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151
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Ligon SC, Liska R, Stampfl J, Gurr M, Mülhaupt R. Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10212-10290. [PMID: 28756658 PMCID: PMC5553103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1156] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) alias 3D printing translates computer-aided design (CAD) virtual 3D models into physical objects. By digital slicing of CAD, 3D scan, or tomography data, AM builds objects layer by layer without the need for molds or machining. AM enables decentralized fabrication of customized objects on demand by exploiting digital information storage and retrieval via the Internet. The ongoing transition from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing prompts new challenges for mechanical engineers and materials scientists alike. Because polymers are by far the most utilized class of materials for AM, this Review focuses on polymer processing and the development of polymers and advanced polymer systems specifically for AM. AM techniques covered include vat photopolymerization (stereolithography), powder bed fusion (SLS), material and binder jetting (inkjet and aerosol 3D printing), sheet lamination (LOM), extrusion (FDM, 3D dispensing, 3D fiber deposition, and 3D plotting), and 3D bioprinting. The range of polymers used in AM encompasses thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, hydrogels, functional polymers, polymer blends, composites, and biological systems. Aspects of polymer design, additives, and processing parameters as they relate to enhancing build speed and improving accuracy, functionality, surface finish, stability, mechanical properties, and porosity are addressed. Selected applications demonstrate how polymer-based AM is being exploited in lightweight engineering, architecture, food processing, optics, energy technology, dentistry, drug delivery, and personalized medicine. Unparalleled by metals and ceramics, polymer-based AM plays a key role in the emerging AM of advanced multifunctional and multimaterial systems including living biological systems as well as life-like synthetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Clark Ligon
- Laboratory
for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, The
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
- Institute of Applied
Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science and
Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied
Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science and
Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria
| | - Jürgen Stampfl
- Institute of Applied
Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science and
Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria
| | - Matthias Gurr
- H.
B. Fuller Deutschland GmbH, An der Roten Bleiche 2-3, Lüneburg D-21335, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
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152
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Ligon SC, Liska R, Stampfl J, Gurr M, Mülhaupt R. Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing. Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00074 impact factor 2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Clark Ligon
- Laboratory
for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, The Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Matthias Gurr
- H. B. Fuller Deutschland GmbH, An der Roten Bleiche 2-3, Lüneburg D-21335, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg
Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, Freiburg D-79104, Germany
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153
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Kim WJ, Yun HS, Kim GH. An innovative cell-laden α-TCP/collagen scaffold fabricated using a two-step printing process for potential application in regenerating hard tissues. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3181. [PMID: 28600538 PMCID: PMC5466674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-laden scaffolds are widely investigated in tissue engineering because they can provide homogenous cell distribution after long culture periods, and deposit multiple types of cells into a designed region. However, producing a bioceramic 3D cell-laden scaffold is difficult because of the low processability of cell-loaded bioceramics. Therefore, designing a 3D bioceramic cell-laden scaffold is important for ceramic-based tissue regeneration. Here, we propose a new strategy to fabricate an alpha-tricalcium-phosphate (α-TCP)/collagen cell-laden scaffold, using preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1), in which the volume fraction of the ceramic exceeded 70% and was fabricated using a two-step printing process. To fabricate a multi-layered cell-laden scaffold, we manipulated processing parameters, such as the diameter of the printing nozzle, pneumatic pressure, and volume fraction of α-TCP, to attain a stable processing region. A cell-laden pure collagen scaffold and an α-TCP/collagen scaffold loaded with cells via a simple dipping method were used as controls. Their pore geometry was similar to that of the experimental scaffold. Physical properties and bioactivities showed that the designed scaffold demonstrated significantly higher cellular activities, including metabolic activity and mineralization, compared with those of the controls. Our results indicate that the proposed cell-laden ceramic scaffold can potentially be used for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jin Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hui-Suk Yun
- Powder and Ceramics Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, South Korea
| | - Geun Hyung Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, South Korea.
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155
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Gao Q, Liu Z, Lin Z, Qiu J, Liu Y, Liu A, Wang Y, Xiang M, Chen B, Fu J, He Y. 3D Bioprinting of Vessel-like Structures with Multilevel Fluidic Channels. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:399-408. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School
of Mechanical Engineering, and ‡Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and
Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, ∥Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and ⊥Department of
Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zhenjie Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School
of Mechanical Engineering, and ‡Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and
Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, ∥Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and ⊥Department of
Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zhiwei Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School
of Mechanical Engineering, and ‡Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and
Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, ∥Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and ⊥Department of
Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jingjiang Qiu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School
of Mechanical Engineering, and ‡Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and
Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, ∥Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and ⊥Department of
Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School
of Mechanical Engineering, and ‡Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and
Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, ∥Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and ⊥Department of
Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - An Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School
of Mechanical Engineering, and ‡Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and
Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, ∥Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and ⊥Department of
Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yidong Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School
of Mechanical Engineering, and ‡Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and
Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, ∥Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and ⊥Department of
Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School
of Mechanical Engineering, and ‡Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and
Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, ∥Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and ⊥Department of
Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Bing Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School
of Mechanical Engineering, and ‡Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and
Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, ∥Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and ⊥Department of
Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jianzhong Fu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School
of Mechanical Engineering, and ‡Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and
Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, ∥Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and ⊥Department of
Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yong He
- State
Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School
of Mechanical Engineering, and ‡Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and
Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, ∥Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, and ⊥Department of
Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
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