151
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Gilbert HJ, Hazlewood GP, Laurie JI, Orpin CG, Xue GP. Homologous catalytic domains in a rumen fungal xylanase: evidence for gene duplication and prokaryotic origin. Mol Microbiol 1992; 6:2065-72. [PMID: 1406248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA (xynA), encoding xylanase A (XYLA), was isolated from a cDNA library, derived from mRNA extracted from the rumen anaerobic fungus, Neocallimastix patriciarum. Recombinant XYLA, purified from Escherichia coli harbouring xynA, had a M(r) of 53,000 and hydrolysed oat-spelt xylan to xylobiose and xylose. The enzyme did not hydrolyse any cellulosic substrates. The nucleotide sequence of xynA revealed a single open reading frame of 1821 bp coding for a protein of M(r) 66,192. The predicted primary structure of XYLA comprised an N-terminal signal peptide followed by a 225-amino-acid repeated sequence, which was separated from a tandem 40-residue C-terminal repeat by a threonine/proline linker sequence. The large N-terminal reiterated regions consisted of distinct catalytic domains which displayed similar substrate specificities to the full-length enzyme. The reiterated structure of XYLA suggests that the enzyme was derived from an ancestral gene which underwent two discrete duplications. Sequence comparison analysis revealed significant homology between XYLA and bacterial xylanases belonging to cellulase/xylanase family G. One of these homologous enzymes is derived from the rumen bacterium Ruminococcus flavefaciens. The homology observed between XYLA and a rumen prokaryote xylanase could be a consequence of the horizontal transfer of genes between rumen prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, either when the organisms were resident in the rumen, or prior to their colonization of the ruminant. It should also be noted that Neocallimastix XYLA is the first example of a xylanase which consists of reiterated sequences. It remains to be established whether this is a common phenomenon in other rumen fungal plant cell wall hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Gilbert
- Department of Biological and Nutritional Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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152
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Bastawde KB. Xylan structure, microbial xylanases, and their mode of action. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1992; 8:353-68. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01198746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/1991] [Accepted: 10/11/1991] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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153
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Fernández-Espinar MT, Ramón D, Piñaga F, Vallés S. Xylanase production byAspergillus nidulans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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154
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Murty MV, Chandra TS. Purification and properties of an extra cellular xylanase enzyme of Clostridium strain SAIV. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1992; 61:35-41. [PMID: 1575466 DOI: 10.1007/bf00572120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular xylanase enzyme fraction A from a mesophilic Clostridium strain SAIV was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex G-50 gel filtration and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 ion exchange. The xylanase exhibited a molecular weight of approximately 30,000 and it was stable upto 55 degrees C with an optimum temperature of 50 degrees C. It was most stable between pH 5-7, with an optimum pH of around 6. The Km value was 7.0 mg.xylan ml-1 and Vmax was 36 mumol.xylose liberated mg-1 min-1. Carboxymethyl cellulose, filter paper cellulose and 4-p-nitrophenyl beta-D-xylopyranoside were not hydrolysed. The specific activity of xylanase fraction A (9.8 U mg-1) is 2-10 fold higher than the specific activity of xylanase in other mesophilic, xylanolytic, obligate anaerobic bacteria. A minor fraction of xylanase activity designated as xylanase B was also obtained supporting the view that the multiplicity of xylanases is common in microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Murty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
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155
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Bengtsson S, Åman P, Andersson R. Structural studies on water-soluble arabinoxylans in rye grain using enzymatic hydrolysis. Carbohydr Polym 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(92)90170-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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156
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�zcan S, K�tter P, Ciciary M. Xylan-hydrolysing enzymes of the yeast Pichia stipitis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00164418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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157
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Kok CJ, Van der Velde G. The influence of selected water quality parameters on the decay rate and exoenzymatic activity of detritus of Nymphaea alba L. floating leaf blades in laboratory experiments. Oecologia 1991; 88:311-316. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00317572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/1990] [Accepted: 06/27/1991] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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158
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Murty M, Chandra T. Expression of xylanase and cellulase enzymes in a newly isolated Clostridium sp.SAIV. Enzyme Microb Technol 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(91)90207-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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159
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Utt EA, Eddy CK, Keshav KF, Ingram LO. Sequencing and expression of the Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens xylB gene encoding a novel bifunctional protein with beta-D-xylosidase and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase activities. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:1227-34. [PMID: 1905520 PMCID: PMC182873 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.4.1227-1234.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A single gene (xylB) encoding both beta-D-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55) activities was identified and sequenced from the ruminal bacterium Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. The xylB gene consists of a 1.551-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 517 amino acids. A subclone containing a 1.843-bp DNA fragment retained both enzymatic activities. Insertion of a 10-bp NotI linker into the EcoRV site within the central region of this ORF abolished both activities. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cytoplasmic proteins from recombinant Escherichia coli confirmed the presence of a 60,000-molecular-weight protein in active subclones and the absence of this protein in subclones lacking activity. With p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside as substrates, the specific activity of arabinosidase was found to be approximately 1.6-fold higher than that of xylosidase. The deduced amino acid sequence of the xylB gene product did not exhibit a high degree of identity with other xylan-degrading enzymes or glycosidases. The xylB gene was located between two incomplete ORFs within the 4,200-bp region which was sequenced. No sequences resembling terminators were found within this region, and these three genes are proposed to be part of a single operon. Based on comparison with other glycosidases, a conserved region was identified in the carboxyl end of the translated xylB gene which is similar to that of glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Utt
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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160
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Lahaye M, Vigouroux J, Thibault JF. Endo-β-1,4-d-galactanase from Aspergillus niger var. aculeatus: Purification and some properties. Carbohydr Polym 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(91)90092-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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161
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van de Vis J, Searle-van Leeuwen M, Siliha H, Kormelink F, Voragen A. Purification and characterization of Endo-1,4-β-D-galactanases from Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus aculeatus: Use in combination with arabinanases from Aspergillus niger in enzymic conversion of potato arabinogalactan. Carbohydr Polym 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(91)90101-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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162
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Kellett LE, Poole DM, Ferreira LM, Durrant AJ, Hazlewood GP, Gilbert HJ. Xylanase B and an arabinofuranosidase from Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. cellulosa contain identical cellulose-binding domains and are encoded by adjacent genes. Biochem J 1990; 272:369-76. [PMID: 2125205 PMCID: PMC1149709 DOI: 10.1042/bj2720369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of the Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. cellulosa xynB gene, encoding an endo-beta-1,4-xylanase (xylanase B; XYLB) has been determined. The structural gene consists of an open reading frame (ORF) of 1775 bp coding for a protein of Mr 61,000. A second ORF (xynC) of 1712 bp, which starts 148 bp downstream of xynB, encodes a protein, designated xylanase C (XYLC), of Mr 59,000. XYLB hydrolyses oat spelt xylan to xylobiose and xylose, whereas XYLC releases only arabinose from the same substrate. Thus XYLB is a typical xylanase and XYLC is an arabinofuranosidase. Both enzymes bind to crystalline cellulose (Avicel), but not to xylan. The nucleotide sequences between residues 114 and 931 of xynB and xynC were identical, as were amino acid residues 39-311 of XYLB and XYLC. This conserved sequence is reiterated elsewhere in the P. fluorescens subsp. cellulosa genome. Truncated derivatives of XYLB and XYLC, in which the conserved sequence had been deleted, retained catalytic activity, but did not exhibit cellulose binding. A hybrid gene in which the 5' end of xynC, encoding residues 1-110 of XYLC, was fused to the Escherichia coli pho A' gene (encodes mature alkaline phosphatase) directed the synthesis of a fusion protein which exhibited alkaline phosphatase activity and bound to cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Kellett
- Department of Agricultural Biochemistry and Nutrition, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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163
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Deshpande V, Hinge J, Rao M. Chemical modification of xylanases: evidence for essential tryptophan and cysteine residues at the active site. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1041:172-7. [PMID: 2265203 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(90)90062-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) completely inactivated xylanases from Chainia and alkalophilic and thermophilic (AT) Bacillus with a concomittant decrease in absorption at 280 nm and with second-order rate constants of 10,500 and 5000 M-1.min-1, respectively at pH 6.0 and 25 degrees C. The kinetic analysis of inactivation indicated that one and three tryptophan residues were essential for the xylanase activity from Chainia and Bacillus, respectively. The xylanases were also inhibited by 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide (HNBB). The modification of cysteine residues by p-hydroxymercurybenzoate (PHMB) and N-ethylmaleimide did not cause a loss in activity of the xylanase from Bacillus, whereas that from Chainia was completely inactivated. The kinetics of inactivation revealed the involvement of one cysteine residue for xylanase from Chainia with a second-order rate constant of 50,000 M-1.min-1. The PHMB-modified enzyme failed to show the presence of titrable -SH groups. Xylan afforded complete protection against inactivation by NBS, HNBB and PHMB, indicating the involvement of tryptophan and cysteine residues at the substrate-binding region of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Deshpande
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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164
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Abstract
An endo-1,4-beta-xylanase of Schizophyllum commune was purified to homogeneity through a modified procedure employing DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and gel-filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The role of carboxy groups in the catalytic mechanism was delineated through chemical modification studies. The water-soluble carbodi-imide 1-(4-azonia-4,4-dimethylpentyl)-3-ethylcarbodi-imide iodide (EAC) inactivated the xylanase rapidly and completely in a pseudo-first-order process. Other carbodi-imides and Woodward's Reagent K were less effective in decreasing enzymic activity. Significant protection of the enzyme against EAC inactivation was provided by a mixture of neutral xylo-oligomers. The pH-dependence of the EAC inactivation revealed the presence of a critical ionizable group with a pKa value of 6.6 in the active site of the xylanase. Treatment of the enzyme with diethyl pyrocarbonate resulted in modification of all three histidine residues in the enzyme with 100% retention of original enzymic activity. Titration of the enzyme with 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and treatment with iodoacetimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate indicated the absence of free/reactive thiol groups. Reaction of the xylanase with tetranitromethane did not result in a significant activity loss as a result of modification of tyrosine residues.
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165
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Tsumuraya Y, Mochizuki N, Hashimoto Y, Kovác P. Purification of an exo-beta-(1----3)-D-galactanase of Irpex lacteus (Polyporus tulipiferae) and its action on arabinogalactan-proteins. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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166
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Koyama H, Ujiie M, Taniguchi H, Sasaki T. Purification and some properties of xylan-hydrolysing enzymes from Robillarda sp. Y-20. Enzyme Microb Technol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(90)90042-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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167
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Debeire P, Priem B, Strecker G, Vignon M. Purification and properties of an endo-1,4-xylanase excreted by a hydrolytic thermophilic anaerobe, Clostridium thermolacticum. A proposal for its action mechanism on larchwood 4-O-methylglucuronoxylan. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 187:573-80. [PMID: 2105888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular xylanase from a thermophilic anaerobe, Clostridium thermolacticum, was purified 400-fold by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The purified enzyme had a specific activity of 31,670 nkat/mg of protein at 60 degrees C, a molecular mass of 39 kDa and a pI of 4.9. The enzyme exhibited maximal activity at 80 degrees C (1 h assay) and at pH 6.0-6.5. There was little loss of activity after 4 days at 60 degrees C and the enzyme was stable in the wide pH range 3-11. Examination of the hydrolysis products of larchwood xylan indicated that it was an endoxylanase; at the early stage of the reaction, xylose (Xyl)-containing oligosaccharides of 3-12 residues were released and after a prolonged incubation time, the neutral end-products were Xyl2 and Xyl3. Kinetic studies of the hydrolysis of xylose-containing oligosaccharides of 4-7 residues showed that the tetrasaccharide was hydrolysed more slowly than the pentasaccharide, while the calculated Km and V values for pentasaccharide and hexasaccharide were similar. The primary structures of the XylnGlcA produced by long-term hydrolysis of larchwood glucuronoxylan were determined on the basis of their carbohydrate composition, by methylation analysis and by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopies. These data allowed us to propose a model for the mode of action of this endoxylanase on larchwood 4-O-methylglucuronoxylan.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Debeire
- Station de Technologie Alimentaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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168
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Biswas SR, Jana SC, Mishra AK, Nanda G. Production, purification, and characterization of xylanase from a hyperxylanolytic mutant ofAspergillus ochraceus. Biotechnol Bioeng 1990; 35:244-51. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260350305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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169
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Anand L, Krishnamurthy S, Vithayathil PJ. Purification and properties of xylanase from the thermophilic fungus, Humicola lanuginosa (Griffon and Maublanc) Bunce. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990; 276:546-53. [PMID: 2306111 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(90)90757-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular xylanase was purified to homogeneity from the culture filtrate of the thermophilic fungus, Humicola lanuginosa (Griffon and Maublanc) Bunce and its properties were studied. A fourfold purification and a yield of 8% were achieved. The molecular weight of the protein was found to be 22,500 based on electrophoretic mobility and 29,000 by gel filtration behavior. The protein is rich in acidic amino acids, glycine and tyrosine, and poor in sulfur-containing amino acids. The kinetic properties of the enzyme are similar to those of other fungal xylanases. The enzyme shows high affinity toward larchwood xylan (Km = 0.91 mg/ml) and hydrolyzes only xylan. The enzyme becomes inactivated when stored for more than 2 months at -20 degrees C in the dry state. Such an inactivation has not been reported so far for any xylanase. Using chromatographic techniques, one species of protein differing from the native protein in charge but enzymatically active was isolated in low yields. However, a large molecular-weight species of the protein devoid of enzyme activity was isolated in substantial quantities and further characterized. Based on ultracentrifugation and gel electrophoretic studies, it was concluded that this species may be an aggregate of the native protein and that such an aggregation might be taking place on storage in the dry state at -20 degrees C, leading to loss in activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Anand
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
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170
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Brodel B, Samain E, Debeire P. Regulation and optimization of xylanase production inClostridium thermolacticum. Biotechnol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01028495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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171
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Purification and characterization of a cellulase-free endo-1,4β-d-xylanase of Sclerotium rolfsii UV-8 Mutant. Enzyme Microb Technol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(89)90008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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172
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173
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Keskar SS, Srinivasan MC, Deshpande VV. Chemical modification of a xylanase from a thermotolerant Streptomyces. Evidence for essential tryptophan and cysteine residues at the active site. Biochem J 1989; 261:49-55. [PMID: 2505757 PMCID: PMC1138779 DOI: 10.1042/bj2610049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular xylanase produced in submerged culture by a thermotolerant Streptomyces T7 growing at 37-50 degrees C was purified to homogeneity by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephadex G-50. The purified enzyme has an Mr of 20,463 and a pI of 7.8. The pH and temperature optima for the activity were 4.5-5.5 and 60 degrees C respectively. The enzyme retained 100% of its original activity on incubation at pH 5.0 for 6 days at 50 degrees C and for 11 days at 37 degrees C. The Km and Vmax. values, as determined with soluble larch-wood xylan, were 10 mg/ml and 7.6 x 10(3) mumol/min per mg of enzyme respectively. The xylanase was devoid of cellulase activity. It was completely inhibited by Hg2+ (2 x 10(-6) M). The enzyme degraded xylan, producing xylobiose, xylo-oligosaccharides and a small amount of xylose as end products, indicating that it is an endoxylanase. Chemical modification of xylanase with N-bromosuccinimide, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PHMB) revealed that 1 mol each of tryptophan and cysteine per mol of enzyme were essential for the activity. Xylan completely protected the enzyme from inactivation by the above reagents, suggesting the presence of tryptophan and cysteine at the substrate-binding site. Inactivation of xylanase by PHMB could be restored by cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Keskar
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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174
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Formation of enzymes required for the hydrolysis of plant cell wall polysaccharides byTrichoderma reesei. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01724958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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175
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Ward OP, Moo-Young M. Enzymatic degradation of cell wall and related plant polysaccharides. Crit Rev Biotechnol 1989; 8:237-74. [PMID: 2650883 DOI: 10.3109/07388558909148194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose and other glucans, pectins, xylans, mannans, and fructans are present as major structural and storage materials in plants. These constituents may be degraded and modified by endogenous enzymes during plant growth and development. In plant pathogenesis by microorganisms, extracellular enzymes secreted by infected strains play a major role in plant tissue degradation and invasion of the host. Many of these polysaccharide-degrading enzymes are also produced by microorganisms widely used in industrial enzyme production. Most commerical enzyme preparations contain an array of secondary activities in addition to the one or two principal components which have standardized activities. In the processing of unpurified carbohydrate materials such as cereals, fruits, and tubers, these secondary enzyme activities offer major potential for improving process efficiency. Use of more defined combinations of industrial polysaccharases should allow final control of existing enzyme processes and should also lead to the development of novel enzymatic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Ward
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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176
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Hatakka AI, Mohammadi OK, Lundell TK. The potential of white‐rot fungi and their enzymes in the treatment of lignocellulosic feed. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 1989. [DOI: 10.1080/08905438909549697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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177
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Krishnamurthy S, Vithayathil PJ. Purification and characterization of endo-1,4-β-xylanase from Paecilomyces varioti Bainier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(89)90183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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178
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Zimmermann W, Winter B, Broda P. Xylanolytic enzyme activities produced by mesophilic and thermophilic actinomycetes grown on graminaceous xylan and lignocellulose. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb13930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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179
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Grépinet O, Chebrou MC, Béguin P. Nucleotide sequence and deletion analysis of the xylanase gene (xynZ) of Clostridium thermocellum. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:4582-8. [PMID: 3139632 PMCID: PMC211494 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.10.4582-4588.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the xynZ gene, encoding the extracellular xylanase Z of Clostridium thermocellum, was determined. The putative xynZ gene was 2,511 base pairs long and encoded a polypeptide of 837 amino acids. A region of 60 amino acids containing a duplicated segment of 24 amino acids was found between residues 429 and 488 of xylanase Z. This region was strongly similar to the conserved domain found at the carboxy-terminal ends of C. thermocellum endoglucanases A, B, and D. Deletions removing up to 508 codons from the 5' end of the gene did not affect the activity of the encoded polypeptide, showing that the active site was located in the C-terminal half of the protein and that the conserved region was not involved in catalysis. Expression of xylanase activity in Escherichia coli was increased up to 220-fold by fusing fragments containing the 3' end of the gene with the start of lacZ present in pUC19. An internal translational initiation site which was efficiently recognized in E. coli was tentatively identified 470 codons downstream from the actual start codon.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Grépinet
- Département des Biotechnologies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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180
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Wong KK, Tan LU, Saddler JN. Multiplicity of beta-1,4-xylanase in microorganisms: functions and applications. Microbiol Rev 1988; 52:305-17. [PMID: 3141761 PMCID: PMC373146 DOI: 10.1128/mr.52.3.305-317.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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181
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Beldman G, Voragen AGJ, Rombouts FM, Searle-Van Leeuwen MF, Pilnik W. Specific and nonspecific glucanases fromTrichoderma viride. Biotechnol Bioeng 1988; 31:160-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260310209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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182
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Urbanek H, Zalewska-Sobczak J. Cellulase-hemicellulase complex of Phoma hibernica. Methods Enzymol 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(88)60135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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183
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Selvendran RR, Stevens BJ, Du Pont MS. Dietary fiber: chemistry, analysis, and properties. ADVANCES IN FOOD RESEARCH 1988; 31:117-209. [PMID: 2833079 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2628(08)60167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R R Selvendran
- AFRC Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, England
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184
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185
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Lee SF, Forsberg CW, Rattray JB. Purification and Characterization of Two Endoxylanases from
Clostridium acetobutylicum
ATCC 824. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53:644-50. [PMID: 16347312 PMCID: PMC203729 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.4.644-650.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two endoxylanases produced by
C. acetobutylicum
ATCC 824 were purified to homogeneity by column chromatography. Xylanase A, which has a molecular weight of 65,000, hydrolyzed larchwood xylan randomly, yielding xylohexaose, xylopentaose, xylotetraose, xylotriose, and xylobiose as end products. Xylanase B, which has a molecular weight of 29,000, also hydrolyzed xylan randomly, giving xylotriose and xylobiose as end products. Xylanase A hydrolyzed carboxymethyl cellulose with a higher specific activity than xylan. It also exhibited high activity on acid-swollen cellulose. Xylanase B showed practically no activity against either cellulose or carboxymethyl cellulose but was able to hydrolyze lichenan with a specific activity similar to that for xylan. Both xylanases had no aryl-β-xylosidase activity. The smallest oligosaccharides degraded by xylanases A and B were xylohexaose and xylotetraose, respectively. The two xylanases demonstrated similar
K
m
and
V
max
values but had different pH optima and isoelectric points. Ouchterlony immunodiffusion tests showed that xylanases A and B lacked antigenic similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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186
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Production of thermostable xylanase by a thermophilic fungus, Thermoascus aurantiacus. Enzyme Microb Technol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(87)90044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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187
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188
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Gibson TS, McCleary BV. A simple procedure for the large-scale purification of β-d-xylanase from Trichoderma viride. Carbohydr Polym 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(87)90047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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189
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Leathers TD. Color Variants of
Aureobasidium pullulans
Overproduce Xylanase with Extremely High Specific Activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 52:1026-30. [PMID: 16347200 PMCID: PMC239168 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.5.1026-1030.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanase activity from naturally occurring color variants of
Aureobasidium pullulans
was associated with extracellular monomeric proteins of 20 to 21 kilodaltons. Xylanase represented nearly half the total extracellular protein, with a yield of up to 0.3 g of xylanase per liter. The specific activity of partially purified xylanase exceeded 2,000 IU/mg. Xylanase from typically pigmented strains appeared similar to that from color variants with respect to molecular weight, pH and temperature optima, and specific activity of purified (but not crude) enzyme. However, xylanase from typical strains made up only about 1.0% of total extracellular protein. Xylanase from strains of
Cryptococcus albidus
was associated with abundant proteins of about 43 kilodaltons and showed much lower specific activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Leathers
- Northern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604
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190
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Khan A, Tremblay D, LeDuy A. Assay of xylanase and xylosidase activities in bacterial and fungal cultures. Enzyme Microb Technol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(86)90139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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191
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Wood TM, McCrae SI. Studies of two low-molecular-weight endo-1(1→4)-β-d-xylanases constitutively synthesised by the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma koningii. Carbohydr Res 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)90399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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192
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Mueller-Harvey I, Hartley RD, Harris PJ, Curzon EH. Linkage of p-coumaroyl and feruloyl groups to cell-wall polysaccharides of barley straw. Carbohydr Res 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(86)80038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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193
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Morosoli R, Roy C, Yaguchi M. Isolation and partial primary sequence of a xylanase from the yeast Cryptococcus albidus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(86)90255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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194
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Williams AG, Withers SE. A modified method for the quantitative enzymic determination of d-xylose with commercially available reagents. J Microbiol Methods 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(86)90039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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195
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196
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Rouau X, Odier E. Purification and properties of two enzymes from Dichomitus squalens which exhibit both cellobiohydrolase and xylanase activity. Carbohydr Res 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)90435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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197
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Morosoli R. Molecular expression of xylanase gene in Cryptococcus albidus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 826:202-7. [PMID: 4074744 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(85)90007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the yeast Cryptococcus albidus, the utilization of xylan as compared to xylose requires at least an inducible endoxylanase enzyme, secreted in the culture medium. The endoxylanase induction was monitored by immunoprecipitation of in vivo and in vitro synthesized products. The mature endoxylanase is a highly glycosylated enzyme with an apparent molecular weight of 48 000. Upon chemical deglycosylation with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, the molecular weight was reduced to 40 000. Addition of tunicamycin to the culture medium resulted in the synthesis of a modified polypeptide having a molecular weight of 40 000. Poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from the yeast was translated in the rabbit reticulocyte protein-synthesizing system. The appearance of a translatable xylanase mRNA was observed in xylan-grown cells but not in xylose-grown cells. The polypeptide identified as xylanase had a molecular weight of 44 000. This suggests that the xylanase is synthesized as a precursor, containing a peptide signal sequence of 35 residues.
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198
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Thermophilic anaerobic fermentation of hemicellulose and hemicellulose-derived aldose sugars by Thermoanaerobacter strain B6A. Arch Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00411035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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199
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200
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Bernier R, Rho D, Arcand Y, Desrochers M. Partial characterization of anEscherichia coll strain harboring a xylanase encoding plasmid. Biotechnol Lett 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01025557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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