiology Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore 119074
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