151
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Iglesias DJ, Cercós M, Colmenero-Flores JM, Naranjo MA, Ríos G, Carrera E, Ruiz-Rivero O, Lliso I, Morillon R, Tadeo FR, Talon M. Physiology of citrus fruiting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202007000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Citrus is the main fruit tree crop in the world and therefore has a tremendous economical, social and cultural impact in our society. In recent years, our knowledge on plant reproductive biology has increased considerably mostly because of the work developed in model plants. However, the information generated in these species cannot always be applied to citrus, predominantly because citrus is a perennial tree crop that exhibits a very peculiar and unusual reproductive biology. Regulation of fruit growth and development in citrus is an intricate phenomenon depending upon many internal and external factors that may operate both sequentially and simultaneously. The elements and mechanisms whereby endogenous and environmental stimuli affect fruit growth are being interpreted and this knowledge may help to provide tools that allow optimizing production and fruit with enhanced nutritional value, the ultimate goal of the Citrus Industry. This article will review the progress that has taken place in the physiology of citrus fruiting during recent years and present the current status of major research topics in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Cercós
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain
| | | | | | - Gabino Ríos
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain
| | | | | | - Ignacio Lliso
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain
| | - Raphael Morillon
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Dévelopement, France
| | | | - Manuel Talon
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain
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152
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Rocha SM, Coelho E, Zrostlíková J, Delgadillo I, Coimbra MA. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry of monoterpenoids as a powerful tool for grape origin traceability. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1161:292-9. [PMID: 17585921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of the monoterpenoid profile of Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Fernão-Pires' white grape was achieved by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-ToF-MS). The plot of the first dimension versus the second dimension retention times using the m/z 93, 121, and 136 was used. The grapes were found to contain 56 monoterpenoids identified by GCxGC-ToF-MS. From these, 20 were reported for the first time in grapes. According to their chemical structure, the compounds were organized in different groups: monoterpene hydrocarbons and monoterpene oxygen-containing compounds, this later divided in oxides, alcohols (monoterpenols and monoterpendiols), aldehydes, esters, and ketones. A database composed by the retention indices of monoterpenoids calculated in the bi-dimensional column set was created, representing a developmental step in monoterpenoid analysis using a GCxGC system. Remarkable results were also obtained in terms of compound classification based on the organized structure of the peaks of structurally related compounds in the GCxGC contour plot. This information represents a valuable approach for future studies, as the ordered-structure principle can considerably help the establishment of the composition of samples. This study proposes a methodology and provides data that can be applied to determine the monoterpenoid profile of grapes, and its extension to the analysis of musts, and wines. As monoterpenoids are secondary metabolites whose synthesis is encoded by variety-related genes, the terpenoid profile may be used as a way to trace its varietal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia M Rocha
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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153
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Füzfai Z, Molnár-Perl I. Gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric fragmentation study of flavonoids as their trimethylsilyl derivatives: Analysis of flavonoids, sugars, carboxylic and amino acids in model systems and in citrus fruits. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1149:88-101. [PMID: 17289064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The fragmentation patterns and quantitation possibilities of three anthocyanidins (pelargonidin, cyanidin, malvidin), one flavonol (quercetin), two flavones (apigenin, luteolin) and two flavanones (naringenin, hesperetin) have been investigated as trimethylsilyl and as trimethylsilyl (oxime) derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results proved that anthocyanidins and flavanones form trimethylsilyl (oximes), while flavonol and flavones provide simple trimethylsilyl derivatives. In all cases, characteristic fragments of high masses are formed proper for quantitation purposes. Hydrolysis conditions for naringin, hesperidin and rutin have been optimized, resulting in the quantitative release of naringenin, hesperetin and quercetin together with their corresponding saccharides. These basic studies made possible the identification and quantification of the flavonoid, carboxylic-/amino acid and sugar constituents of citrus fruit juices and albedos, without any extraction/enrichment procedure. In total 33 compounds have been determined in hydrolyzed samples, such as 2 flavonoids (naringenin and hesperetin), 6 phenolic acids (trimethoxybenzoic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, quinic, chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids), 3 aliphatic carboxylic acids (levulinic, malic, citric acids), phosphoric acid, 4 amino acids (aspartic, glutamic acids, alanine, proline), 9 monosaccharides (xylose, arabinose, rhamnose, fucose, fructose, galactose, glucose, galacturonic acid, sedoheptulose), inositol, sugarphosphate, 5 disaccharides and tocopherol. Measurements were carried out as the trimethylsilyl (oxime) ether/ester derivatives of constituents, in the concentration range of 2 x 10(-3) to 49.9%. Identification level of samples varied between 26.4 and 77.5%, expressed in dry matter content of juices and albedos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zs Füzfai
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, L. Eötvös University, Budapest 112, Hungary
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154
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Setkova L, Risticevic S, Pawliszyn J. Rapid headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatographic–time-of-flight mass spectrometric method for qualitative profiling of ice wine volatile fraction. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1147:224-40. [PMID: 17353019 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 01/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The previously developed and optimized headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-GC-time-of-flight (TOF) MS analytical method for the determination of compounds with a wide range of polarities and volatilities was successfully used in this study to characterize and classify a large set of ice wines according to their origin, grape variety and oak or stainless steel fermentation/ageing conditions, based on a statistical evaluation (principal component analysis (PCA)) of the measured data. More than 130 ice wine samples collected directly from Canadian and Czech wine producers were analyzed in this study. The SPME step was beneficially carried out utilizing the new-generation super elastic divinylbenzene/Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) 50 microm/30 microm fiber assembly. One fiber was used for the whole sequence of ice wine samples, control and blank experiments, which consisted of more than 600 individual extraction/injection cycles. Utilizing the high-speed TOF analyzer, full spectral information within the range of 35-450 u was collected for the entire GC run (as short as 4.5 min) without compromising in the detection sensitivity, as compared to other scanning mass analyzers operated in selected ion monitoring or MS(n) mode to achieve similar sensitivity. The identification of analytes was performed by a combination of the linear temperature-programmed retention index (LTPRI) approach with the comparison of the obtained spectra with three libraries included in the ChromaTOF software. A total of 201 peaks were tentatively assigned as ice wine aroma components and 58 of those compounds were evaluated in all of the examined samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Setkova
- University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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155
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Hongratanaworakit T, Buchbauer G. Chemical composition and stimulating effect ofCitrus hystrix oil on humans. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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156
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Díaz-Maroto MC, Castillo N, Castro-Vázquez L, Ángel González-Viñas M, Pérez-Coello MS. Volatile composition and olfactory profile of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) plants. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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157
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Castro-Vázquez L, Díaz-Maroto M, Pérez-Coello M. Aroma composition and new chemical markers of Spanish citrus honeys. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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158
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Dharmawan J, Kasapis S, Curran P, Johnson JR. Characterization of volatile compounds in selected citrus fruits from Asia. Part I: freshly-squeezed juice. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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159
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Mirhosseini H, Salmah Y, Nazimah S, Tan C. Solid-phase microextraction for headspace analysis of key volatile compounds in orange beverage emulsion. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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160
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Luan F, Degenhardt A, Mosandl A, Wüst M. Mechanism of wine lactone formation: demonstration of stereoselective cyclization and 1,3-hydride shift. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:10245-52. [PMID: 17177567 DOI: 10.1021/jf0625306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The cyclization mechanism of (E)-2,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxyocta-2,7-dienoic acid to wine lactone under acidic aqueous conditions was investigated using the two stereoselectively deuterium-labeled precursors (2E,6R,7Z)-[8-2H]-2,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxyocta-2,7-dienoic acid and (2E,7E)-(+/-)-[8-2H]-2,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxyocta-2,7-dienoic acid. A detailed analysis of the generated wine lactone isomers by enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC)/ion trap tandem mass spectrometry demonstrates that the formation of wine lactone proceeds via a nonenzymatic stereoselective cationic cyclization cascade that includes a 1,3-hydride shift. Usually, such mechanisms are features of cyclization reactions that are catalyzed by terpene cyclases. This nonenzymatic conversion of an acyclic precursor to a bicyclic monoterpene under relevant cationic cyclization conditions has rarely been observed and confirms recent suggestions that the precursor itself can provide the chemical functionality required for specific steps in the cyclization cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Luan
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
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161
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Jesús Ibarz M, Ferreira V, Hernández-Orte P, Loscos N, Cacho J. Optimization and evaluation of a procedure for the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the aromas generated by fast acid hydrolysis of flavor precursors extracted from grapes. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1116:217-29. [PMID: 16581079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A procedure has been developed for the GC-MS analysis of the aromas released in fast acid hydrolysis of precursor fractions from grape musts and skins. Different sorbents for the extraction of the precursors were compared. The best results were obtained with LiChrolut EN polymeric resins which displayed two and six-fold more extraction capacity than Amberlite XAD-2 resins and C18 sorbents, respectively. C18 sorbents are more suitable for selective extraction of less polar precursors. The initial version of the method was imprecise and so the imprecision of the different steps was assessed. The maceration of the solid parts and the liquid-liquid extraction of the aromas released in the acid hydrolysis proved to be the critical steps. Greater crushing of the solid parts and solid-phase extraction (SPE) instead of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) improved reproducibility. In the method finally proposed about 100 aromatic components belonging to four large groups (lipid derivatives, shikimic acid derivatives, norisoprenoids and terpenes) were determined with good reproducibility. Important aroma compounds, such as cis-rose oxide or wine lactone were detected in non-Muscat grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Jesús Ibarz
- Laboratory for Flavor Analysis and Enology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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162
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CASALE M, ARMANINO C, CASOLINO C, OLIVEROS CC, FORINA M. A Chemometrical Approach for Vinegar Classification by Headspace Mass Spectrometry of Volatile Compounds. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2006. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.12.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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163
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Vichi S, Riu-Aumatell M, Mora-Pons M, Buxaderas S, López-Tamames E. Characterization of volatiles in different dry gins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:10154-60. [PMID: 16366709 DOI: 10.1021/jf058121b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A HS-SPME method coupled to GC-MS was developed and applied for the qualitative and semiquantitative characterization of distilled gin volatile fraction. Sampling, chromatographic conditions, and method performances were evaluated, and the developed method was applied as a comparative study of some of the most popular commercial London Dry Gins and other gins with geographic denominations. During this study, 70 components of the gins' volatile fraction were isolated, tentatively identified or identified by reference compounds. They were mainly represented by mono- and sesquiterpenic compounds, which were quantitatively determined. The comparative study of London Dry Gins and gins with geographical indication permitted clear differentiation between the gins with geographical indication and one of the London Dry Gins tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Vichi
- Departament de Nutrició i Bromatologia, Centre de Referència en Tecnología dels Aliments (CeRTA), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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164
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Jónsdóttir R, Bragadóttir M, Arnarson G. Oxidatively Derived Volatile Compounds in Microencapsulated Fish Oil Monitored by Solid-phase Microextraction (SPME). J Food Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb11465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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165
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Cserháti T, Forgács E, Deyl Z, Miksik I. Chromatography in authenticity and traceability tests of vegetable oils and dairy products: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2005; 19:183-90. [PMID: 15803455 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The new applications of various chromatographic techniques such as gas-liquid chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and electrophoretic methods employed for the analysis in macro- and micro-components in vegetable oils and dairy products are compiled and critically evaluated. The employment of these methods for authenticity tests and traceability is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Cserháti
- Chemical Research Center, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, PO Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary.
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166
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Setzer WN, Noletto JA, Lawton RO, Haber WA. Leaf essential oil composition of five Zanthoxylum species from Monteverde, Costa Rica. Mol Divers 2005; 9:3-13. [PMID: 15789546 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-005-1298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The leaf essential oils from five species of Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) from Monteverde, Costa Rica, have been obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The species examined include Z. fagara, Z. acuminatum, Z. melanostictum, Z. monophyllum, and an undescribed species. The most abundant classes of compounds found in Zanthoxylum leaf oils are acyclic and menthane monoterpenoids as well as simple alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. In terms of molecular diversity, menthane and acyclic monoterpenoids, cadinane and mesocyclic sesquiterpenoids, and simple alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones dominate the essential oils of Zanthoxylum species. Monoterpenoids make up the majority of the mass of the leaf oils of Z. monophyllum, Z. acuminatum, Z. fagara, and Zanthoxylum sp. nov. Linalool, 4-terpineol, alpha-terpineol, and trans-2-hexenol, are found in all of the Zanthoxylum species examined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA.
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167
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Elston A, Lin J, Rouseff R. Determination of the role of valencene in orange oil as a direct contributor to aroma quality. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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168
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Gómez-Ariza JL, García-Barrera T, Lorenzo F. Determination of flavour and off-flavour compounds in orange juice by on-line coupling of a pervaporation unit to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1047:313-7. [PMID: 15460264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A method for the analysis of several volatiles compounds responsible for orange juice flavour (ethyl butanoate, limonene, linalool, alpha-pinene, geranial, neral and alpha-terpineol) has been developed. The isolation of this compounds was carried out by pervaporation (PV) followed by on-line gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The coupling PV-GC-MS has been successfully applied to fresh hand-squeezed orange juices and frozen concentrated ones in order to establish differences in their flavour profile. Method has been validated with recovery spike experiments which showed its applicability for a wide range of concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gómez-Ariza
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias de los Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales Universidad de Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, Huelva 21007, Spain.
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169
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Comparative Analyses of the Flavors from Hallabong (Citrus sphaerocarpa) with Lemon, Orange and Grapefruit by SPTE and HS-SPME Combined with GC-MS. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2004. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2004.25.2.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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170
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Current awareness in flavour and fragrance. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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171
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2003; 14:389-396. [PMID: 14667067 DOI: 10.1002/pca.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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