151
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Kuhl N, Hopkinson MN, Wencel-Delord J, Glorius F. Beyond Directing Groups: Transition-Metal-Catalyzed CH Activation of Simple Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10236-54. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1440] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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152
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Aiso H, Kochi T, Mutsutani H, Tanabe T, Nishiyama S, Kakiuchi F. Catalytic electrochemical C-H iodination and one-pot arylation by ON/OFF switching of electric current. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7718-24. [PMID: 22881601 DOI: 10.1021/jo3012286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed electrochemical iodination and one-pot arylation of arylpyridines are described. Ortho-selective C-H iodination proceeded via dual activation of each substrate by a palladium catalyst and an electrode. Various aryl groups were introduced at the ortho positions of arylpyridines by ON/OFF switching of two different catalytic cycles using the same palladium catalyst in a one-pot fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Aiso
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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153
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Powers DC, Lee E, Ariafard A, Sanford MS, Yates BF, Canty AJ, Ritter T. Connecting Binuclear Pd(III) and Mononuclear Pd(IV) Chemistry by Pd–Pd Bond Cleavage. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12002-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja304401u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Powers
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12
Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12
Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania
7001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrak Gharb, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue,
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Brian F. Yates
- School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania
7001, Australia
| | - Allan J. Canty
- School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania
7001, Australia
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12
Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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154
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Neufeldt SR, Sanford MS. Controlling site selectivity in palladium-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:936-46. [PMID: 22554114 DOI: 10.1021/ar300014f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1173] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Effective methodology to functionalize C-H bonds requires overcoming the key challenge of differentiating among the multitude of C-H bonds that are present in complex organic molecules. This Account focuses on our work over the past decade toward the development of site-selective Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions using the following approaches: substrate-based control over selectivity through the use of directing groups (approach 1), substrate control through the use of electronically activated substrates (approach 2), or catalyst-based control (approach 3). In our extensive exploration of the first approach, a number of selectivity trends have emerged for both sp(2) and sp(3) C-H functionalization reactions that hold true for a variety of transformations involving diverse directing groups. Functionalizations tend to occur at the less-hindered sp(2) C-H bond ortho to a directing group, at primary sp(3) C-H bonds that are β to a directing group, and, when multiple directing groups are present, at C-H sites proximal to the most basic directing group. Using approach 2, which exploits electronic biases within a substrate, our group has achieved C-2-selective arylation of indoles and pyrroles using diaryliodonium oxidants. The selectivity of these transformations is altered when the C-2 site of the heterocycle is blocked, leading to C-C bond formation at the C-3 position. While approach 3 (catalyst-based control) is still in its early stages of exploration, we have obtained exciting results demonstrating that site selectivity can be tuned by modifying the structure of the supporting ligands on the Pd catalyst. For example, by modulating the structure of N-N bidentate ligands, we have achieved exquisite levels of selectivity for arylation at the α site of naphthalene. Similarly, we have demonstrated that both the rate and site selectivity of arene acetoxylation depend on the ratio of pyridine (ligand) to Pd. Lastly, by switching the ligand on Pd from an acetate to a carbonate, we have reversed the site selectivity of a 1,3-dimethoxybenzene/benzo[h]quinoline coupling. In combination with a growing number of reports in the literature, these studies highlight a frontier of catalyst-based control of site-selectivity in the development of new C-H bond functionalization methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R. Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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155
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John A, Nicholas KM. Palladium Catalyzed C–H Functionalization of O-Arylcarbamates: Selective ortho-Bromination Using NBS. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5600-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo300713h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex John
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Kenneth M. Nicholas
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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156
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Schröder N, Wencel-Delord J, Glorius F. High-Yielding, Versatile, and Practical [Rh(III)Cp*]-Catalyzed Ortho Bromination and Iodination of Arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:8298-301. [DOI: 10.1021/ja302631j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Schröder
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse
40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse
40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse
40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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157
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Yang Y, Lin Y, Rao Y. Ruthenium(II)-catalyzed synthesis of hydroxylated arenes with ester as an effective directing group. Org Lett 2012; 14:2874-7. [PMID: 22582921 DOI: 10.1021/ol301104n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented Ru(II) catalyzed ortho-hydroxylation has been developed for the facile synthesis of a variety of multifunctionalized arenes from easily accessible ethyl benzoates with ester as an efficient directing group. Both the TFA/TFAA cosolvent system and oxidants serve as the critical success factors in this transformation. The reaction demonstrates excellent reactivity, good functional group tolerance, and high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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158
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Xu Z, Xiang B, Sun P. ortho-Olefination of Arylaldehyde O-Methyloximes through Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Activation. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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159
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Azarifar D, Khosravi K, Najminejad Z, Soleimani K. Regioselective bromination and iodination of aromatic substrates promoted by trans-3,5-dihydroperoxy-3,5-dimethyl-1,2-dioxolane. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-011-0026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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160
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Dzik WI, Lange PP, Gooßen LJ. Carboxylates as sources of carbon nucleophiles and electrophiles: comparison of decarboxylative and decarbonylative pathways. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20312j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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161
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Lou SJ, Xu DQ, Shen DF, Wang YF, Liu YK, Xu ZY. Highly efficient vinylaromatics generation via iron-catalyzed sp3 C–H bond functionalization CDC reaction: a novel approach to preparing substituted benzo[α]phenazines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:11993-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36708d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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162
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163
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Chen CC, Yang SC, Wu MJ. Iodine-Mediated Cascade Cyclization of Enediynes to Iodinated Benzo[a]carbazoles. J Org Chem 2011; 76:10269-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201795t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chau Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Chyun Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jung Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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164
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165
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Dubost E, Fossey C, Cailly T, Rault S, Fabis F. Selectiveortho-Bromination of Substituted Benzaldoximes Using Pd-Catalyzed C–H Activation: Application to the Synthesis of Substituted 2-Bromobenzaldehydes. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6414-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200853j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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166
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Facile synthesis of arylboronic esters by palladacycle-catalyzed bromination of 2-arylbenzoxazoles and subsequent borylation of the brominated products. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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167
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A facile and efficient method for the selective deacylation of N-arylacetamides and 2-chloro-N-arylacetamides catalyzed by SOCl2. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-011-0327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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168
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Keyes L, Sun AD, Love JA. Exploration of the Scope of Pt-Catalyzed C-F Activation. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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169
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Bedford RB, Haddow MF, Mitchell CJ, Webster RL. Mild CH Halogenation of Anilides and the Isolation of an Unusual Palladium(I)-Palladium(II) Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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170
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Bedford RB, Haddow MF, Mitchell CJ, Webster RL. Mild CH Halogenation of Anilides and the Isolation of an Unusual Palladium(I)-Palladium(II) Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5524-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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171
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Huang C, Chernyak N, Dudnik AS, Gevorgyan V. The Pyridyldiisopropylsilyl Group: A Masked Functionality and Directing Group for Monoselective ortho-Acyloxylation and ortho-Halogenation Reactions of Arenes. Adv Synth Catal 2011; 353:10.1002/adsc.201000975. [PMID: 24363640 PMCID: PMC3866842 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel, easily removable and modifiable silicon-tethered pyridyldiisopropylsilyl directing group for C-H functionalizations of arenes has been developed. The installation of the pyridyldiisopropylsilyl group can efficiently be achieved via two complementary routes using easily available 2-(diisopropylsilyl)pyridine (5). The first strategy features a nucleophilic hydride substitution at the silicon atom in 5 with aryllithium reagents generated in situ from the corresponding aryl bromides or iodides. The second milder route exploits a highly efficient room-temperature rhodium(I)-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between 5 and aryl iodides. The latter approach can be applied to the preparation of a wide range of pyridyldiisopropylsilyl-substituted arenes possessing a variety of functional groups, including those incompatible with organometallic reagents. The pyridyldiisopropylsilyl directing group allows for a highly efficient, regioselective palladium(II)-catalyzed mono-ortho-acyloxylation and ortho-halogenation of various aromatic compounds. Most impor-tantly, the silicon-tethered directing group in both acyloxylated and halogenated products can easily be removed or efficiently converted into an array of other valuable functionalities. These transformations include protio-, deuterio-, halo-, boro-, and alkynyldesilylations, as well as a conversion of the directing group into the hydroxy functionality. In addition, the construction of aryl-aryl bonds via the Hiyama-Denmark cross-coupling reaction is feasible for the acetoxylated products. Moreover, the ortho-halogenated pyridyldiisopropylsilylarenes, bearing both nucleophilic pyridyldiisopropylsilyl and electrophilic aryl halide moieties, represent synthetically attractive 1,2-ambiphiles. A unique reactivity of these ambiphiles has been demonstrated in efficient syntheses of arylenediyne and benzosilole derivatives, as well as in a facile generation of benzyne. In addition, preliminary mechanistic studies of the acyloxylation and halogenation reactions have been performed. A trinuclear palladacycle intermediate has been isolated from a stoichiometric reaction between diisopropyl-(phenyl)pyrid-2-ylsilane (3a) and palladium acetate. Furthermore, both C-H functionalization reactions exhibited equally high values of the intramolecular primary kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD = 6.7). Based on these observations, a general mechanism involving the formation of a palladacycle via a C-H activation process as the rate-determining step has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, USA
| | - Natalia Chernyak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, USA
| | - Alexander S. Dudnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, USA
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, USA
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172
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Newhouse T, Baran PS. If C-H bonds could talk: selective C-H bond oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:3362-74. [PMID: 21413105 PMCID: PMC3980681 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1068] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
C-H oxidation has a long history and an ongoing presence in research at the forefront of chemistry and interrelated fields. As such, numerous highly useful articles and reviews have been written on this subject. Logically, these are generally written from the perspective of the scope and limitations of the reagents employed. This Minireview instead attempts to emphasize chemoselectivity imposed by the nature of the substrate. Consequently, many landmark discoveries in the field of C-H oxidation are not discussed, but hopefully the perspective taken herein will allow C-H oxidation reactions to be more readily incorporated into synthetic planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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173
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Newhouse T, Baran PS. Wenn C-H-Bindungen sprechen könnten - selektive Oxidationen von C-H-Bindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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174
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Engle KM, Mei TS, Wang X, Yu JQ. Bystanding F+ oxidants enable selective reductive elimination from high-valent metal centers in catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1478-91. [PMID: 21264991 PMCID: PMC3094160 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Reductive elimination from partially or completely oxidized metal centers is a vital step in a myriad of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions. One strategy for promoting otherwise challenging reductive elimination reactions is to oxidize the metal center using a two-electron oxidant (that is, from M((n)) to M((n+2))). However, many of the commonly used oxidants for this type of transformation contain oxygen, nitrogen, or halogen moieties that are subsequently capable of participating in reductive elimination, thus leading to a mixture of products. In this Minireview, we examine the use of bystanding F(+) oxidants for addressing this widespread problem in organometallic chemistry and describe recent applications in Pd(II) /Pd(IV) and Au(I) /Au(III) catalysis. We then briefly discuss a rare example in which one-electron oxidants have been shown to promote selective reductive elimination in palladium(II)-catalyzed C-H functionalization, which we view as a promising future direction in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keary M. Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Xisheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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175
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Engle KM, Mei TS, Wang X, Yu JQ. Passive F+-Oxidationsmittel ermöglichen die selektive reduktive Eliminierung hochvalenter Metallzentren in der Katalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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176
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Powers DC, Xiao DY, Geibel MAL, Ritter T. On the mechanism of palladium-catalyzed aromatic C-H oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 132:14530-6. [PMID: 20873835 DOI: 10.1021/ja1054274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of Pd-catalyzed aromatic C-H oxidation chemistry continues to be vigorously discussed. Historically, Pd(II)/Pd(IV) catalysis cycles have been proposed. Herein, we present a detailed study of Pd(OAc)(2)-catalyzed aromatic C-H chlorination and propose dinuclear Pd(III) complexes as intermediates. We have identified a succinate-bridged dinuclear Pd(II) complex, which self-assembles during catalysis, as the catalyst resting state. In situ monitoring of catalysis has revealed that chlorination proceeds with turnover-limiting oxidation of a dinuclear resting state, and that acetate ions, liberated during the formation of the catalyst resting state, catalyze the bimetallic oxidation. Informed by reaction kinetics analysis, relevant dinuclear Pd(III) complexes have been prepared and observed to undergo selective C-Cl reductive elimination. Based on the combination of kinetic data obtained during catalysis and explicit structural information of relevant intermediates, we propose a Pd(II)(2)/Pd(III)(2) catalysis cycle for Pd(OAc)(2)-catalyzed aromatic C-H chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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177
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Powers DC, Benitez D, Tkatchouk E, Goddard WA, Ritter T. Bimetallic reductive elimination from dinuclear Pd(III) complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 132:14092-103. [PMID: 20858006 DOI: 10.1021/ja1036644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2009, we reported C-halogen reductive elimination reactions from dinuclear Pd(III) complexes and implicated dinuclear intermediates in Pd(OAc)(2)-catalyzed C-H oxidation chemistry. Herein, we report results of a thorough experimental and theoretical investigation of the mechanism of reductive elimination from such dinuclear Pd(III) complexes, which establish the role of each metal during reductive elimination. Our results implicate reductive elimination from a complex in which the dinuclear core is intact and suggest that redox synergy between the two metals is responsible for the facile reductive elimination reactions observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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178
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McCall AS, Wang H, Desper JM, Kraft S. Bis-N-heterocyclic carbene palladium(IV) tetrachloride complexes: synthesis, reactivity, and mechanisms of direct chlorinations and oxidations of organic substrates. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:1832-48. [PMID: 21247150 DOI: 10.1021/ja107342b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This Article describes the preparation and isolation of novel octahedral CH(2)-bridged bis-(N-heterocyclic carbene)palladium(IV) tetrachlorides of the general formula LPd(IV)Cl(4) [L = (NHC)CH(2)(NHC)] from LPd(II)Cl(2) and Cl(2). In intermolecular, nonchelation-controlled transformations LPd(IV)Cl(4) reacted with alkenes and alkynes to 1,2-dichlorination adducts. Aromatic, benzylic, and aliphatic C-H bonds were converted into C-Cl bonds. Detailed mechanistic investigations in the dichlorinations of alkenes were conducted on the 18VE Pd(IV) complex. Positive solvent effects as well as kinetic measurements probing the impact of cyclohexene and chloride concentrations on the rate of alkene chlorination support a Pd(IV)-Cl ionization in the first step. Product stereochemistry and product distributions from various alkenes also support Cl(+)-transfer from the pentacoordinated Pd(IV)-intermediate LPd(IV)Cl(3)(+) to olefins. 1-Hexene/3-hexene competition experiments rule out both the formation of π-complexes along the reaction coordinate as well as in situ generated Cl(2) from a reductive elimination process. Instead, a ligand-mediated direct Cl(+)-transfer from LPd(IV)Cl(3)(+) to the π-system is likely to occur. Similarly, C-H bond chlorinations proceed via an electrophilic process with in situ formed LPd(IV)Cl(3)(+). The presence of a large excess of added Cl(-) slows cyclohexene chlorination while the presence of stoichiometric amounts of chloride accelerates both Pd(IV)-Cl ionization and Cl(+)-transfer from LPd(IV)Cl(3)(+). (1)H NMR titrations, T1 relaxation time measurements, binding isotherms, and Job plot analysis point to the formation of a trifurcated Cl(-)···H-C bond in the NHC-ligand periphery as a supramolecular cause for the accelerated chemical events involving the metal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scott McCall
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-0401, United States
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179
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Abstract
While the organometallic chemistry of Pd in its (0), (+II), and (+IV) oxidation states is well-established, organometallic Pd(III) chemistry remains widely unexplored. Few characterized Pd(III) complexes are known, which has inhibited detailed study of the organometallic chemistry of Pd(III). In this review, the potential roles of both mono- and dinuclear Pd(III) complexes in organometallic chemistry will be discussed. While not widely recognized, Pd in the (+III) oxidation state may play a significant role in a variety of known Pd-catalyzed reactions.
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181
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Yeung CS, Hsieh THH, Dong VM. Ru-catalyzed activation of sp3C–O bonds: O- to N-alkyl migratory rearrangement in pyridines and related heterocycles. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00498g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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182
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Zheng X, Song B, Li G, Liu B, Deng H, Xu B. Direct synthesis of ortho-dihalogenated arylpyrimidines using calcium halides as halogen sources. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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183
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Cuesta L, Maluenda I, Soler T, Navarro R, Urriolabeitia EP. Novel Thiophene-Based Cycloruthenated Compounds: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2010; 50:37-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ic101946n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Cuesta
- Departamento de Compuestos Organometálicos, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Irene Maluenda
- Departamento de Compuestos Organometálicos, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tatiana Soler
- Servicios Técnicos de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Fase II, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente de Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Rafael Navarro
- Departamento de Compuestos Organometálicos, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Esteban P. Urriolabeitia
- Departamento de Compuestos Organometálicos, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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184
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Kaspi AW, Goldberg I, Vigalok A. Reagent-dependent formation of C-C and C-F bonds in Pt complexes: an unexpected twist in the electrophilic fluorination chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:10626-7. [PMID: 20681679 DOI: 10.1021/ja101436w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes (C-P)Pt(Aryl)py undergo oxidative addition reaction upon treatment with electrophilic fluorination reagents, XeF(2) or N-fluoro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, giving eventually products of C-C coupling. However, when aryl = mesityl, the two reagents give completely different products: the N-F salt still favors the C-C coupling reaction while XeF(2) gives the unprecedented benzylic fluorination of one of the ortho-methyl groups of the mesityl ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariela W Kaspi
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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185
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Qiu D, Mo F, Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Wang J. Gold(III)-Catalyzed Halogenation of Aromatic Boronates with N-Halosuccinimides. Org Lett 2010; 12:5474-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol102350v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Qiu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fanyang Mo
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhitong Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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186
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Dudnik AS, Chernyak N, Huang C, Gevorgyan V. A general strategy toward aromatic 1,2-ambiphilic synthons: palladium-catalyzed ortho-halogenation of PyDipSi-arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:8729-32. [PMID: 20886495 PMCID: PMC3132816 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Dudnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St, Rm 4500, Chicago, IL 60607 (USA), Fax: (+1)312-355-0836
| | - Natalia Chernyak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St, Rm 4500, Chicago, IL 60607 (USA), Fax: (+1)312-355-0836
| | - Chunhui Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St, Rm 4500, Chicago, IL 60607 (USA), Fax: (+1)312-355-0836
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St, Rm 4500, Chicago, IL 60607 (USA), Fax: (+1)312-355-0836
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187
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Dudnik AS, Chernyak N, Huang C, Gevorgyan V. A General Strategy Toward Aromatic 1,2-Ambiphilic Synthons: Palladium-Catalyzed ortho-Halogenation of PyDipSi-Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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188
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Gross
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe (Germany), Fax: (+49) 721‐608‐8581
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe (Germany), Fax: (+49) 721‐608‐8581
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189
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Yahav-Levi A, Goldberg I, Vigalok A, Vedernikov AN. Aryl-bromide reductive elimination from an isolated Pt(IV) complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:3324-6. [PMID: 20401406 DOI: 10.1039/c001487g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Pt(IV) complex bearing two aryl and two bromo ligands, which undergoes selective elimination of a bromoarene molecule has been prepared and fully-characterized. The mechanistic studies of this reaction are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Yahav-Levi
- School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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190
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Yusubov MS, Nemykin VN, Zhdankin VV. Transition metal-mediated oxidations utilizing monomeric iodosyl- and iodylarene species. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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191
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Kalyani D, Satterfield AD, Sanford MS. Palladium-catalyzed oxidative arylhalogenation of alkenes: synthetic scope and mechanistic insights. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8419-27. [PMID: 20515033 PMCID: PMC2895562 DOI: 10.1021/ja101851v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the development of a Pd-catalyzed reaction for the arylhalogenation (halogen = Cl or Br) of diverse alpha-olefins by oxidatively intercepting Mizoroki-Heck intermediates. These transformations afford synthetically useful 1,2- and 1,1-arylhalogenated products in good yields with good to excellent selectivities that can be modulated by changing the nature of the halogenating reagent and/or the reaction conditions. The selectivity of these reactions can be rationally tuned by (i) controlling the relative rates of oxidative functionalization versus beta-hydride elimination from equilibrating Pd(II)-alkyl species and (ii) stabilization of organometallic Pd(II) intermediates through the formation of pi-benzyl adducts. These arylhalogenations exhibit modest to excellent levels of stereoselectivity, and the key carbon-halogen bond-forming step proceeds with predominant retention of stereochemistry at carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipannita Kalyani
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, 930 North University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Andrew D. Satterfield
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, 930 North University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, 930 North University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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192
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Zhang S, Luo F, Wang W, Jia X, Hu M, Cheng J. Chelation-assisted palladium-catalyzed acyloxylation of benzyl sp3 C–H bonds using PhI(OAc)2 as oxidant. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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193
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194
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Sehnal P, Taylor RJK, Fairlamb IJS. Emergence of palladium(IV) chemistry in synthesis and catalysis. Chem Rev 2010; 110:824-89. [PMID: 20143876 DOI: 10.1021/cr9003242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Sehnal
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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195
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Song B, Zheng X, Mo J, Xu B. Palladium-Catalyzed Monoselective Halogenation of CH Bonds: Efficient Access to Halogenated Arylpyrimidines using Calcium Halides. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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196
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Mo F, Yan J, Qiu D, Li F, Zhang Y, Wang J. Gold-Catalyzed Halogenation of Aromatics by N-Halosuccinimides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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197
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Mo F, Yan J, Qiu D, Li F, Zhang Y, Wang J. Gold-Catalyzed Halogenation of Aromatics by N-Halosuccinimides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:2028-32. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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198
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Lyons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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199
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Jazzar R, Hitce J, Renaudat A, Sofack-Kreutzer J, Baudoin O. Functionalization of Organic Molecules by Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C(sp3)H Activation. Chemistry 2010; 16:2654-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 981] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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200
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Neufeldt SR, Sanford MS. O-acetyl oximes as transformable directing groups for Pd-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization. Org Lett 2010; 12:532-5. [PMID: 20041702 PMCID: PMC2830615 DOI: 10.1021/ol902720d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
O-Acetyl oximes serve as effective directing groups for Pd-catalyzed sp(2) and sp(3) C-H functionalization reactions. The C-H functionalization products can be subsequently transformed into ortho- or beta-functionalized ketones, alcohols, amines, and heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R. Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055
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