151
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Zhou S, Li J, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Die Chemie von [AuO]+
/CH4
in der Gasphase: Selektive Sauerstoffatom-Übertragung auf, statt Wasserstoffatom-Abstraktion von Methan. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Zhou
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jilai Li
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130023 VR China
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
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152
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Zhou S, Li J, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. The Unique Gas-Phase Chemistry of the [AuO]+
/CH4
Couple: Selective Oxygen-Atom Transfer to, Rather than Hydrogen-Atom Abstraction from, Methane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10877-80. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Zhou
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Jilai Li
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130023 P.R. China
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
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153
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Miller DC, Tarantino KT, Knowles RR. Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis: Fundamentals, Applications, and Opportunities. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:30. [PMID: 27573270 PMCID: PMC5107260 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Proton-coupled electron transfers (PCETs) are unconventional redox processes in which both protons and electrons are exchanged, often in a concerted elementary step. While PCET is now recognized to play a central a role in biological redox catalysis and inorganic energy conversion technologies, its applications in organic synthesis are only beginning to be explored. In this chapter, we aim to highlight the origins, development, and evolution of the PCET processes most relevant to applications in organic synthesis. Particular emphasis is given to the ability of PCET to serve as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation that is complimentary to more traditional hydrogen atom transfer processes, enabling the direct generation of valuable organic radical intermediates directly from their native functional group precursors under comparatively mild catalytic conditions. The synthetically advantageous features of PCET reactivity are described in detail, along with examples from the literature describing the PCET activation of common organic functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Kyle T Tarantino
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Robert R Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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154
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Balcells D, Clot E, Eisenstein O, Nova A, Perrin L. Deciphering Selectivity in Organic Reactions: A Multifaceted Problem. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1070-8. [PMID: 27152927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Computational chemistry has made a sustained contribution to the understanding of chemical reactions. In earlier times, half a century ago, the goal was to distinguish allowed from forbidden reactions (e.g., Woodward-Hoffmann rules), that is, reactions with low or high to very high activation barriers. A great achievement of computational chemistry was also to contribute to the determination of structures with the bonus of proposing a rationalization (e.g., anomeric effect, isolobal analogy, Gillespie valence shell pair electron repulsion rules and counter examples, Wade-Mingos rules for molecular clusters). With the development of new methods and the constant increase in computing power, computational chemists move to more challenging problems, close to the daily concerns of the experimental chemists, in determining the factors that make a reaction both efficient and selective: a key issue in organic synthesis. For this purpose, experimental chemists use advanced synthetic and analytical techniques to which computational chemists added other ways of determining reaction pathways. The transition states and intermediates contributing to the transformation of reactants into the desired and undesired products can now be determined, including their geometries, energies, charges, spin densities, spectroscopy properties, etc. Such studies remain challenging due to the large number of chemical species commonly present in the reactive media whose role may have to be determined. Calculating chemical systems as they are in the experiment is not always possible, bringing its own share of complexity through the large number of atoms and the associated large number of conformers to consider. Modeling the chemical species with smaller systems is an alternative that historically led to artifacts. Another important topic is the choice of the computational method. While DFT is widely used, the vast diversity of functionals available is both an opportunity and a challenge. Though chemical knowledge helps, the relevant computational method is best chosen in conjunction with the nature of the experimental systems and many studies have been concerned with this topic. We will not address this aspect but give references in the text. Usually, a computational study starts with the validation of the method by means of benchmark calculations vs accurate experimental data or state-of-the-art calculations. Finally, computational chemists can bring more than the sole determination of the reaction pathways through the analysis of the electronic structure. In our case, we have privileged the NBO analysis, which has the advantage of describing interactions on the basis of terms and concepts that are shared within the chemical community. In this Account, we have chosen to select representative reactions from our own work to highlight the diversity of situations than can be addressed nowadays. These include selective activation of C(sp(3))-H bonds, selective reactions with low energy barriers, involving closed shell or radical species, the role of noncovalent interactions, and the importance of considering side reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Balcells
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC) and The Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric Clot
- Institut
Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095
Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Odile Eisenstein
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC) and The Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Institut
Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095
Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Ainara Nova
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC) and The Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lionel Perrin
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon1, CNRS, INSA,
CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, 43, Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Cedex Villeurbanne, France
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155
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Boess E, Wolf LM, Malakar S, Salamone M, Bietti M, Thiel W, Klussmann M. Competitive Hydrogen Atom Transfer to Oxyl- and Peroxyl Radicals in the Cu-Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of N-Aryl Tetrahydroisoquinolines Using tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Boess
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Larry M. Wolf
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Santanu Malakar
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di
Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di
Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Martin Klussmann
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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156
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Font D, Canta M, Milan M, Cussó O, Ribas X, Klein Gebbink RJM, Costas M. Readily Accessible Bulky Iron Catalysts exhibiting Site Selectivity in the Oxidation of Steroidal Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5776-9. [PMID: 27059402 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bulky iron complexes are described that catalyze the site-selective oxidation of alkyl C-H bonds with hydrogen peroxide under mild conditions. Steric bulk at the iron center is introduced by appending trialkylsilyl groups at the meta-position of the pyridines in tetradentate aminopyridine ligands, and this effect translates into high product yields, an enhanced preferential oxidation of secondary over tertiary C-H bonds, and the ability to perform site-selective oxidation of methylenic sites in terpenoid and steroidal substrates. Unprecedented site selective oxidation at C6 and C12 methylenic sites in steroidal substrates is shown to be governed by the chirality of the catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Font
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercè Canta
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michela Milan
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olaf Cussó
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Robertus J M Klein Gebbink
- Organic Chemistry & Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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157
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Font D, Canta M, Milan M, Cussó O, Ribas X, Klein Gebbink RJM, Costas M. Readily Accessible Bulky Iron Catalysts exhibiting Site Selectivity in the Oxidation of Steroidal Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Font
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercè Canta
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michela Milan
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olaf Cussó
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
| | - Robertus J. M. Klein Gebbink
- Organic Chemistry & Catalysis; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional I Catàlisi (IQCC); Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia, Spain
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