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Ellis C, Crosson B, Gonzalez Rothi LJ, Okun MS, Rosenbek JC. Narrative Discourse Cohesion in Early Stage Parkinson’s Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 5:403-11. [DOI: 10.3233/jpd-140476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ellis
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bruce Crosson
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- VA Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael S. Okun
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John C. Rosenbek
- VA Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Communicative Disorders, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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152
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Gratwicke J, Jahanshahi M, Foltynie T. Parkinson's disease dementia: a neural networks perspective. Brain 2015; 138:1454-76. [PMID: 25888551 PMCID: PMC4614131 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the long-term, with progression of the illness, Parkinson's disease dementia affects up to 90% of patients with Parkinson's disease. With increasing life expectancy in western countries, Parkinson's disease dementia is set to become even more prevalent in the future. However, current treatments only give modest symptomatic benefit at best. New treatments are slow in development because unlike the pathological processes underlying the motor deficits of Parkinson's disease, the neural mechanisms underlying the dementing process and its associated cognitive deficits are still poorly understood. Recent insights from neuroscience research have begun to unravel the heterogeneous involvement of several distinct neural networks underlying the cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease dementia, and their modulation by both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic transmitter systems in the brain. In this review we collate emerging evidence regarding these distinct brain networks to give a novel perspective on the pathological mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease dementia, and discuss how this may offer new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gratwicke
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK, WC1N 3BG
| | - Marjan Jahanshahi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK, WC1N 3BG
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK, WC1N 3BG
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153
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Guidi M, Paciaroni L, Paolini S, Scarpino O, Burn DJ. Semantic profiles in mild cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. FUNCTIONAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 30:113-8. [PMID: 26415783 PMCID: PMC4610758 DOI: 10.11138/fneur/2015.30.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The temporal and the prefrontal cortices have different roles in semantic information processing: the temporal lobe is where knowledge is stored (Graham and Hodges, 1997), whereas the prefrontal cortex is more specifically involved in executive aspects of semantic processing. Relatively little is known about the semantic profiles of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). This observational study investigated naming and semantic questionnaire performances in three groups of subjects: 10 patients with the amnestic-type MCI prodrome of AD (aMCI), 10 patients with early-stage executive-type MCI in PD (MCI-PD), and 10 normal subjects. The MCI-PD subjects demonstrated inferior performances on a semantic questionnaire, whereas the aMCI group displayed modest difficulties in a naming task. These differences may be explained by topographical differences in pathological involvement. Since the frontal areas are more functionally impaired in PD, we hypothesize that the semantic deficit may be a consequence of a deficiency in control of semantic processing. On the other hand, the semantic deficit in aMCI may be related to a lexical-semantic storage dysfunction resulting from pathological involvement of the temporal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Guidi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, AORMN, Pesaro, Italy
| | | | - Susy Paolini
- Neurology Unit, Geriatric Hospital, INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - David J. Burn
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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154
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D'Aniello GE, Scarpina F, Albani G, Castelnuovo G, Mauro A. Disentangling the relationship between cognitive estimation abilities and executive functions: a study on patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:1425-9. [PMID: 25791888 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive estimation test (CET) measures cognitive estimation abilities: it assesses the ability to apply reasoning strategies to answer questions that usually cannot lead to a clear and exact reply. Since it requires the activation of an intricate ensemble of cognitive functions, there is an ongoing debate in the literature regarding whether the CET represents a measurement of global cognitive abilities or a pure measure of executive functions. In the present study, CET together with a neuropsychological assessment focused on executive functions was administered in thirty patients with Parkinson's disease without signs of dementia. The CET correlated with measures of verbal working memory and semantic knowledge, but not with other dimensions of executive domains, such as verbal phonemic fluency, ability to manage real-world interferences, or visuospatial reasoning. According to our results, cognitive estimation abilities appeared to trigger a defined cognitive path that includes executive functions, namely, working memory and semantic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Edoardo D'Aniello
- Psychology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Via Cadorna, 90 28824, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy,
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155
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Stolwyk R, Bannirchelvam B, Kraan C, Simpson K. The cognitive abilities associated with verbal fluency task performance differ across fluency variants and age groups in healthy young and old adults. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015; 37:70-83. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2014.988125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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156
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Wadley VG, McClure LA, Warnock DG, Lassen-Greene CL, Hopkin RJ, Laney DA, Clarke VM, Kurella Tamura M, Howard G, Sims K. Cognitive function in adults aging with fabry disease: a case-control feasibility study using telephone-based assessments. JIMD Rep 2015; 18:41-50. [PMID: 25567791 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2014_346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the feasibility of recruiting US adults ≥45 years old with Fabry disease (FD) for telephone assessments of cognitive functioning. A case-control design matched each FD participant on age, sex, race, and education to four participants from a population-based study. Fifty-four participants with FD age 46-72 years were matched to 216 controls. Standardized cognitive assessments, quality of life (QOL), and medical histories were obtained by phone, supplemented by objective indices of comorbidities. Normalized scores on six cognitive tasks were calculated. On the individual tasks, scores on list recall and semantic fluency were significantly lower among FD participants (p-values < 0.05), while scores on the other four tasks did not differ. After averaging each participant's normalized scores to form a cognitive composite, we examined group differences in composite scores, before and after adjusting for multiple covariates using generalized estimating equations. The composite scores of FD cases were marginally lower than controls before covariate adjustments (p = 0.08). QOL and mental health variables substantially attenuated this finding (p = 0.75), highlighting the influence of these factors on cognition in FD. Additional adjustment for cardiovascular comorbidities, kidney function, and stroke had negligible impact, despite higher prevalence in the FD sample. Telephone-based cognitive assessment methods are feasible among adults with FD, affording access to a geographically dispersed sample. Although decrements in discrete cognitive domains were observed, the overall cognitive function of older adults with FD was equivalent to that of well-matched controls before and after accounting for multiple confounding variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia G Wadley
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CH19 218T, 1720 2nd Ave. So., Birmingham, AL, 35294-2041, USA,
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157
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Cipresso P, Albani G, Serino S, Pedroli E, Pallavicini F, Mauro A, Riva G. Virtual multiple errands test (VMET): a virtual reality-based tool to detect early executive functions deficit in Parkinson's disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:405. [PMID: 25538578 PMCID: PMC4257151 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several recent studies have pointed out that early impairment of executive functions (EFs) in Parkinson's Disease (PD) may be a crucial marker to detect patients at risk for developing dementia. The main objective of this study was to compare the performances of PD patients with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) with PD patients with normal cognition (PD-NC) and a control group (CG) using a traditional assessment of EFs and the Virtual Multiple Errands Test (VMET), a virtual reality (VR)-based tool. In order to understand which subcomponents of EFs are early impaired, this experimental study aimed to investigate specifically which instrument best discriminates among these three groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included three groups of 15 individuals each (for a total of 45 participants): 15 PD-NC; 15 PD-MCI, and 15 cognitively healthy individuals (CG). To assess the global neuropsychological functioning and the EFs, several tests (including the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test, and Tower of London test) were administered to the participants. The VMET was used for a more ecologically valid neuropsychological evaluation of EFs. RESULTS Findings revealed significant differences in the VMET scores between the PD-NC patients vs. the controls. In particular, patients made more errors in the tasks of the VMET, and showed a poorer ability to use effective strategies to complete the tasks. This VMET result seems to be more sensitive in the early detection of executive deficits because these two groups did not differ in the traditional assessment of EFs (neuropsychological battery). CONCLUSION This study offers initial evidence that a more ecologically valid evaluation of EFs is more likely to lead to detection of subtle executive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Cipresso
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Albani
- Division of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoOggebbio, Italy
| | - Silvia Serino
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilano, Italy
| | - Elisa Pedroli
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilano, Italy
| | - Federica Pallavicini
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauro
- Division of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoOggebbio, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilano, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreMilano, Italy
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158
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Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: How much testing is needed for correct diagnosis? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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159
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Cattaneo G, Calabria M, Marne P, Gironell A, Abutalebi J, Costa A. The role of executive control in bilingual language production: A study with Parkinson's disease individuals. Neuropsychologia 2014; 66:99-110. [PMID: 25448860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The basal ganglia are critically involved in language control (LC) processes, allowing a bilingual to utter correctly in one language without interference from the non-requested language. It has been hypothesized that the neural mechanism of LC closely resembles domain-general executive control (EC). The purpose of the present study is to investigate the integrity of bilingual LC and its overlap with domain-general EC in a clinical population such as individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD), notoriously associated with structural damage in the basal ganglia. We approach these issues in two ways. First, we employed a language switching task to investigate the integrity of LC in a group of Catalan-Spanish bilingual individuals with PD, as compared to a group of matched healthy controls. Second, to test the relationship between domain-general EC and LC we compared the performances of individuals with PD and healthy controls also in a non-linguistic switching task. We highlight that, compared to controls, individuals with PD report decreased processing speed, less accuracy and larger switching costs in terms of RT and errors in the language switching task, whereas in the non-linguistic switching task PD patients showed only increased switching cost in terms of errors. However, we report a positive correlation between the magnitudes of linguistic and non-linguistic mixing costs in individuals with PD. Taken together, these results support the notion of a critical role of the basal ganglia and connected structures in LC, and suggest a possible link between LC and domain-general EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Cattaneo
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marco Calabria
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Marne
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandre Gironell
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jubin Abutalebi
- University San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Albert Costa
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
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160
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Krugel LK, Ehlen F, Tiedt HO, Kühn AA, Klostermann F. Differential impact of thalamic versus subthalamic deep brain stimulation on lexical processing. Neuropsychologia 2014; 63:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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161
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Prospective memory performance of patients with Parkinson's disease depends on shifting aptitude: evidence from cognitive rehabilitation. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2014; 20:717-26. [PMID: 24967725 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617714000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of cognitive training aimed at improving shifting ability on Parkinson's disease (PD) patients' performance of prospective memory (PM) tasks. Using a double-blind protocol, 17 PD patients were randomly assigned to two experimental arms. In the first arm (n=9) shifting training was administered, and in the second (placebo) arm (n=8), language and respiratory exercises. Both treatments consisted of 12 sessions executed over 4 weeks. PM and shifting measures (i.e., Trail Making Test and Alternate Fluency Test) were administered at T0 (before treatment) and T1 (immediately after treatment). A mixed analysis of variance was applied to the data. To evaluate the effects of treatment, the key effect was the interaction between Group (experimental vs. placebo) and Time of Assessment (T0 vs. T1). This interaction was significant for the accuracy indices of the PM procedure (p<.05) and for the performance parameters of the shifting tasks (p ≤.05). Tukey's HSD tests showed that in all cases passing from T0 to T1 performance significantly improved in the experimental group (in all cases p ≤.02) but remained unchanged in the placebo group (all p consistently>.10). The performance change passing from T0 to T1 on the Alternate Fluency test and the PM procedure was significantly correlated (p<.05). Results show that the cognitive training significantly improved PD patients' event-based PM performance and suggest that their poor PM functioning might be related to reduced shifting abilities.
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162
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Shao Z, Janse E, Visser K, Meyer AS. What do verbal fluency tasks measure? Predictors of verbal fluency performance in older adults. Front Psychol 2014; 5:772. [PMID: 25101034 PMCID: PMC4106453 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the contributions of verbal ability and executive control to verbal fluency performance in older adults (n = 82). Verbal fluency was assessed in letter and category fluency tasks, and performance on these tasks was related to indicators of vocabulary size, lexical access speed, updating, and inhibition ability. In regression analyses the number of words produced in both fluency tasks was predicted by updating ability, and the speed of the first response was predicted by vocabulary size and, for category fluency only, lexical access speed. These results highlight the hybrid character of both fluency tasks, which may limit their usefulness for research and clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshu Shao
- The Psychology of Language Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Esther Janse
- The Psychology of Language Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Karina Visser
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Antje S Meyer
- The Psychology of Language Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
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163
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Han Y, Zhang F, Tian Y, Hu P, Li B, Wang K. Selective impairment of attentional networks of alerting in Wilson's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100454. [PMID: 24949936 PMCID: PMC4065050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilson's disease (WD) is typically affected by attention, which is one of the cognitive domains. The Attention Network Test (ANT) was developed to measure the functioning of the following three individual attentional networks: orienting, alerting, and executive control. The ANT has been used in a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions; however, it has not been used in WD. The aim of this study was to investigate the attentional function of WD patients, and 35 patients with early and moderate neurological WD, as well as 35 gender-, age-, and education-matched healthy controls performed the ANT. Remarkable differences between the patients and healthy controls were observed in the alerting network (p = 0.007) in contrast the differences in the orienting (p = 0.729) and executive control (p = 0.888) networks of visual attention. The mean reaction time in the ANT was significantly longer in the WD patients than in the controls (p<0.001, 0.001). In the WD patients, there was an effect specifically on the alerting domain of the attention network, whereas the orienting and executive control domains were not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Han
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
- Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Yanghua Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Panpan Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Neurology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
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164
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Faust-Socher A, Kenett YN, Cohen OS, Hassin-Baer S, Inzelberg R. Enhanced creative thinking under dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2014; 75:935-42. [PMID: 24816898 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Creative thinking requires a combination of originality, flexibility, and usefulness. Several reports described enhanced artistic creativity in Parkinson disease (PD) patients treated with dopaminergic agents. We aimed to examine PD patients' ability to perform creativity tasks compared to healthy controls and to verify whether creativity is related to an impulse control disorder (ICD) as a complication of dopaminergic therapy. METHODS Right-handed PD patients treated with dopamine agonists and/or levodopa, and age- and education- matched neurologically healthy controls were assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, semantic verbal fluency, Beck Depression Inventory, and Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (QUIP-RS). Creativity assessment included Comprehension of Novel Metaphors (CNM), Remote Association Test, and Tel Aviv Creativity Test (TACT). Groups were compared using analyses of variance, t tests, and correlation analyses. RESULTS Twenty-seven PD patients (age, mean ± standard deviation = 62 ± 7 years; education = 16 ± 3 years; disease duration = 5.8 ± 3.9 years) and 27 controls (age = 59 ± 9 years; education 17 ± 3 years) participated. PD patients performed significantly better than controls in divergent thinking tasks; specifically, the TACT-Visual for both fluency (33.48 ± 11.83 vs 25.59 ± 10.27, p = 0.034) and quality (15.78 ± 7.6 vs 11.19 ± 6.22, p = 0.025). Comprehension of Novel Metaphors was better in PD patients vs controls (0.71 ± 0.23 vs 0.55 ± 0.29, p = 0.04). QUIP-RS scores did not correlate with creativity measures. INTERPRETATION PD patients treated with dopaminergic drugs demonstrated enhanced verbal and visual creativity as compared to neurologically healthy controls. This feature was unrelated to ICD. Dopaminergic agents might act through the reduction of latent inhibition, resulting in widening of the associative network and enriched divergent thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achinoam Faust-Socher
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
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165
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Klingelhoefer L, Reichmann H. Dementia – The real problem for patients with Parkinson's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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166
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The tools of the trade: A state of the art “How to Assess Cognition” in the patient with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2014; 29:584-96. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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167
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Lanni KE, Ross JM, Higginson CI, Dressler EM, Sigvardt KA, Zhang L, Malhado-Chang N, Disbrow EA. Perceived and performance-based executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2014; 36:342-55. [PMID: 24611823 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2014.892059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Executive dysfunction is common in early stage Parkinson's disease (PD). We evaluated the relationship between self- and informant-report measurement of real-world executive functions as well as performance-based neuropsychological measures in mildly cognitively impaired individuals with PD and healthy controls. The PD group reported more difficulty with initiation of complex tasks compared to caregiver ratings, and processing speed was a strong predictor of self-reported executive dysfunction for the PD group, followed by depression. Processing speed and semantic verbal fluency predicted informant-reported executive dysfunction in PD. These findings highlight the contribution of speeded processing for performance of everyday executive tasks in PD.
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168
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Jaywant A, Musto G, Neargarder S, Stavitsky Gilbert K, Cronin-Golomb A. The effect of Parkinson's disease subgroups on verbal and nonverbal fluency. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2014; 36:278-89. [PMID: 24533593 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2014.889089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) leads to deficits in executive function, including verbal and nonverbal fluency, as a result of compromised frontostriatal circuits. It is unknown whether deficits in verbal and nonverbal fluency in PD are driven by certain subgroups of patients, or how strategy use may facilitate performance. PARTICIPANTS Sixty-five nondemented individuals with PD, including 36 with right-body onset (RPD; 20 with tremor as their initial symptom, 16 nontremor) and 29 with left-body onset (LPD; 14 with tremor as their initial symptom, 15 nontremor), and 52 normal control participants (NC) took part in the study. MEASUREMENTS Verbal fluency was assessed using the FAS and Animals tests. Nonverbal fluency was assessed using the Ruff Figural Fluency Test. RESULTS Both RPD and LPD were impaired in generating words and in using clustering and switching strategies on phonemic verbal fluency, whereas different patterns of impairment were found on nonverbal fluency depending on the interaction of side of onset and initial motor symptom (tremor vs. nontremor). Strategy use correlated with number of correct responses on verbal fluency in LPD, RPD, and NC. By contrast, on nonverbal fluency, strategy use correlated with correct responses for RPD and LPD, but not for NC. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering subgroups in PD and analyzing subcomponents of verbal and nonverbal fluency (correct responses, errors, and strategies), which may depend differently on the integrity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Jaywant
- a Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Boston University , Boston , MA , USA
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169
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Utility of a computerized, paced semantic verbal fluency paradigm in differentiating schizophrenia and healthy subjects. Asian J Psychiatr 2014; 7:22-7. [PMID: 24524705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigms designed to study word generation traditionally utilize a computerized paced version of the verbal fluency task (VFT) comprising 'blocks' of word generation and a baseline word repetition task. The utility of the above paced VFT paradigm in differentiating neuropsychiatric patients from healthy subjects has not been systematically examined. We administered a computerized, paced version of the semantic VFT comprising word generation and word repetition blocks to 24 schizophrenia and 24 matched healthy subjects, both before and during fMRI acquisition. The performance of patients with schizophrenia was significantly inferior to that of healthy control subjects in both the 'pre-scan' and 'intra-scan' sessions of the computerized paced semantic VFT. Specifically, schizophrenia patients generated significantly fewer total responses (VFTR) as well as correct responses (VFCR), but a larger number of 'no response' trials. However, there were no significant group differences in perseverative responses in the pre-scan session or 'intra-scan' sessions. The above computerized task has been reported by us previously to generate a behavioral performance index with hemodynamic correlates (John et al., 2011). Thus, our findings support the use of computerized paced VFT comprising word generation and word repetition blocks in both clinical and research settings.
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170
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Costa A, Peppe A, Mazzù I, Longarzo M, Caltagirone C, Carlesimo GA. Dopamine treatment and cognitive functioning in individuals with Parkinson's disease: the "cognitive flexibility" hypothesis seems to work. Behav Neurol 2014; 2014:260896. [PMID: 24825952 PMCID: PMC4006594 DOI: 10.1155/2014/260896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous data suggest that (i) dopamine modulates the ability to implement nonroutine schemata and update operations (flexibility processes) and that (ii) dopamine-related improvement may be related to baseline dopamine levels in target pathways (inverted U-shaped hypothesis). OBJECTIVE To investigate above hypotheses in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Twenty PD patients were administered tasks varying as to flexibility load in two treatment conditions: (i) "off" condition, about 18 hours after dopamine dose and (ii) "on" condition, after dopamine administration. PD patients were separated into two groups: low performers (i.e., performance on Digit Span Backward below the sample mean) and high performers (i.e., performance above the mean). Twenty healthy individuals performed the tasks in two sessions without taking drugs. RESULTS Passing from the "off" to the "on" state, only low performer PD patients significantly improved their performance on high-flexibility measures (interference condition of the Stroop test; P < 0.05); no significant effect was found on low-flexibility tasks. CONCLUSIONS These findings document that high-flexibility processes are sensitive to dopamine neuromodulation in the early phases of PD. This is in line with the hypothesis that striatal dopamine pathways, affected early by PD, are precociously implicated in the expression of cognitive disorders in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Costa
- I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Peppe
- I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Mazzù
- I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Caltagirone
- I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Clinical Neurology, University of Rome, “Tor Vergata”, Via Orazio Raimondo 18, 00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni A. Carlesimo
- I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Clinical Neurology, University of Rome, “Tor Vergata”, Via Orazio Raimondo 18, 00173 Rome, Italy
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171
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Intact lexicon running slowly--prolonged response latencies in patients with subthalamic DBS and verbal fluency deficits. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79247. [PMID: 24236114 PMCID: PMC3827350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Verbal Fluency is reduced in patients with Parkinson’s disease, particularly if treated with deep brain stimulation. This deficit could arise from general factors, such as reduced working speed or from dysfunctions in specific lexical domains. Objective To test whether DBS-associated Verbal Fluency deficits are accompanied by changed dynamics of word processing. Methods 21 Parkinson’s disease patients with and 26 without deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus as well as 19 healthy controls participated in the study. They engaged in Verbal Fluency and (primed) Lexical Decision Tasks, testing phonemic and semantic word production and processing time. Most patients performed the experiments twice, ON and OFF stimulation or, respectively, dopaminergic drugs. Results Patients generally produced abnormally few words in the Verbal Fluency Task. This deficit was more severe in patients with deep brain stimulation who additionally showed prolonged response latencies in the Lexical Decision Task. Slowing was independent of semantic and phonemic word priming. No significant changes of performance accuracy were obtained. The results were independent from the treatment ON or OFF conditions. Conclusion Low word production in patients with deep brain stimulation was accompanied by prolonged latencies for lexical decisions. No indication was found that the latter slowing was due to specific lexical dysfunctions, so that it probably reflects a general reduction of cognitive working speed, also evident on the level of Verbal Fluency. The described abnormalities seem to reflect subtle sequelae of the surgical procedure for deep brain stimulation rather than of the proper neurostimulation.
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Abstract
Letter fluency deficits are commonly detected in non-demented Parkinson's disease (PD) patients but the underlying cause remains uncertain. We investigated the role of slowed processing speed and executive dysfunction. Eighteen nondemented PD participants and nineteen controls were compared on letter fluency using a fluency index (Fi); the average time to "think" of each word, a measure independent of motor speed. Video analyses produced thinking times to switch between word clusters and generate a word within a cluster. Correlational and regression analyses were undertaken with tests of processing speed and executive functioning. The PD group exhibited significantly longer fluency indices than controls across all components. Performance on tests of executive functioning explained a significant proportion of variance whereas performance in processing speed tests did not. Moreover, PD participants with an executive functioning impairment showed significantly worse switching fluency indices only compared with Controls and PD participants without executive dysfunction. PD participants with executive dysfunction exhibited a disproportionate impairment in the time taken to switch between clusters than to think of words within clusters. Executive functioning contributed to fluency performance more than processing speed. Cognitive heterogeneity and motor slowing, may mask the profile of cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease.
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173
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Cook FAB, Makin SDJ, Wardlaw J, Dennis MS. Dystypia in acute stroke not attributable to aphasia or neglect. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2013-200257. [PMID: 24045760 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-200257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 68-year-old right-handed man had a sudden onset of impaired typing ability due to an ischaemic stroke that recovered over 2 months. The typing impairment was grossly out of proportion to his transient handwriting disturbance. Diffusion MRI showed a recent acute left temporoparietal infarct. There was no evidence of aphasia, alexia, agraphia, visuospatial inattention, sensory loss, neglect or poor coordination that could account for his isolated typing impairment. This example of a stroke that disproportionately affected typing more than handwriting abilities has practical implications for what deficits to look for in patients with stroke when assessing their fitness for work and rehabilitation requirements.
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174
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Watson GS, Cholerton BA, Gross RG, Weintraub D, Zabetian CP, Trojanowski JQ, Montine TJ, Siderowf A, Leverenz JB. Neuropsychologic assessment in collaborative Parkinson's disease research: a proposal from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Morris K. Udall Centers of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research at the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Washington. Alzheimers Dement 2013; 9:609-14. [PMID: 23164549 PMCID: PMC3612566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment (CI) and behavioral disturbances can be the earliest symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), ultimately afflict the vast majority of PD patients, and increase caregiver burden. Our two Morris K. Udall Centers of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research were supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) in an effort to recommend a comprehensive yet practical approach to cognitive and behavioral assessment to further collaborative research. We recommend a stepwise approach with two levels of standardized evaluation to establish a common battery, as well as an alternative testing recommendation for severely impaired subjects, and review supplemental tests that may be useful in specific research settings. Our flexible approach may be applied to studies with varying emphasis on cognition and behavior, does not place undue burden on participants or resources, and has a high degree of compatibility with existing test batteries to promote collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Stennis Watson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Brenna A. Cholerton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Rachel G. Gross
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Cyrus P. Zabetian
- Geriatric, Veterans Affairs-Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle WA
- Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs-Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle WA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Andrew Siderowf
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - James B. Leverenz
- Mental Illness, Veterans Affairs-Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle WA
- Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs-Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle WA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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175
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Costa A, Bagoj E, Monaco M, Zabberoni S, De Rosa S, Papantonio AM, Mundi C, Caltagirone C, Carlesimo GA. Standardization and normative data obtained in the Italian population for a new verbal fluency instrument, the phonemic/semantic alternate fluency test. Neurol Sci 2013; 35:365-72. [PMID: 23963806 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The phonemic/semantic alternate fluency test seems to overcome some limits of the instruments currently used to assess set-shifting abilities. In particular, this test does not make high demands on motor systems because the subject is required to rapidly change mental set to generate words by continuously alternating between phonemic and semantic criteria. Thus, it is potentially feasible for use in individuals who have movement disorders. In this regard, some data support its sensitivity in revealing cognitive impairments in people suffering from frontal-striatal-related disorders. The first aim of this study was to provide standardization and normative data for the phonemic/semantic alternate fluency test. The second aim was to upgrade normative data for the single phonemic and semantic fluency tests. For these purposes, we administered to a sample of 335 healthy Italian subjects (ranging from 20 to 90 years), a test consisting of the following three subtests: (1) a single letter-cued (phonemic) fluency subtest; (2) a single category-cued (semantic) subtest; (3) a phonemic/semantic alternate fluency subtest. A composite shifting index was also derived to capture the shifting cost a subject pays passing from performance of the two single fluency subtests to performance of the alternate fluency subtest. We computed correction grids to adjust raw scores for age, literacy and gender according to the results of regression analyses. Moreover, we computed equivalent scores to permit direct and fast comparison of performance on the three fluency tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Costa
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy,
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176
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Ellfolk U, Joutsa J, Rinne JO, Parkkola R, Jokinen P, Karrasch M. Striatal volume is related to phonemic verbal fluency but not to semantic or alternating verbal fluency in early Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 121:33-40. [PMID: 23913130 PMCID: PMC3889690 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Verbal fluency impairments are frequent in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and they may be present already at early stages. Semantic fluency impairment is associated with Parkinson’s disease dementia and temporal, frontal and cerebellar cortical changes. Few studies have addressed cerebral structural correlates of different verbal fluency tasks in early stage PD. We therefore studied gray matter volumes of T1-weighted MRI images using voxel-based morphometry in relation to semantic, phonemic, and alternating verbal fluency in younger (mean age <65 years), early stage (mean disease duration <3 years), non-demented PD patients (n = 28) and healthy controls (n = 27). We found a significant association between worse phonemic fluency and smaller striatal, namely right caudate gray matter volume in the PD group only (family-wise error corrected p = 0.007). Reduced semantic fluency was associated with smaller gray matter volumes in left parietal cortex (p = 0.037) and at trend level with smaller bilateral cerebellum gray matter volume across groups (p = 0.062), but not in the separate PD or control groups. There were no significant relationships between alternating fluency and gray matter volumes in the whole sample or in the groups separately. The fact that phonemic fluency, but not semantic or alternating fluency, was associated with caudate gray matter volume at early stage PD suggests that different fluency tasks rely on different neural substrates, and that language networks supporting semantic search and verbal-semantic switching are unrelated to brain gray matter volume at early disease stages in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Ellfolk
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Abo Akademi University, 20500, Turku, Finland,
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177
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Leroi I, Barraclough M, McKie S, Hinvest N, Evans J, Elliott R, McDonald K. Dopaminergic influences on executive function and impulsive behaviour in impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychol 2013; 7:306-25. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iracema Leroi
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health; University of Manchester; UK
- Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust; Manchester UK
| | | | - Shane McKie
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health; University of Manchester; UK
| | | | | | - Rebecca Elliott
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health; University of Manchester; UK
| | - Kathryn McDonald
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health; University of Manchester; UK
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust; Salford UK
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178
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Souchay C, Smith SJ. Subjective states associated with retrieval failures in Parkinson's disease. Conscious Cogn 2013; 22:795-805. [PMID: 23727890 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Instances in which we cannot retrieve information immediately but know that the information might be retrieved later are subjective states that accompany retrieval failure. These are expressed in feeling-of-knowing (FOK) and Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experiences. In Experiment 1, participants with Parkinson's disease (PD) and older adult controls were given general questions and asked to report when they experienced a TOT state and to give related information about the missing word. The PD group experienced similar levels of TOTs but provided less correct peripheral information related to the target when in a TOT state. In Experiment 2, participants were given a Semantic (general knowledge questions) and an Episodic (word pairs) FOK task. PD patients failed to accurately predict their future memory performance (FOK) in response to both episodic and semantic cues. Results are interpreted in the context of recent frameworks of memory and metacognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Souchay
- LEAD UMR CNRS 5022, Universite de Bourgogne, Esplanade Erasme, Pole AAFE, 21065 Dijon, France.
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179
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Simard F, Monetta L, Nagano-Saito A, Monchi O. A new lexical card-sorting task for studying fronto-striatal contribution to processing language rules. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2013; 125:295-306. [PMID: 21925720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The role of fronto-striatal regions in processing different language rules such as semantic and (grapho) phonological ones is still under debate. We have recently developed a lexical analog of the Wisconsin card sorting task which measures set-shifting abilities where the visual rules color, number, shape were replaced by three language ones: semantic, rhyme and syllable onset (attack). In the present study we aimed to compare fronto-striatal activations between the different lexical rules that are required for matching the test words to the response ones. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), fourteen healthy, native French-speaking participants were scanned. The results showed that some regions within the brain language network are differentially involved in semantic and phonological processes. Semantic decisions activated significantly the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the fusiform gyrus, the ventral temporal lobe and the caudate nucleus, while phonological decisions produced significant activation in posterior Broca's area (area 44), the temporoparietal junction and motor cortical regions. These findings provide critical support for the existence of a ventral subcortical semantic pathway and a more dorsal phonological stream as proposed by Duffau, Leroy, and Gatignol (2008). Furthermore, we propose that the strong involvement of area 47/12 of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus observed in semantic processing, is not specific to language, but to the fact that a category or a rule has to be retrieved amongst competing ones in memory, similarly to what is observed when planning a set-shift in the original (non-lexical) version of the Wisconsin card sorting task.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Simard
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Canada
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180
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Rittman T, Ghosh BC, McColgan P, Breen DP, Evans J, Williams-Gray CH, Barker RA, Rowe JB. The Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination for the differential diagnosis and longitudinal assessment of patients with parkinsonian disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84:544-51. [PMID: 23303961 PMCID: PMC3623037 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-303618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Differentiating idiopathic Parkinson's disease from atypical parkinsonian syndromes is challenging, especially in the early stages. We assessed whether the Revised Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE-R) could differentiate between parkinsonian syndromes and reflect longitudinal changes in cognition in these disorders. METHODS The ACE-R was administered at baseline and after approximately 18 months to 135 patients with parkinsonian disorders: 86 with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), 30 with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 19 with corticobasal degeneration (CBD). We assessed differences between groups for ACE-R, ACE-R subscores and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores at baseline (analyses of variance, receiver operating characteristics curves), and the interaction between diagnosis and change in ACE-R scores between visits (analyses of variance). RESULTS The ACE-R verbal fluency subscore distinguished between PSP and PD with a high sensitivity (0.92) and specificity (0.87); total ACE-R score and the visuospatial subscore were less specific (0.87 and 0.84 respectively) and sensitive (0.70 and 0.73). Significant group level differences were found between PD and PSP for MMSE and ACE-R (total score and subscores for attention and concentration, fluency, language, and visuospatial function), and between PD and CBD for the ACE-R visuospatial subscore. Performance worsened between visits for ACE-R score in PD (p=0.001) and CBD (p=0.001); visuospatial subscore in PD (p=0.003), PSP (p=0.022) and CBD (p=0.0002); and MMSE in CBD (p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS We propose the ACE-R, particularly the verbal fluency subscore, as a valuable contributor to the differential diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes in the correct clinical context. The ACE-R may reflect disease progression in PD and CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Rittman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Forvie Site, Addenbrooke's Hospital Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK.
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181
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Souchay C, Smith SJ. Autobiographical memory in Parkinson's disease: a retrieval deficit. J Neuropsychol 2013; 7:164-78. [PMID: 24007367 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of providing cues to facilitate autobiographical memory retrieval in Parkinson's disease. Previous findings have shown that individuals with Parkinson's disease retrieve fewer specific autobiographical memories than older adult controls. These findings are clinically significant since the quality of autobiographical memory is linked to identity and sense of self. In the current study, 16 older adults with Parkinson's disease without dementia and 16 matched older adult controls were given 3 min in which to recall autobiographical memories associated with five different time periods and to give each memory a short title. Participants were later asked to retrieve the memories in three phases: firstly in a free recall phase; secondly in response to general cues (time periods) and finally in response to specific cues (the short titles previously given). The number of memories and the quality of the memory (general or specific) was recorded in each condition. Compared with matched older adult controls, the Parkinson's disease group was impaired in retrieving the memories that they had previously given in the free recall phase and in response to general cues. The performance of the group with Parkinson's disease was only equivalent to the older adults when they retrieved memories in response to self-generated cues. The findings are discussed in relation to theories of autobiographical memory and the neuropsychology of Parkinson's disease.
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182
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Kraan C, Stolwyk RJ, Testa R. The Abilities Associated with Verbal Fluency Performance in a Young, Healthy Population Are Multifactorial and Differ Across Fluency Variants. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2013; 20:159-168. [PMID: 23383872 DOI: 10.1080/09084282.2012.670157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous variants of verbal fluency tasks exist within clinical and research domains that purport to measure "executive function." However, to date, there has been a paucity of research examining what specific abilities are measured by these tasks. In this study, the relationships between a select group of cognitive constructs and phonemic, semantic, alternating, and excluded-letter verbal fluency tests were examined in 93 young healthy individuals (aged 18 to 35 years old). Forward-selection multiple regression analyses were performed for each fluency task. Phonemic fluency was associated with verbal intellectual function and processing speed; semantic fluency was associated with working memory and semantic word retrieval; excluded-letter fluency was associated with processing speed; and alternating fluency was associated with semantic word retrieval. These results highlight verbal intellectual function, processing speed, and semantic word-retrieval contributions to verbal fluency performances. The main conclusion from this study is that the abilities associated with verbal fluency performance in a young healthy population are multifactorial and differ across fluency variants. These findings progress our theoretical understanding of what is measured by different verbal fluency tasks and will assist interpretation of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Kraan
- a School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Rene J Stolwyk
- a School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Renee Testa
- b School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, and Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Center, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
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183
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Alonso Recio L, Martín P, Carvajal F, Ruiz M, Serrano JM. A holistic analysis of relationships between executive function and memory in Parkinson's disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2013; 35:147-59. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2012.758240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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184
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Pereira JB, Junqué C, Bartrés-Faz D, Martí MJ, Sala-Llonch R, Compta Y, Falcón C, Vendrell P, Pascual-Leone Á, Valls-Solé J, Tolosa E. Modulation of verbal fluency networks by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in Parkinson’s disease. Brain Stimul 2013; 6:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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185
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Herrera E, Cuetos F, Ribacoba R. Verbal fluency in Parkinson’s disease patients on/off dopamine medication. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:3636-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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186
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Goebel S, Atanassov L, Köhnken G, Mehdorn HM, Leplow B. Understanding quantitative and qualitative figural fluency in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurol Sci 2012; 34:1383-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-1245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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187
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Forsgren E, Antonsson M, Saldert C. Training conversation partners of persons with communication disorders related to Parkinson's disease—a protocol and a pilot study. LOGOP PHONIATR VOCO 2012; 38:82-90. [DOI: 10.3109/14015439.2012.731081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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188
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Koerts J, Meijer HA, Colman KSF, Tucha L, Lange KW, Tucha O. What is measured with verbal fluency tests in Parkinson's disease patients at different stages of the disease? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:403-11. [PMID: 22922998 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Verbal fluency tests (VFT) are often used to assess executive functioning in Parkinson's disease (PD). Various cognitive functions may, however, impair performance on VFT. Furthermore, since PD is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, it is also not clear whether deficits on VFT reflect impairments in the same cognitive functions throughout the different disease stages. This study will investigate what is measured with VFT in PD, in particular at different disease stages. Eighty-eight PD patients and 65 healthy participants, matched for age, gender, and education, were included. All were assessed with semantic and phonemic VFT and tests assessing executive functions, memory, and psychomotor speed. Mild and moderate PD patients did not differ in the number of words generated on both VFT. However, mild and moderate PD patients differed significantly with regard to the size of the largest cluster and the number of intra-dimensional shifts on phonemic VFT. Furthermore, at the mild disease stages, psychomotor speed predicted the performance on both VFT; whereas at the moderate stages of the disease, cognitive flexibility and psychomotor speed predicted the performance on both VFT. In conclusion, different cognitive functions underlie the performances of PD patients at different stages of the disease on semantic and phonemic VFT. Impairments in VFT, therefore, do not necessarily represent a specific deficit of executive functioning in patients with PD but should rather be interpreted in the context of disease severity and dysfunctions in other domains of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Koerts
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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189
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Phillips L, Litcofsky KA, Pelster M, Gelfand M, Ullman MT, Charles PD. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation impacts language in early Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42829. [PMID: 22880117 PMCID: PMC3413674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the basal ganglia improves motor outcomes in Parkinson's disease (PD), its effects on cognition, including language, remain unclear. This study examined the impact of subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS on two fundamental capacities of language, grammatical and lexical functions. These functions were tested with the production of regular and irregular past-tenses, which contrast aspects of grammatical (regulars) and lexical (irregulars) processing while controlling for multiple potentially confounding factors. Aspects of the motor system were tested by contrasting the naming of manipulated (motor) and non-manipulated (non-motor) objects. Performance was compared between healthy controls and early-stage PD patients treated with either DBS/medications or medications alone. Patients were assessed on and off treatment, with controls following a parallel testing schedule. STN-DBS improved naming of manipulated (motor) but not non-manipulated (non-motor) objects, as compared to both controls and patients with just medications, who did not differ from each other across assessment sessions. In contrast, STN-DBS led to worse performance at regulars (grammar) but not irregulars (lexicon), as compared to the other two subject groups, who again did not differ. The results suggest that STN-DBS negatively impacts language in early PD, but may be specific in depressing aspects of grammatical and not lexical processing. The finding that STN-DBS affects both motor and grammar (but not lexical) functions strengthens the view that both depend on basal ganglia circuitry, although the mechanisms for its differential impact on the two (improved motor, impaired grammar) remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Phillips
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LP); (MU); (PDC)
| | - Kaitlyn A. Litcofsky
- Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Center for Language Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Pelster
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Matthew Gelfand
- Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Ullman
- Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LP); (MU); (PDC)
| | - P. David Charles
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LP); (MU); (PDC)
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190
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Meireles J, Massano J. Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson's disease: clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Front Neurol 2012; 3:88. [PMID: 22654785 PMCID: PMC3360424 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common, disabling, neurodegenerative disorder. In addition to classical motor symptoms, non-motor features are now widely accepted as part of the clinical picture, and cognitive decline is a very important aspect of the disease, as it brings an additional significant burden for the patient and caregivers. The diagnosis of cognitive decline in PD, namely mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia, can be extremely challenging, remaining largely based on clinical and cognitive assessments. Diagnostic criteria and methods for PD dementia and MCI have been recently issued by expert work groups. This manuscript has synthesized relevant data in order to obtain a pragmatic and updated review regarding cognitive decline in PD, from milder stages to dementia. This text will summarize clinical features, diagnostic methodology, and therapeutic issues of clinical decline in PD. Relevant clinical genetic issues, including recent advances, will also be approached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Meireles
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar de São João Porto, Portugal
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191
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Pagonabarraga J, Kulisevsky J. Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:590-6. [PMID: 22484304 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Relatively subtle cognitive disturbances may be present from the initial stages of Parkinson's disease (PD) that progress in many patients to a more severe cognitive impairment and dementia. Several of the initial deficits are ascribed to failure in the frontal-striatal basal ganglia circuits and involve executive defects in planning, initiation, monitoring of goal-directed behaviors and working-memory. Other non-demented PD patients also exhibit visuospatial and memory deficits more representative of posterior cortical functioning and fail performing naming or copying tasks. Major differences in the overall rate of cognitive decline among PD patients support the co-existence of at least two patterns of involution, differentiating a relatively slow decline of fronto-striatal deficits from a more rapid decline of posterior-cortical deficits, with different pathophysiological substrates, genetics, prognosis and response to drugs used to treat the motor symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pagonabarraga
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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192
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Tremblay C, Monchi O, Hudon C, Macoir J, Monetta L. Are verbal fluency and nonliteral language comprehension deficits related to depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease? PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2012; 2012:308501. [PMID: 22496988 PMCID: PMC3306925 DOI: 10.1155/2012/308501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Depression in Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequently associated with executive deficits, which can influence nonliteral comprehension and lexical access. This study explores whether depressive symptoms in PD modulate verbal fluency and nonliteral language comprehension. Twelve individuals with PD without depressive symptoms, 13 with PD and depressive symptoms (PDDSs), and 13 healthy controls completed a semantic and phonemic verbal fluency task and an indirect speech acts comprehension task. All groups had the same performance in the phonemic fluency task while the PDDS group was impaired in the semantic task. For the indirect speech act comprehension task, no difference was observed between the groups. However, the PDDS group had difficulty answering direct speech act questions. As some language impairments in PD become apparent when depressive symptoms are associated with the disease, it would appear to be important to take the presence of depressive symptoms into account when evaluating language abilities in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tremblay
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
- Centre de Recherche Université Laval Robert Giffard, 2601 Rue de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada G1J 2G3
| | - Oury Monchi
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H3W 1W5
| | - Carol Hudon
- Centre de Recherche Université Laval Robert Giffard, 2601 Rue de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada G1J 2G3
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Joël Macoir
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
- Centre de Recherche Université Laval Robert Giffard, 2601 Rue de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada G1J 2G3
| | - Laura Monetta
- Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
- Centre de Recherche Université Laval Robert Giffard, 2601 Rue de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada G1J 2G3
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193
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Abstract
In healthy individuals and those with insomnia, poor sleep quality is associated with decrements in performance on tests of cognition, especially executive function. Sleep disturbances and cognitive deficits are both prevalent in Parkinson's disease (PD). Sleep problems occur in over 75% of patients, with sleep fragmentation and decreased sleep efficiency being the most common sleep complaints, but their relation to cognition is unknown. We examined the association between sleep quality and cognition in PD. In 35 non-demented individuals with PD and 18 normal control adults (NC), sleep was measured using 24-hr wrist actigraphy over 7 days. Cognitive domains tested included attention and executive function, memory and psychomotor function. In both groups, poor sleep was associated with worse performance on tests of attention/executive function but not memory or psychomotor function. In the PD group, attention/executive function was predicted by sleep efficiency, whereas memory and psychomotor function were not predicted by sleep quality. Psychomotor and memory function were predicted by motor symptom severity. This study is the first to demonstrate that sleep quality in PD is significantly correlated with cognition and that it differentially impacts attention and executive function, thereby furthering our understanding of the link between sleep and cognition.
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194
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Interaction of caudate dopamine depletion and brain metabolic changes with cognitive dysfunction in early Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:206.e29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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195
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Thames AD, Foley JM, Wright MJ, Panos SE, Ettenhofer M, Ramezani A, Streiff V, El-Saden S, Goodwin S, Bookheimer SY, Hinkin CH. Basal ganglia structures differentially contribute to verbal fluency: evidence from Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected adults. Neuropsychologia 2011; 50:390-5. [PMID: 22223078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basal ganglia (BG) are involved in executive language functions (i.e., verbal fluency) through their connections with cortical structures. The caudate and putamen receive separate inputs from prefrontal and premotor cortices, and may differentially contribute to verbal fluency performance. We examined BG integrity in relation to lexico-semantic verbal fluency performance among older HIV infected adults. METHOD 20 older (50+ years) HIV+ adults underwent MRI and were administered measures of semantic and phonemic fluency. BG (caudate, putamen) regions of interest were extracted. RESULTS Performance on phonemic word generation significantly predicted caudate volume, whereas performance on phonemic switching predicted putamen volume. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a double dissociation of BG involvement in verbal fluency tasks with the caudate subserving word generation and the putamen associated with switching. As such, verbal fluency tasks appear to be selective to BG function.
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Affiliation(s)
- April D Thames
- UCLA School of Medicine, 760 Westwood Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States.
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196
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Arnott WL, Copland DA, Chenery HJ, Murdoch BE, Silburn PA, Angwin AJ. The influence of dopamine on automatic and controlled semantic activation in Parkinson's disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2011; 2011:157072. [PMID: 22135759 PMCID: PMC3216283 DOI: 10.4061/2011/157072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Two semantic priming
tasks, designed to isolate automatic and
controlled semantic activation, were utilized to
investigate the impact of dopamine depletion on
semantic processing in Parkinson's disease
(PD). Seven people with PD (tested whilst on and
off levodopa medication) and seven healthy
adults participated in the study. The healthy
adult participants demonstrated intact automatic
and controlled semantic activation. Aberrant
controlled semantic activation was observed in
the PD group on levodopa; however, automatic
semantic activation was still evident. In
contrast, automatic semantic activation was not
evident in the PD group off levodopa. These
results further clarify the impact of PD on
semantic processing, demonstrating that dopamine
depletion can cause disturbances in both
automatic and controlled semantic
activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Arnott
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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197
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Brain structural MRI correlates of cognitive dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2011; 310:70-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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198
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Poletti M, Emre M, Bonuccelli U. Mild cognitive impairment and cognitive reserve in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011; 17:579-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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199
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Cattaneo Z, Pisoni A, Papagno C. Transcranial direct current stimulation over Broca's region improves phonemic and semantic fluency in healthy individuals. Neuroscience 2011; 183:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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200
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Arasanz CP, Staines WR, Roy EA, Schweizer TA. The cerebellum and its role in word generation: a cTBS study. Cortex 2011; 48:718-24. [PMID: 21457953 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the cerebellum in the executive control of word generation using a phonemic and semantic fluency task. Phonemic fluency tasks require novel strategy to organize verbal output, and are more effortful than semantic fluency tasks. The number of category switches made between subcategories of words is a measure of mental flexibility, and is greatest during the early phase of the task (first 15sec). Both tasks were tested on healthy participants, before and after the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation using continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) applied over the left or the right posterior/lateral cerebellar cortex in separate groups. We hypothesized that the number of category switches and number of words produced within the first 15sec would be reduced after cTBS to the right, posterior-lateral cerebellum during phonemic fluency tasks. The results from the study were consistent with the hypothesis. Within the first 15sec of each trial, right cTBS participants displayed significantly lower switching scores (p=.05) after stimulation. Previous studies have illustrated similar impairments in switching between categories during phonemic fluency performance in patients with damage to the left frontal cortex. Our findings support the general hypothesis of cerebellar involvement in executive control through connections to the frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla P Arasanz
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
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