151
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Webster KE, Kim HO, Kyparissoudis K, Corpuz TM, Pinget GV, Uldrich AP, Brink R, Belz GT, Cho JH, Godfrey DI, Sprent J. IL-17-producing NKT cells depend exclusively on IL-7 for homeostasis and survival. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1058-67. [PMID: 24448098 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like T cells that rapidly recognize pathogens and produce cytokines that shape the ensuing immune response. IL-17-producing NKT cells are enriched in barrier tissues, such as the lung, skin, and peripheral lymph nodes, and the factors that maintain this population in the periphery have not been elucidated. Here we show that NKT17 cells deviate from other NKT cells in their survival requirements. In contrast to conventional NKT cells that are maintained by IL-15, RORγt(+) NKT cells are IL-15 independent and instead rely completely on IL-7. IL-7 initiates a T-cell receptor-independent (TCR-independent) expansion of NKT17 cells, thus supporting their homeostasis. Without IL-7, survival is dramatically impaired, yet residual cells remain lineage committed with no downregulation of RORγt evident. Their preferential response to IL-7 does not reflect enhanced signaling through STAT proteins, but instead is modulated via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The ability to compete for IL-7 is dependent on high-density IL-7 receptor expression, which would promote uptake of low levels of IL-7 produced in the non-lymphoid sites of lung and skin. This dependence on IL-7 is also reported for RORγt(+) innate lymphoid cells and CD4(+) Th17 cells, and suggests common survival requirements for functionally similar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Webster
- 1] Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia [2] St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - H-O Kim
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - K Kyparissoudis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - T M Corpuz
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - G V Pinget
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - A P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - R Brink
- 1] Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia [2] St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - G T Belz
- 1] Molecular Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - J-H Cho
- 1] Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia [2] St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - D I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - J Sprent
- 1] Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia [2] St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia [3] Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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152
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Saunders AE, Shim YA, Johnson P. Innate immune cell CD45 regulates lymphopenia-induced T cell proliferation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2831-42. [PMID: 25114101 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The leukocyte-specific tyrosine phosphatase, CD45, severely impacts T cell development and activation by modulating TCR signaling. CD45-deficient (CD45KO) mice have reduced peripheral T cell numbers where CD8 T cells are underrepresented. In this article, we show that CD45KO mice are unable to support efficient homeostatic proliferation, affecting CD8 T cells more than CD4 T cells. Using CD45-RAG1 double-deficient (45RAGKO) mice, we show that lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) of CD45-sufficient T cells is defective in a host environment lacking CD45 on innate immune cells. We identify two deficiencies in the 45RAGKO mice that affect LIP. One involves CD11c(+) cells and the second the production of IL-7 by lymphoid stromal cells. CD45KO dendritic cells were not defective in foreign Ag-induced T cell proliferation, yet CD45KO CD11c(+) cells were unable to rescue the spontaneous LIP in the 45RAGKO mice. This was in contrast with the CD45-sufficient CD11c(+) cells that partially rescued this spontaneous proliferation and did so without affecting IL-7 levels. The absence of CD45 also led to reduced IL-7 production by lymphoid stromal cells, suggesting an indirect effect of CD45 on innate immune cells in influencing IL-7 production by lymphoid stromal cells. These findings demonstrate a novel role for CD45 on innate immune cells in promoting lymphopenia-induced T cell proliferation and suggest that innate immune cells may communicate with stromal cells to regulate IL-7 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Saunders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yaein A Shim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Pauline Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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153
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Dotti G, Gottschalk S, Savoldo B, Brenner MK. Design and development of therapies using chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells. Immunol Rev 2014; 257:107-26. [PMID: 24329793 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Investigators developed chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) for expression on T cells more than 25 years ago. When the CAR is derived from an antibody, the resultant cell should combine the desirable targeting features of an antibody (e.g. lack of requirement for major histocompatibility complex recognition, ability to recognize non-protein antigens) with the persistence, trafficking, and effector functions of a T cell. This article describes how the past two decades have seen a crescendo of research which has now begun to translate these potential benefits into effective treatments for patients with cancer. We describe the basic design of CARs, describe how antigenic targets are selected, and the initial clinical experience with CAR-T cells. Our review then describes our own and other investigators' work aimed at improving the function of CARs and reviews the clinical studies in hematological and solid malignancies that are beginning to exploit these approaches. Finally, we show the value of adding additional engineering features to CAR-T cells, irrespective of their target, to render them better suited to function in the tumor environment, and discuss how the safety of these heavily modified cells may be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpietro Dotti
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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154
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Butler MO, Hirano N. Human cell-based artificial antigen-presenting cells for cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2014; 257:191-209. [PMID: 24329798 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapy, where anti-tumor T cells are first prepared in vitro, is attractive since it facilitates the delivery of essential signals to selected subsets of anti-tumor T cells without unfavorable immunoregulatory issues that exist in tumor-bearing hosts. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that anti-tumor adoptive T-cell therapy, i.e. infusion of tumor-specific T cells, can induce clinically relevant and sustained responses in patients with advanced cancer. The goal of adoptive cell therapy is to establish anti-tumor immunologic memory, which can result in life-long rejection of tumor cells in patients. To achieve this goal, during the process of in vitro expansion, T-cell grafts used in adoptive T-cell therapy must be appropriately educated and equipped with the capacity to accomplish multiple, essential tasks. Adoptively transferred T cells must be endowed, prior to infusion, with the ability to efficiently engraft, expand, persist, and traffic to tumor in vivo. As a strategy to consistently generate T-cell grafts with these capabilities, artificial antigen-presenting cells have been developed to deliver the proper signals necessary to T cells to enable optimal adoptive cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O Butler
- Immune Therapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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155
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Zaunders JJ, Lévy Y, Seddiki N. Exploiting differential expression of the IL-7 receptor on memory T cells to modulate immune responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:391-401. [PMID: 25130296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 is a non-redundant growth, differentiation and survival factor for human T lymphocytes. Most circulating, mature T cells express the receptor for IL-7, but not all. Importantly, CD4 Tregs express greatly reduced levels of IL-7R compared to conventional CD4 T cells, presenting an opportunity to selectively target the latter cells with either more IL-7 to boost responses, or to block IL-7 signalling to limit responses. This article reviews what is known about regulation of IL-7R expression, and recent progress in therapeutic approaches related to IL-7 and its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Zaunders
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Australia; Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yves Lévy
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, 94000, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, 94000, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, 94000, France; AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Service d'immunologie Clinique et maladies infectieuses, Créteil, 94000, France
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, 94000, France; Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, 94000, France; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, 94000, France.
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156
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Macintyre AN, Gerriets VA, Nichols AG, Michalek RD, Rudolph MC, Deoliveira D, Anderson SM, Abel ED, Chen BJ, Hale LP, Rathmell JC. The glucose transporter Glut1 is selectively essential for CD4 T cell activation and effector function. Cell Metab 2014; 20:61-72. [PMID: 24930970 PMCID: PMC4079750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 786] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T cell activation leads to proliferation and differentiation into effector (Teff) or regulatory (Treg) cells that mediate or control immunity. While each subset prefers distinct glycolytic or oxidative metabolic programs in vitro, requirements and mechanisms that control T cell glucose uptake and metabolism in vivo are uncertain. Despite expression of multiple glucose transporters, Glut1 deficiency selectively impaired metabolism and function of thymocytes and Teff. Resting T cells were normal until activated, when Glut1 deficiency prevented increased glucose uptake and glycolysis, growth, proliferation, and decreased Teff survival and differentiation. Importantly, Glut1 deficiency decreased Teff expansion and the ability to induce inflammatory disease in vivo. Treg cells, in contrast, were enriched in vivo and appeared functionally unaffected and able to suppress Teff, irrespective of Glut1 expression. These data show a selective in vivo requirement for Glut1 in metabolic reprogramming of CD4 T cell activation and Teff expansion and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Macintyre
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Immunology, Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Valerie A Gerriets
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Immunology, Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amanda G Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Immunology, Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ryan D Michalek
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Immunology, Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Divino Deoliveira
- Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Steven M Anderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - E Dale Abel
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Benny J Chen
- Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laura P Hale
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Immunology, Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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157
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Chou PC, Oh WJ, Wu CC, Moloughney J, Rüegg MA, Hall MN, Jacinto E, Werlen G. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 modulates αβTCR processing and surface expression during thymocyte development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1162-70. [PMID: 24981454 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An efficient immune response relies on the presence of T cells expressing a functional TCR. Whereas the mechanisms generating TCR diversity for antigenic recognition are well defined, what controls its surface expression is less known. In this study, we found that deletion of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC) 2 component rictor at early stages of T cell development led to aberrant maturation and increased proteasomal degradation of nascent TCRs. Although CD127 expression became elevated, the levels of TCRs as well as CD4, CD8, CD69, Notch, and CD147 were significantly attenuated on the surface of rictor-deficient thymocytes. Diminished expression of these receptors led to suboptimal signaling, partial CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative 4 (CD25(-)CD44(-)) proliferation, and CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive activation as well as developmental blocks at the CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative 3 (CD25(+)CD44(-)) and CD8-immature CD8(+) single-positive stages. Because CD147 glycosylation was also defective in SIN1-deficient fibroblasts, our findings suggest that mTORC2 is involved in the co/posttranslational processing of membrane receptors. Thus, mTORC2 impacts development via regulation of the quantity and quality of receptors important for cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chien Chou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Won Jun Oh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Chang-Chih Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Joseph Moloughney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Markus A Rüegg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Michael N Hall
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Estela Jacinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854;
| | - Guy Werlen
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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158
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Abstract
T cells are essential for immune defenses against pathogens, such that viability of naïve T cells before antigen encounter is critical to preserve a polyclonal repertoire and prevent immunodeficiencies. The viability of naïve T cells before antigen recognition is ensured by IL-7, which drives expression of the prosurvival factor Bcl-2. Quiescent naïve T cells have low basal activity of the transcription factor NF-κB, which was assumed to have no functional consequences. In contrast to this postulate, our data show that basal nuclear NF-κB activity plays an important role in the transcription of IL-7 receptor α-subunit (CD127), enabling responsiveness of naïve T cells to the prosurvival effects of IL-7 and allowing T-cell persistence in vivo. Moreover, we show that this property of basal NF-κB activity is shared by mouse and human naïve T cells. Thus, NF-κB drives a distinct transcriptional program in T cells before antigen encounter by controlling susceptibility to IL-7. Our results reveal an evolutionarily conserved role of NF-κB in T cells before antigenic stimulation and identify a novel molecular pathway that controls T-cell homeostasis.
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159
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Doncel GF, Anderson S, Zalenskaya I. Role of Semen in Modulating the Female Genital Tract Microenvironment – Implications for HIV Transmission. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71:564-74. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo F. Doncel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology CONRAD Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk VA USA
| | - Sharon Anderson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology CONRAD Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk VA USA
| | - Irina Zalenskaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology CONRAD Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk VA USA
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160
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Gupta S, Cerosaletti K, Long SA. Renegade homeostatic cytokine responses in T1D: drivers of regulatory/effector T cell imbalance. Clin Immunol 2014; 151:146-54. [PMID: 24576418 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Homeostatic cytokines contribute to the balance between regulatory and effector T cells (Tregs and Teffs respectively) and are necessary to maintain peripheral tolerance. These cytokines include IL-2 that supports Treg and IL-7 and IL-15 that drive Teff. In overt settings of lost tolerance (i.e. graft rejection), IL-2 Treg signatures are decreased while IL-7 and IL-15 Teff signatures are often enhanced. Similar cytokine profile imbalances also occur in some autoimmune diseases. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), there are underlying defects in the IL-2 pathway and Teff cytokine blockade can prevent and treat diabetes in NOD mice. In this review, we summarize evidence of IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15 genetic and cellular alterations in T1D patients. We then discuss how the combined effect of these cytokine profiles may together contribute to altered Treg/Teff ratios and functions in T1D. Implications for combination therapies and suggestions for integrated cytokine and Treg/Teff biomarker development are then proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Gupta
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen Cerosaletti
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Alice Long
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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161
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Tal N, Shochat C, Geron I, Bercovich D, Izraeli S. Interleukin 7 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin: from immunity to leukemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:365-78. [PMID: 23625073 PMCID: PMC11113825 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is often caused by deregulation of normal developmental processes. Here, we review recent research on the aberrant activation of two hematopoietic cytokine receptors in acute lymphoid leukemias. Somatic events in the genes for thymic stromal lymphopoietin and Interleukin 7 receptors as well as in their downstream JAK kinases result in constitutive ligand-independent activation of survival and proliferation in B and T lymphoid precursors. Drugs targeting these receptors or the signaling pathways might provide effective therapies of these leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Tal
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chen Shochat
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel Hai College, 12210 Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Ifat Geron
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Medicine Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California USA
| | - Dani Bercovich
- Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel Hai College, 12210 Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Shai Izraeli
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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162
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Abstract
Regulatory T (TReg) cells constitute an essential counterbalance to adaptive immune responses. Failure to maintain appropriate TReg cell numbers or function leads to autoimmune, malignant and immunodeficient conditions. Dynamic homeostatic processes preserve the number of forkhead box P3-expressing (FOXP3(+)) TReg cells within a healthy range, with high rates of cell division being offset by apoptosis under steady-state conditions. Recent studies have shown that TReg cells become specialized for different environmental contexts, tailoring their functions and homeostatic properties to a wide range of tissues and immune conditions. In this Review, we describe new insights into the molecular controls that maintain the steady-state homeostasis of TReg cells and the cues that drive TReg cell adaptation to inflammation and/or different locations. We highlight how differing local milieu might drive context-specific TReg cell function and restoration of immune homeostasis, and how dysregulation of these processes can precipitate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Liston
- 1] Autoimmune Genetics Laboratory, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium. [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Daniel H D Gray
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3053, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
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163
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Gemelli C, Zanocco Marani T, Bicciato S, Mazza EMC, Boraschi D, Salsi V, Zappavigna V, Parenti S, Selmi T, Tagliafico E, Ferrari S, Grande A. MafB is a downstream target of the IL-10/STAT3 signaling pathway, involved in the regulation of macrophage de-activation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:955-64. [PMID: 24472656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the numerous reports implicating MafB transcription factor in the molecular control of monocyte-macrophage differentiation, the precise genetic program underlying this activity has been, to date, poorly understood. To clarify this issue, we planned a number of experiments that were mainly conducted on human primary macrophages. In this regard, a preliminary gene function study, based on MafB inactivation and over-expression, indicated MMP9 and IL-7R genes as possible targets of the investigated transcription factor. Bioinformatics analysis of their promoter regions disclosed the presence of several putative MARE elements and a combined approach of EMSA and luciferase assay subsequently demonstrated that expression of both genes is indeed activated by MafB through a direct transcription mechanism. Additional investigation, performed with similar procedures to elucidate the biological relevance of our observation, revealed that MafB is a downstream target of the IL-10/STAT3 signaling pathway, normally inducing the macrophage de-activation process. Taken together our data support the existence of a signaling cascade by which stimulation of macrophages with the IL-10 cytokine determines a sequential activation of STAT3 and MafB transcription factors, in turn leading to an up-regulated expression of MMP9 and IL-7R genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gemelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Zanocco Marani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Emilia M C Mazza
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Immunobiology Unit, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Salsi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Zappavigna
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Sandra Parenti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Selmi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Enrico Tagliafico
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Sergio Ferrari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alexis Grande
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
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164
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IL7RA haplotype-associated alterations in cellular immune function and gene expression patterns in multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2013; 14:453-61. [PMID: 23985573 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 receptor alpha (IL7RA) is among the top listed candidate genes influencing the risk to develop multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Soluble IL-7RA (sIL-7RA) protein and mRNA levels vary among the four common IL7RA haplotypes. Here we show and confirm that protective haplotype carriers have three times lower sIL-7RA serum levels than the other three haplotypes. High sIL-7RA concentrations significantly decrease IL-7-mediated STAT5 phosphorylation in CD4(+) T cells. Transcriptome analysis of unstimulated and stimulated CD4(+) T cells of MS patients carrying the different IL7RA haplotypes revealed complex and overlapping patterns in genes participating in cytokine signaling networks, apoptosis, cell cycle progression and cell differentiation. Our findings indicate that genetic variants of IL7RA result in haplotype-associated differential responsiveness to immunological stimuli that influence MS susceptibility not exclusively by varying levels of sIL-7RA.
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165
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Perspectives of the relationship between IL-7 and autoimmune diseases. Clin Rheumatol 2013; 32:1703-9. [PMID: 23934388 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-013-2360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-7 is one of the IL-2 family cytokines comprised of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, as well as IL-21. IL-7 is mainly secreted by stroma cells in primary lymphoid tissues, playing an essential role in the program of T cell development. Recently, studies have revealed that physiological function exerted by immunocytes can be influenced by aberrant IL-7 signaling, which is common in abnormal autoimmunity regulation. There is also increasing evidence that IL-7 is involved in several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, etc. Targeting components in IL-7 signaling pathways may have potential significance for treating numerous autoimmune diseases. In this review, we therefore summarize our current understandings regarding the relationship between IL-7 and autoimmune diseases so as to render more valuable information on this kind of research.
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Fleskens V, van Boxtel R. Forkhead Box P family members at the crossroad between tolerance and immunity: a balancing act. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 33:94-109. [PMID: 23886296 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.816698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining an immune balance between a chronic inflammatory state and autoimmunity is regulated at multiple levels by complex cellular signaling mechanisms. Numerous immune stimulatory and inhibitory signals converge on a large variety of transcriptional regulators. One key transcriptional regulator of immune homeostasis is FOXP3, which is a member of the Forkhead Box P subfamily of transcription factors and was shown to be essential for the development and maintenance of regulatory T cells. However, other FOXP members have received less attention in relation to a role in immune regulation. Still, recent developments point toward a general important regulatory role for FOXP proteins in the development and function of the adaptive immune system and establishment of a balanced immune response. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the role of FOXP proteins in establishing immune homeostasis with an emphasis on T-cell biology. Furthermore, we review and speculate about different modes of regulating general FOXP activity and the function of this in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Fleskens
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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167
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Antiapoptotic Mcl-1 is critical for the survival and niche-filling capacity of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:959-65. [PMID: 23852275 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3⁺ regulatory T (Treg) cells are a crucial immunosuppressive population of CD4⁺ T cells, yet the homeostatic processes and survival programs that maintain the Treg cell pool are poorly understood. Here we report that peripheral Treg cells markedly alter their proliferative and apoptotic rates to rapidly restore numerical deficit through an interleukin 2-dependent and costimulation-dependent process. By contrast, excess Treg cells are removed by attrition, dependent on the Bim-initiated Bak- and Bax-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 were dispensable for survival of Treg cells, whereas Mcl-1 was critical for survival of Treg cells, and the loss of this antiapoptotic protein caused fatal autoimmunity. Together, these data define the active processes by which Treg cells maintain homeostasis via critical survival pathways.
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168
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Kim CH. Host and microbial factors in regulation of T cells in the intestine. Front Immunol 2013; 4:141. [PMID: 23772228 PMCID: PMC3677167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is divided into specialized tissue areas that provide distinct microenvironments for T cells. Regulation of T-cell responses in the gut has been a major focus of recent research activities in the field. T cells in the intestine are regulated by the interplay between host and microbial factors. In the small intestine, retinoic acid (RA) is a major tissue factor that plays important roles in regulation of immune responses. In the large intestine, the influence of RA diminishes, but that of commensal bacterial products increases. RA, gut microbiota, and inflammatory mediators co-regulate differentiation, distribution, and/or effector functions of T cells. Coordinated regulation of immune responses by these factors promotes well-balanced immunity and immune tolerance. Dysregulation of this process can increase infection and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang H Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
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169
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Nishide Y, Tadaishi M, Kobori M, Tousen Y, Kato M, Inada M, Miyaura C, Ishimi Y. Possible role of S-equol on bone loss via amelioration of inflammatory indices in ovariectomized mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2013; 53:41-8. [PMID: 23874069 PMCID: PMC3705151 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.12-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
S-equol is a natural metabolite of the soy isoflavone, daidzein, produced by intestinal bacteria. S-equol has been shown to have greater estrogenic activity than other soy isoflavones and prevent bone loss in post-menopausal women. Estrogen regulates both bone remodeling and hemopoiesis in the bone marrow, these processes that communicate closely with each other. In this study, we investigated the effect of S-equol on bone mass and gene expression of bone marrow cells in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Female ddY strain mice, aged 12 weeks, were either sham operated or OVX. The OVX mice were randomly divided into two groups: (1) OVX control and (2) OVX fed a 0.06% (w/w) S-equol supplemented diet. After 2 weeks, the trabecular bone volume of the femoral distal metaphysis was markedly reduced in OVX mice. However, treatment with equol was observed to ameliorate this. Expression of inflammatory-, osteoclastogenesis- and adipogenesis-related genes was increased in OVX mice compared with sham mice, and equol was observed to suppress their expression. The present study demonstrates that equol might ameliorate bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency through regulating hemopoiesis and production of inflammatory cytokines in bone marrow cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Nishide
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan ; Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Miller CN, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Lee MS, Laidlaw G, Cornelissen IP, Matloubian M, Coughlin SR, McDonald DM, McCune JM. IL-7 production in murine lymphatic endothelial cells and induction in the setting of peripheral lymphopenia. Int Immunol 2013; 25:471-83. [PMID: 23657000 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-7 is a required factor for T-cell homeostasis. Because of low expression levels and poor reagent availability, the cellular sources of IL-7 have proven challenging to characterize. In this study, we describe a reporter mouse in which enhanced GFP is expressed from the endogenous Il7 locus. We show that IL-7 is produced by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) distributed throughout the systemic lymphatic vasculature as well as by fibroblastic reticular cells, and that phosphorylation of STAT5 in lymphocytes is higher in lymphatics than in blood. Furthermore, in nodes depleted of lymphocytes, Il7 transcription is increased in stromal but not in myeloid subsets. These data support recent findings that lymphocyte homeostasis is influenced by access to secondary lymphoid organs and point to LECs as an important in vivo source of IL-7, bathing trafficking immune cells under both resting and lymphopenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey N Miller
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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IL-7/anti-IL-7 mAb complexes augment cytokine potency in mice through association with IgG-Fc and by competition with IL-7R. Blood 2013; 121:4484-92. [PMID: 23610371 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-08-449215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is essential to T-cell survival as well as homeostatic proliferation, and clinical trials that exploit the mitogenic effects of IL-7 have achieved success in treating human diseases. In mice, the in vivo potency of IL-7 improves dramatically when it is administered as a complex with the anti-IL-7 neutralizing monoclonal antibody clone M25. However, the mechanism whereby M25 augments IL-7 potency is unknown. We have analyzed the discrete contributions of the antibody constant (Fc) and IL-7-binding (Fab) domains to the mechanism. By engaging the neonatal Fc receptor the Fc domain extends the in vivo lifespan of IL-7/M25 complexes and accounts for the majority of their activity. Unexpectedly, the IL-7-neutralizing Fab domain provides an additional, albeit smaller, contribution, possibly by serving as a cytokine depot. This study is the first to demonstrate that the neutralizing aspect of the monoclonal antibody is directly involved in enhancing the potency of a cytokine with a single form of receptor. Lessons from the mechanism of IL-7/M25 complexes inform the design of next-generation cytokine therapeutics.
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172
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Abstract
CD8 T cells exhibit dynamic alterations in proliferation and apoptosis during various phases of the CD8 T cell response, but the mechanisms that regulate cellular proliferation from the standpoint of CD8 T cell memory are not well defined. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 functions as a negative regulator of the cell cycle in various cell types including T cells and it has been implicated in regulating cellular processes including differentiation, transcription and migration. Here, we investigated whether p27Kip1 regulates CD8 T cell memory by T cell-intrinsic or T cell-extrinsic mechanisms, by conditional ablation of p27Kip1 in T cells or non-T cells. Studies of T cell responses to an acute viral infection show that p27Kip1 negatively regulates the proliferation of CD8 T cells by T cell-intrinsic mechanisms. However, the enhanced proliferation of CD8 T cells induced by T cell-specific p27Kip1 deficiency minimally affects the primary expansion or the magnitude of CD8 T cell memory. Unexpectedly, p27Kip1 ablation in non-T cells markedly augmented the number of high quality memory CD8 T cells by enhancing the accumulation of memory precursor effector cells without increasing their proliferation. Further studies show that p27Kip1 deficiency in immunizing DCs fail to enhance CD8 T cell memory. Nevertheless, we have delineated the T cell-intrinsic, anti-proliferative activities of p27Kip1 in CD8 T cells from its role as a factor in non-T cells that restricts the development of CD8 T cell memory. These findings have implications in vaccine development and understanding the mechanisms that maintain T cell homeostasis.
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