151
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Hippocampal c-Jun-N-terminal kinases serve as negative regulators of associative learning. J Neurosci 2010; 30:13348-61. [PMID: 20926661 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3492-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult mouse, signaling through c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) links exposure to acute stress to various physiological responses. Inflammatory cytokines, brain injury and ischemic insult, or exposure to psychological acute stressors induce activation of hippocampal JNKs. Here we report that exposure to acute stress caused activation of JNKs in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields, and impaired contextual fear conditioning. Conversely, intrahippocampal injection of JNKs inhibitors sp600125 (30 μm) or D-JNKI1 (8 μm) reduced activity of hippocampal JNKs and rescued stress-induced deficits in contextual fear. In addition, intrahippocampal administration of anisomycin (100 μg/μl), a potent JNKs activator, mimicked memory-impairing effects of stress on contextual fear. This anisomycin-induced amnesia was abolished after cotreatment with JNKs selective inhibitor sp600125 without affecting anisomycin's ability to effectively inhibit protein synthesis as measured by c-Fos immunoreactivity. We also demonstrated milder and transient activation of the JNKs pathway in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus during contextual fear conditioning and an enhancement of contextual fear after pharmacological inhibition of JNKs under baseline conditions. Finally, using combined biochemical and transgenic approaches with mutant mice lacking different members of the JNK family (Jnk1, Jnk2, and Jnk3), we provided evidence that JNK2 and JNK3 are critically involved in stress-induced deficit of contextual fear, while JNK1 mainly regulates baseline learning in this behavioral task. Together, these results support the possibility that hippocampal JNKs serve as a critical molecular regulator in the formation of contextual fear.
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152
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Zhang Y, Smolen P, Baxter DA, Byrne JH. The sensitivity of memory consolidation and reconsolidation to inhibitors of protein synthesis and kinases: computational analysis. Learn Mem 2010; 17:428-39. [PMID: 20736337 DOI: 10.1101/lm.1844010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory consolidation and reconsolidation require kinase activation and protein synthesis. Blocking either process during or shortly after training or recall disrupts memory stabilization, which suggests the existence of a critical time window during which these processes are necessary. Using a computational model of kinase synthesis and activation, we investigated the ways in which the dynamics of molecular positive-feedback loops may contribute to the time window for memory stabilization and memory maintenance. In the models, training triggered a transition in the amount of kinase between two stable states, which represented consolidation. Simulating protein synthesis inhibition (PSI) from before to 40 min after training blocked or delayed consolidation. Beyond 40 min, substantial (>95%) PSI had little effect despite the fact that the elevated amount of kinase was maintained by increased protein synthesis. However, PSI made established memories labile to perturbations. Simulations of kinase inhibition produced similar results. In addition, similar properties were found in several other models that also included positive-feedback loops. Even though our models are based on simplifications of the actual mechanisms of molecular consolidation, they illustrate the practical difficulty of empirically measuring "time windows" for consolidation. This is particularly true when consolidation and reconsolidation of memory depends, in part, on the dynamics of molecular positive-feedback loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Zhang
- WM Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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153
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Schimanski LA, Barnes CA. Neural Protein Synthesis during Aging: Effects on Plasticity and Memory. Front Aging Neurosci 2010; 2. [PMID: 20802800 PMCID: PMC2928699 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2010.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During aging, many experience a decline in cognitive function that includes memory loss. The encoding of long-term memories depends on new protein synthesis, and this is also reduced during aging. Thus, it is possible that changes in the regulation of protein synthesis contribute to the memory impairments observed in older animals. Several lines of evidence support this hypothesis. For instance, protein synthesis is required for a longer period following learning to establish long-term memory in aged rodents. Also, under some conditions, synaptic activity or pharmacological activation can induce de novo protein synthesis and lasting changes in synaptic transmission in aged, but not young, rodents; the opposite results can be observed in other conditions. These changes in plasticity likely play a role in manifesting the altered place field properties observed in awake and behaving aged rats. The collective evidence suggests a link between memory loss and the regulation of protein synthesis in senescence. In fact, pharmaceuticals that target the signaling pathways required for induction of protein synthesis have improved memory, synaptic plasticity, and place cell properties in aged animals. We suggest that a better understanding of the mechanisms that lead to different protein expression patterns in the neural circuits that change as a function of age will enable the development of more effective therapeutic treatments for memory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Schimanski
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute and Division of Neural Systems, Memory and Aging, Arizona Research Laboratories, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
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154
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Neuronal protein economics: keeping tabs on synthesis. Nat Neurosci 2010; 13:781-2. [PMID: 20581810 DOI: 10.1038/nn0710-781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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155
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Podolski IY, Podlubnaya ZA, Godukhin OV. Fullerenes C60, antiamyloid action, the brain, and cognitive processes. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350910010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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156
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Kenney JW, Florian C, Portugal GS, Abel T, Gould TJ. Involvement of hippocampal jun-N terminal kinase pathway in the enhancement of learning and memory by nicotine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:483-92. [PMID: 19776730 PMCID: PMC2794924 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite intense scrutiny over the past 20 years, the reasons for the high addictive liability of nicotine and extreme rates of relapse in smokers have remained elusive. One factor that contributes to the development and maintenance of nicotine addiction is the ability of nicotine to produce long-lasting modifications of behavior, yet little is known about the mechanisms by which nicotine alters the underlying synaptic plasticity responsible for behavioral changes. This study is the first to explore how nicotine interacts with learning to alter gene transcription, which is a process necessary for long-term memory consolidation. Transcriptional upregulation of hippocampal jun-N terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) mRNA was found in mice that learned contextual fear conditioning (FC) in the presence of nicotine, whereas neither learning alone nor nicotine administration alone exerted an effect. Furthermore, the upregulation of JNK1 was absent in beta2 nicotinic receptor subunit knockout mice, which are mice that do not show enhanced learning by nicotine. Finally, hippocampal JNK activation was increased in mice that were administered nicotine before conditioning, and the inhibition of JNK during consolidation prevented the nicotine-induced enhancement of contextual FC. These data suggest that nicotine and learning interact to alter hippocampal JNK1 gene expression and related signaling processes, thus resulting in strengthened contextual memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Kenney
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cédrick Florian
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ted Abel
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Psychology, Weiss Hall, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA, Tel: +1 (215) 204-7495, Fax: +1 (215) 204-5539, E-mail:
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157
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Loebrich S, Nedivi E. The function of activity-regulated genes in the nervous system. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:1079-103. [PMID: 19789377 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain is plastic in the sense that it shows a remarkable capacity for change throughout life. The contribution of neuronal activity to brain plasticity was first recognized in relation to critical periods of development, when manipulating the sensory environment was found to profoundly affect neuronal morphology and receptive field properties. Since then, a growing body of evidence has established that brain plasticity extends beyond development and is an inherent feature of adult brain function, spanning multiple domains, from learning and memory to adaptability of primary sensory maps. Here we discuss evolution of the current view that plasticity of the adult brain derives from dynamic tuning of transcriptional control mechanisms at the neuronal level, in response to external and internal stimuli. We then review the identification of "plasticity genes" regulated by changes in the levels of electrical activity, and how elucidating their cellular functions has revealed the intimate role transcriptional regulation plays in fundamental aspects of synaptic transmission and circuit plasticity that occur in the brain on an every day basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Loebrich
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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158
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Slipczuk L, Bekinschtein P, Katche C, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I, Medina JH. BDNF activates mTOR to regulate GluR1 expression required for memory formation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6007. [PMID: 19547753 PMCID: PMC2695538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) kinase plays a key role in translational control of a subset of mRNAs through regulation of its initiation step. In neurons, mTOR is present at the synaptic region, where it modulates the activity-dependent expression of locally-translated proteins independently of mRNA synthesis. Indeed, mTOR is necessary for different forms of synaptic plasticity and long-term memory (LTM) formation. However, little is known about the time course of mTOR activation and the extracellular signals governing this process or the identity of the proteins whose translation is regulated by this kinase, during mnemonic processing. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we show that consolidation of inhibitory avoidance (IA) LTM entails mTOR activation in the dorsal hippocampus at the moment of and 3 h after training and is associated with a rapid and rapamycin-sensitive increase in AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit expression, which was also blocked by intra-hippocampal delivery of GluR1 antisense oligonucleotides (ASO). In addition, we found that pre- or post-training administration of function-blocking anti-BDNF antibodies into dorsal CA1 hampered IA LTM retention, abolished the learning-induced biphasic activation of mTOR and its readout, p70S6K and blocked GluR1 expression, indicating that BDNF is an upstream factor controlling mTOR signaling during fear-memory consolidation. Interestingly, BDNF ASO hindered LTM retention only when given into dorsal CA1 1 h after but not 2 h before training, suggesting that BDNF controls the biphasic requirement of mTOR during LTM consolidation through different mechanisms: an early one involving BDNF already available at the moment of training, and a late one, happening around 3 h post-training that needs de novo synthesis of this neurotrophin. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE IN CONCLUSION, OUR FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT: 1) mTOR-mediated mRNA translation is required for memory consolidation during at least two restricted time windows; 2) this kinase acts downstream BDNF in the hippocampus and; 3) it controls the increase of synaptic GluR1 necessary for memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Slipczuk
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro Bekinschtein
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cynthia Katche
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Cammarota
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Memoria, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomedicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Iván Izquierdo
- Centro de Memoria, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomedicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Jorge H. Medina
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Memoria, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomedicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
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159
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Gordon RY, Mugantseva EA, Khutzian SS, Podolski IY. Cycloheximide-induced inhibition of protein synthesis in hippocampal pyramidal neurons is time-dependent: differences between CA1 and CA3 areas. Neurosci Lett 2009; 461:249-51. [PMID: 19545598 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cycloheximide (CHI), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, is widely used for studying the mechanisms of consolidation of long-term memory (LTM). High concentrations of CHI inhibit the protein synthesis in brain homogenates by more than 80% and impair LTM consolidation. For understanding the mechanisms of consolidation, it is important to know how protein synthesis inhibitors affect hippocampal neurons. However, the effect of CHI on protein synthesis in CA1 and CA3 hippocampal pyramidal neurons is still poorly understood. In the present work, the state of ribosomes in CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons from the dorsal hippocampus of Wistar rats 1, 2, 4, and 72 h after the introcerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of a high concentration of CHI was determined using the fluorescent dye acridine orange. We showed that CHI induces great differences in the dynamics of the intensity of protein synthesis in CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons. The suppression of the intensity of protein synthesis in CA1 pyramidal neurons 1h after the injection of CHI was more than threefold stronger than in CA3, and by 4h, it was most pronounced in CA3 neurons. We suggest that the protein synthesis in CA1 pyramidal neurons contributes significantly to the synaptic consolidation of declarative memory in the first critical period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ya Gordon
- Laboratory of Microspectral Analysis of Cells and Cell Systems, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
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160
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Corbin R, Olsson-Carter K, Slack F. The role of microRNAs in synaptic development and function. BMB Rep 2009; 42:131-5. [PMID: 19335998 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2009.42.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs control gene expression by inhibiting translation or promoting degradation of their target mRNAs. Since the discovery of the first microRNAs, lin-4 and let-7, in C. elegans, hundreds of microRNAs have been identified as key regulators of cell fate determination, lifespan, and cancer in species ranging from plants to humans. However, while microRNAs have been shown to be particularly abundant in the brain, their role in the development and activity of the nervous system is still largely unknown. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of microRNA function at synapses, the specialized structures required for communication between neurons and their targets. We also propose how these advances might inform the molecular model of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Corbin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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161
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Perisse E, Raymond-Delpech V, Néant I, Matsumoto Y, Leclerc C, Moreau M, Sandoz JC. Early calcium increase triggers the formation of olfactory long-term memory in honeybees. BMC Biol 2009; 7:30. [PMID: 19531205 PMCID: PMC2713209 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-7-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Synaptic plasticity associated with an important wave of gene transcription and protein synthesis underlies long-term memory processes. Calcium (Ca2+) plays an important role in a variety of neuronal functions and indirect evidence suggests that it may be involved in synaptic plasticity and in the regulation of gene expression correlated to long-term memory formation. The aim of this study was to determine whether Ca2+ is necessary and sufficient for inducing long-term memory formation. A suitable model to address this question is the Pavlovian appetitive conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex in the honeybee Apis mellifera, in which animals learn to associate an odor with a sucrose reward. Results By modulating the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in the brain, we show that: (i) blocking [Ca2+]i increase during multiple-trial conditioning selectively impairs long-term memory performance; (ii) conversely, increasing [Ca2+]i during single-trial conditioning triggers long-term memory formation; and finally, (iii) as was the case for long-term memory produced by multiple-trial conditioning, enhancement of long-term memory performance induced by a [Ca2+]i increase depends on de novo protein synthesis. Conclusion Altogether our data suggest that during olfactory conditioning Ca2+ is both a necessary and a sufficient signal for the formation of protein-dependent long-term memory. Ca2+ therefore appears to act as a switch between short- and long-term storage of learned information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Perisse
- Centre de Recherches sur Cognition Animale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
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162
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Qi Z, Gold PE. Intrahippocampal infusions of anisomycin produce amnesia: contribution of increased release of norepinephrine, dopamine, and acetylcholine. Learn Mem 2009; 16:308-14. [PMID: 19403793 DOI: 10.1101/lm.1333409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intra-amygdala injections of anisomycin produce large increases in the release of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin in the amygdala. Pretreatment with intra-amygdala injections of the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol attenuates anisomycin-induced amnesia without reversing the inhibition of protein synthesis, and injections of NE alone produce amnesia. These findings suggest that abnormal neurotransmitter responses may be the basis for amnesia produced by inhibition of protein synthesis. The present experiment extends these findings to the hippocampus and adds acetylcholine (ACh) to the list of neurotransmitters affected by anisomycin. Using in vivo microdialysis at the site of injection, release of NE, DA, and ACh was measured before and after injections of anisomycin into the hippocampus. Anisomycin impaired inhibitory avoidance memory when rats were tested 48 h after training and also produced substantial increases in local release of NE, DA, and ACh. In an additional experiment, pretreatment with intrahippocampal injections of propranolol prior to anisomycin and training significantly attenuated anisomycin-induced amnesia. The disruption of neurotransmitter release patterns at the site of injection appears to contribute significantly to the mechanisms underlying amnesia produced by protein synthesis inhibitors, calling into question the dominant interpretation that the amnesia reflects loss of training-initiated protein synthesis necessary for memory formation. Instead, the findings suggest that proteins needed for memory formation are available prior to an experience, and that post-translational modifications of these proteins may be sufficient to enable the formation of new memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghan Qi
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
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163
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Languille S, Richer P, Hars B. Approach memory turns to avoidance memory with age. Behav Brain Res 2009; 202:278-84. [PMID: 19463713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ontogenetic modification of an early memory is relatively poorly understood. And an important question is whether the memory output is more determined by the age at acquisition or at retention? Here we explore the expression of odor-shock conditioning in the rat pup. Acquisition at post-natal day 6 (P6) leads to an approach response and at post-natal day 12 (P12) to an avoidance response when the retention test is 24h later. In both cases, anisomycin injected immediately post-acquisition induced a retrograde amnesia. Controls show that, in either case, short-term memory measured 4h after acquisition is not impaired and that anisomycin given after a 4h delay has no effect. Thus, at the two ages, memory involves a consolidation process. The main result is the spontaneous reversal of the conditioned response from approach acquired at P6 to avoidance when tested at P13. This phenomenon is robust as it is observed in three conditions. Moreover, amnesia induced at P6 is maintained at P13. Results are discussed in terms of maturation and/or competition of the memory traces.
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164
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Abstract
Transcription is a molecular requisite for long-term synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation. Thus, in the last several years, one main interest of molecular neuroscience has been the identification of families of transcription factors that are involved in both of these processes. Transcription is a highly regulated process that involves the combined interaction and function of chromatin and many other proteins, some of which are essential for the basal process of transcription, while others control the selective activation or repression of specific genes. These regulated interactions ultimately allow a sophisticated response to multiple environmental conditions, as well as control of spatial and temporal differences in gene expression. Evidence based on correlative changes in expression, genetic mutations, and targeted molecular inhibition of gene expression have shed light on the function of transcription in both synaptic plasticity and memory formation. This review provides a brief overview of experimental work showing that several families of transcription factors, including CREB, C/EBP, Egr, AP-1, and Rel, have essential functions in both processes. The results of this work suggest that patterns of transcription regulation represent the molecular signatures of long-term synaptic changes and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Alberini
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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165
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Viosca J, Lopez de Armentia M, Jancic D, Barco A. Enhanced CREB-dependent gene expression increases the excitability of neurons in the basal amygdala and primes the consolidation of contextual and cued fear memory. Learn Mem 2009; 16:193-7. [DOI: 10.1101/lm.1254209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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166
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Kenney JW, Gould TJ. Modulation of hippocampus-dependent learning and synaptic plasticity by nicotine. Mol Neurobiol 2008; 38:101-21. [PMID: 18690555 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-008-8037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing relationship between nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and cognition exists. Drugs that act at nAChRs can have cognitive-enhancing effects and diseases that disrupt cognition such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia are associated with altered nAChR function. Specifically, hippocampus-dependent learning is particularly sensitive to the effects of nicotine. However, the effects of nicotine on hippocampus-dependent learning vary not only with the doses of nicotine used and whether nicotine is administered acutely, chronically, or withdrawn after chronic nicotine treatment but also vary across different hippocampus-dependent tasks such as the Morris water maze, the radial arm maze, and contextual fear conditioning. In addition, nicotine has variable effects across different types of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). Because different types of hippocampus-dependent learning and LTP involve different neural and molecular substrates, comparing the effects of nicotine across these paradigms can yield insights into the mechanisms that may underlie the effects of nicotine on learning and memory and aid in understanding the variable effects of nicotine on cognitive processes. This review compares and contrasts the effects of nicotine on hippocampus-dependent learning and LTP and briefly discusses how the effects of nicotine on learning could contribute to nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Kenney
- Department of Psychology, Center for Substance Abuse Research, Weiss Hall, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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167
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Memory and the brain: Beyond intracranial phrenology. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2008; 8:269-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-008-0041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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168
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Languille S, Gruest N, Richer P, Hars B. The temporal dynamics of consolidation and reconsolidation decrease during postnatal development. Learn Mem 2008; 15:434-42. [PMID: 18519544 DOI: 10.1101/lm.933208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The temporal dynamics of consolidation and reconsolidation of taste/odor aversion memory are evaluated during rat pup growth at postnatal days 3, 10, and 18. This is assessed through the temporal gradients of efficacy of a protein synthesis inhibitor (anisomycin) in inducing amnesia after either acquisition (consolidation) or reactivation (reconsolidation). The results show a progressive reduction with age of the delay during which the inhibitor is able to induce amnesia. Control experiments rule out a reduction of anisomycin efficacy due to blood brain barrier growth or decrease in protein synthesis inhibition. Thus, these results present the first evidence that the protein synthesis-dependent phase of memory stabilization requires less time with age. This decrease occurs in parallel for consolidation and reconsolidation. Such changes in the dynamics of memory processing could contribute to the cognitive improvement associated with development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Languille
- Université Paris-sud, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Apprentissage, de Mémoire et de Communication, UMR 8620, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
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