151
|
|
152
|
Cohen SM, Lippard SJ. Cisplatin: from DNA damage to cancer chemotherapy. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 67:93-130. [PMID: 11525387 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(01)67026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin [cis-DDP, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)] is a potent anticancer drug that has been used successfully to treat tumors of the head, neck, lungs, and genitourinary tract. The biological activity of cisplatin was discovered serendipitously more than 30 years ago, and since that time research efforts have focused on elucidating its mechanism of action. The present review provides a historical perspective of our attempts to understand this complex phenomenon and the results of recent work that guides our current activities in this field. Continued efforts to understand the mechanism of genotoxicity of cisplatin are expected to lead to the discovery of new drugs and combinations for the improvement of cancer chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
153
|
Zehnulova J, Kasparkova J, Farrell N, Brabec V. Conformation, recognition by high mobility group domain proteins, and nucleotide excision repair of DNA intrastrand cross-links of novel antitumor trinuclear platinum complex BBR3464. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:22191-9. [PMID: 11303029 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103118200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The new antitumor trinuclear platinum compound [(trans-PtCl(NH(3))(2))(2)mu-trans-Pt(NH(3))(2)(H(2)N(CH(2))(6)NH(2))(2)](4+) (designated as BBR3464) is currently in phase II clinical trials. DNA is generally considered the major pharmacological target of platinum drugs. As such it is of considerable interest to understand the patterns of DNA damage. The bifunctional DNA binding of BBR3464 is characterized by the rapid formation of long range intra- and interstrand cross-links. We examined how the structures of the various types of the intrastrand cross-links of BBR3464 affect conformational properties of DNA, and how these adducts are recognized by high mobility group 1 protein and removed from DNA during in vitro nucleotide excision repair reactions. The results have revealed that intrastrand cross-links of BBR3464 create a local conformational distortion, but none of these cross-links results in a stable curvature. In addition, we have observed no recognition of these cross-links by high mobility group 1 proteins, but we have observed effective removal of these adducts from DNA by nucleotide excision repair. These results suggest that the processing of the intrastrand cross-links of BBR3464 in tumor cells sensitive to this drug may not be relevant to its antitumor effects. Hence, polynuclear platinum compounds apparently represent a novel class of platinum anticancer drugs acting by a different mechanism than cisplatin and its analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zehnulova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
154
|
Holmes RJ, McKeage MJ, Murray V, Denny WA, McFadyen WD. cis-Dichloroplatinum(II) complexes tethered to 9-aminoacridine-4-carboxamides: synthesis and action in resistant cell lines in vitro. J Inorg Biochem 2001; 85:209-17. [PMID: 11410241 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(01)00188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of intercalator-tethered platinum(II) complexes PtLCl(2) have been prepared where L are the diamine ligands N-[2-[(aminoethyl)amino]ethyl]-9-aminoacridine-4-carboxamide, N-[3-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]propyl]-9-aminoacridine-4-carboxamide, N-[4-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]butyl]-9-aminoacridine-4-carboxamide and N-[5-[(aminoethyl)amino]pentyl]-9-aminoacridine-4-carboxamide and N-[6-[(aminoethyl)amino]hexyl]-9-aminoacridine-4-carboxamide. The activity of the complexes was assessed in the CH-1, CH-1cisR, 41M, 41McisR and SKOV-3 cell lines. The compounds with the shorter linker chain lengths are generally the most active against these cell lines and are much more toxic than Pt(en)C1(2). For example, for the n=2 compound the IC(50) values are 0.017 microM (CH-1), 1.7 microM (41M), 1.4 microM (SKOV-3) and the resistance ratios are 51 (CH-1cisR) and 1.6 (41McisR). For the untethered analogue Pt(en)C1(2) the IC(50) values are 2.5 microM (CH-1), 2.9 microM (41M), 45 microM (SKOV-3) and the resistance ratios are 2.8 (CH-1cisR) and 4.1 (41McisR). The very large differential in IC(50) values between the CH-1 and CH-1cisR pair of cell lines for the 9-aminoacridine-4-carboxamide tethered platinum complexes indicates that repair of platinum-induced DNA damage may be a major determinant of the activity of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Holmes
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3052
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
155
|
Servidei T, Ferlini C, Riccardi A, Meco D, Scambia G, Segni G, Manzotti C, Riccardi R. The novel trinuclear platinum complex BBR3464 induces a cellular response different from cisplatin. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:930-8. [PMID: 11313183 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BBR3464 is a new platinum-based drug non cross-resistant with cisplatin. To characterise the cellular basis of BBR3464 cytotoxicity as opposed to cisplatin, we performed a comparative study of the two drugs in cisplatin-resistant neuroblastoma and astrocytoma cells. In both model systems, BBR3464 proved to be more potent than cisplatin and was able to overcome cisplatin resistance. The higher potency exhibited by BBR3464 correlated with an increased cellular platinum accumulation and DNA-adduct formation. At equitoxic doses, BBR3464 induced apoptosis to a lesser extent than cisplatin and failed to overcome the decreased susceptibility to cisplatin-induced apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant cells. Cell cycle analysis showed a dose-dependent G2/M arrest by BBR3464. In astrocytoma cells, cisplatin treatment resulted in the upregulation of p53, p21 and bax, while only p21 induction was observed after BBR3464 treatment. In cisplatin-resistant cells, the reduced sensitivity to cisplatin paralleled a resistance to the induction of p53/p21 pathway by cisplatin, while the same doses of BBR3464 induced p21 to a similar extent in the resistant cells as in the parental cells. In conclusion, BBR3464 induces a cellular response that is different from cisplatin, supporting the view that the two drugs act through different mechanisms. Our data indicate that BBR3464 may be a promising agent in the treatment of tumours unresponsive to cisplatin and with a non-functional p53.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Servidei
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Oncology, Catholic University of Rome, Largo A. Gemelli, 8-00168, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
156
|
Hofr C, Brabec V. Thermal and thermodynamic properties of duplex DNA containing site-specific interstrand cross-link of antitumor cisplatin or its clinically ineffective trans isomer. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:9655-61. [PMID: 11104778 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010205200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the single, site-specific interstrand cross-link formed by cisplatin or transplatin on the thermal stability and energetics of a 20-base pair DNA duplex is reported. The cross-linked or unplatinated 20-base pair duplexes were investigated with the aid of differential scanning calorimetry, temperature-dependent UV absorption, and circular dichroism. The cross-link of both platinum isomers increases the thermal stability of the modified duplexes by changing the molecularity of denaturation. The structural perturbation resulting from the interstrand cross-link of cisplatin increases entropy of the duplex and in this way entropically stabilizes the duplex. This entropic cross-link-induced stabilization of the duplex is partially but not completely compensated by the enthalpic destabilization of the duplex. The net result of these enthalpic and entropic effects is that the structural perturbation resulting from the formation of the interstrand cross-link by cisplatin induces a decrease in duplex thermodynamic stability, with this destabilization being enthalpic in origin. By contrast, the interstrand cross-link of transplatin is enthalpically almost neutral with the cross-link-induced destabilization entirely entropic in origin. These differences are consistent with distinct conformational distortions induced by the interstrand cross-links of the two isomers. Importantly, for the duplex cross-linked by cisplatin relative to that cross-linked by transplatin, the compensating enthalpic and entropic effects almost completely offset the difference in cross-link-induced energetic destabilization. It has been proposed that the results of the present work further support the view that the impact of the interstrand cross-links of cisplatin and transplatin on DNA is different for each and might also be associated with the distinctly different antitumor effects of these platinum compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Hofr
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | |
Collapse
|
157
|
Wheate NJ, Cutts SM, Phillips DR, Aldrich-Wright JR, Collins JG. The binding of [(en)Pt(mu-dpzm)2Pt(en)]4+ to G/C-rich regions of DNA. J Inorg Biochem 2001; 84:119-27. [PMID: 11330470 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(00)00206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The non-covalent binding of [(en)Pt(mu-dpzm)2Pt(en)]4+ to segments of DNA containing only G and C bases has been studied to gain an understanding of the pre-covalent binding association of cationic polynuclear platinum(II) anti-cancer drugs at G/C sites. 1H-NMR and CD spectroscopy were used to study the binding of the metal complex to the oligonucleotide d(GC)5 and the polynucleotide poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), respectively. NOE contacts between the metal complex protons and the oligonucleotide sugar H1' protons observed in NOESY spectra indicated that the metal complex bound in the minor groove at the central C4 to G7 region of the oligonucleotide. This result indicates that even though cationic polynuclear platinum(II) complexes bind covalently in the major groove at G/C sites, the pre-covalent binding association is favoured in the minor groove. CD spectra indicated that the addition of the metal complex to poly(dG-dC)-poly(dG-dC) induced some conformational changes, but it was not possible to conclude that [(en)Pt(mu-dpzm)2Pt(en)]4+ induced a B- to Z-type DNA transition. In addition, in vitro transcription assays using the lac UV5 promoter showed that the non-covalent binding of [(en)Pt(mu-dpzm)2Pt(en)]4+ was sufficiently stable to inhibit transcription, and at particular sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N J Wheate
- School of Chemistry, University College, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
158
|
Cox JW, Berners-Price SJ, Davies MS, Qu Y, Farrell N. Kinetic analysis of the stepwise formation of a long-range DNA interstrand cross-link by a dinuclear platinum antitumor complex: evidence for aquated intermediates and formation of both kinetically and thermodynamically controlled conformers. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:1316-26. [PMID: 11456703 DOI: 10.1021/ja0012772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reported here is a detailed study of the kinetics and mechanism of formation of a 1,4 GG interstrand cross-link by [(trans-PtCl(NH(3))(2))(2)(mu-NH(2)(CH(2))(n)NH(2))](2+) (1,1/t,t (n = 6), 1), the prototype of a novel class of platinum antitumor complexes. The reaction of the self-complementary 12-mer duplex 5'-[d(ATATGTACATAT)(2)] with (15)N-1 has been studied at 298 K, pH 5.4, by [(1)H,(15)N] HSQC 2D NMR spectroscopy. Initial electrostatic interactions with the duplex are observed for 1 and the monoaqua monochloro species (2). Aquation of 1 to yield 2 occurs with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of (4.15 +/- 0.04) x 10(-5) s(-1). 2 then undergoes monofunctional binding to the guanine N7 of the duplex to form 3 (G/Cl) with a rate constant of 0.47 +/- 0.06 M(-(1) s(-1). There is an electrostatic interaction between the unbound [PtN(3)Cl] group of 3 and the duplex, which is consistent with H-bonding interactions observed in the molecular model of the monofunctional (G/Cl) adduct. Closure of 3 to form the 1,4 GG interstrand cross-link (5) most likely proceeds via the aquated (G/H(2)O) intermediate (4) (pseudo-first-order rate constant = (3.62 +/- 0.04) x 10(-5) s(-1)) followed by closure of 4 to form 5 (rate constant = (2.7 +/- 1.5) x 10(-3) s(-1)). When closure is treated as direct from 3 (G/Cl) the rate constant is (3.39 +/- 0.04) x 10(-5) s(-1). Closure is ca. 10-55-fold faster than that found for 1,2 GG intrastrand cross-link formation by the diaqua form of cisplatin. Changes in the (1)H and (15)N shifts of the interstrand cross-link 5 indicate that the initially formed conformer (5(i)) converts irreversibly into other product conformer(s) 5(f). The NMR data for 5(i) are consistent with a molecular model of the 1,4 GG interstrand cross-link on B-form DNA, which shows that the NH(2) protons have no contacts except with solvent. The NMR data for 5(f) show several distinct NH(2) environments indicative of interactions between the NH(2) protons and the DNA. HPLC characterization of the final product showed only one major product peak that was confirmed by ESI-FTICR mass spectroscopy to be a cross-linked adduct of (15)N-1 and the duplex. The potential significance of these findings to the antitumor activity of dinuclear platinum complexes is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
159
|
Jansen BA, van der Zwan J, den Dulk H, Brouwer J, Reedijk J. Dinuclear alkyldiamine platinum antitumor compounds: a structure-activity relationship study. J Med Chem 2001; 44:245-9. [PMID: 11170634 DOI: 10.1021/jm0010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Six related dinuclear trans-platinum complexes, with the formula [[trans-PtCl(2)(NH(3))(L)](2)(mu-H(2)N(CH(2))(n)NH(2))](2+) (L = pyridine, 2-picoline, 4-picoline; n = 4, 6) and chloride or nitrate anions, are compared with known cytotoxic dinuclear compounds (L = NH(3); n = 4, 6) that overcome cisplatin resistance. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was determined in L1210 murine leukemia and L1210/2, a cisplatin-resistant derivative. Unlike the L = NH(3) compounds, the substituted n = 4 compounds are more susceptible toward the resistance mechanisms in L1201/2. The n = 6 compounds, however, have comparable IC(50) values in both cell lines. In general, the substituted compounds are less cytotoxic than their NH(3) counterparts. After incubation with equimolar concentrations, the amount of platinum bound to cellular DNA was determined. The compounds show comparable binding, except for the sterically hindered 2-picoline compounds that bind significantly less. The amounts of platinum bound to DNA do not correlate with the cytotoxicity data. As DNA is considered to be the cellular target of platinum antitumor drugs, structural details of the DNA adducts probably account for the differences in cytotoxic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Jansen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, and Molecular Genetics, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Nováková O, Hofr C, Brabec V. Modification of natural, double-helical DNA by antitumor cis- and trans-[Cl(2)(Me(2)SO(4))(4)Ru] in cell-free media. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:1761-71. [PMID: 11108791 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Modifications of natural DNA in cell-free media by the antitumor ruthenium compounds cis- and trans-[Cl(2)(Me(2)SO(4))(4)Ru] were studied by various biochemical and biophysical methods. These methods included: binding studies by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, mapping of DNA adducts by means of transcription assay, use of ethidium bromide as a fluorescent probe of DNA adducts of metal complexes, an interstrand cross-linking assay employing gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, measurements of DNA unwinding by gel electrophoresis, differential pulse polarographic analysis of DNA conformation, and analysis of liquid crystalline dispersions of DNA by circular dichroism. The results indicated that both ruthenium compounds irreversibly coordinated to DNA; the rate of binding of the cis isomer was considerably lower than that of the trans isomer. The DNA-binding mode of trans-[Cl(2)(Me(2)SO(4))(4)Ru] included formation of bifunctional adducts such as intrastrand cross-links between neighboring purine residues and a small amount ( approximately 1%) of interstrand cross-links. cis-[Cl(2)(Me(2)SO(4))(4)Ru] formed mainly monofunctional lesions on natural DNA. Both ruthenium isomers induced conformational alterations of non-denaturational character in DNA, the trans compound being more effective. In addition, DNA adducts of trans-[Cl(2)(Me(2)SO(4))(4)Ru] were capable of inhibiting RNA synthesis by DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, while the adducts of the cis isomer were not. Thus, several features of the DNA-binding mode of trans-[Cl(2)(Me(2)SO(4))(4)Ru] were similar to those of antitumor cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II), which may be relevant to the biological effects of this antitumor ruthenium drug. On the other hand, the different DNA-binding mode of cis-[Cl(2)(Me(2)SO(4))(4)Ru] was consistent with its less pronounced biological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Nováková
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Abstract
Following the introduction of cisplatin and the demonstration of its importance in the treatment of testicular and ovarian cancer, there was a need to develop less toxic analogues. Compared with cisplatin, carboplatin proved markedly less toxic to the kidneys and nervous system and caused less nausea and vomiting, while generally (and certainly for ovarian cancer) retaining equivalent antitumour activity. In many situations, carboplatin is now the drug of choice in view of the improved quality of life it offers patients. Many drug combinations involving platinum complexes have been explored, but those with taxanes are particularly noteworthy. Paclitaxel in combination with a platinum agent is now accepted as a standard component of first-line treatment for ovarian cancer, and produces improved survival. Preclinical studies suggested that drugs containing the diaminocyclohexane ligand would be capable of overcoming intrinsic or acquired resistance. However, this outcome was not realised in the clinic until the development of oxaliplatin, which appears to have a different spectrum of activity compared with cisplatin and carboplatin. Oxaliplatin improves the response rate and progression-free survival when given with fluorouracil for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer, and its activity in other tumour types is under investigation. ZD0473 is a platinum analogue that relies on steric hindrance to overcome thiol-mediated detoxification. It has a good tolerability profile, is currently undergoing phase II testing, and its activity in combination with other agents is being explored. The trinuclear platinum complex BBR3464 also looks promising in preclinical studies and will shortly be evaluated in phase II trials. Although much research remains to be done, these new developments in platinum-based chemotherapy should translate into significant improvements in treatment for patients with a broad range of tumour types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Judson
- CRC Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, England
| | | |
Collapse
|
162
|
Peleg-Shulman T, Katzhendler J, Gibson D. Effects of monofunctional platinum binding on the thermal stability and conformation of a self-complementary 22-mer. J Inorg Biochem 2000; 81:313-23. [PMID: 11065195 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(00)00120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of various monofunctional platinum complexes on the thermal stability and conformation of a self-complementary 22-mer duplex oligonucleotide by means of CD and UV melting profiles. We studied several families of triamine complexes of the general formula PtA2AmCl where A2=(NH3)2 and ethylenediamine and where Am=N1-4-methyl-pyridine, N7-guanosine, and 9-ethyl-guanine. Platination by the N1-4-methyl-pyridine and 9-ethyl-guanine complexes led to a decrease in the Tm of the oligonucleotide by 2-11.5 degrees C while platination with the N7-guanosine complexes led to a rise in the melting temperature of the oligonucleotides by 4.5 degrees C. A similar inverse correlation between the two groups of platinum compounds was found in the CD spectra. In all cases, the cis isomer had a more pronounced effect on both the melting curve and the CD spectrum. The cis isomer was found to have a more destabilizing effect than its trans counterpart. This indicates that the cis geometry in fact forces a greater structural constraint on the backbone of the double helix. We have also found that the sugar of the guanosine has a significant influence on both the Tm and CD spectra; the sugar moiety contributes to the stability of the double helix, probably through the formation of hydrogen bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Peleg-Shulman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
163
|
Komeda S, Lutz M, Spek AL, Chikuma M, Reedijk J. New antitumor-active azole-bridged dinuclear platinum(II) complexes: synthesis, characterization, crystal structures, and cytotoxic studies. Inorg Chem 2000; 39:4230-6. [PMID: 11196916 DOI: 10.1021/ic000273v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three new derivatives of the cytotoxic azole-bridged dinuclear platinum(II) complex [(cis-Pt(NH3)2)2(mu-OH)(mu-pz)][NO3]2 (1) have been prepared and structurally characterized. Their formulas are [(cis-Pt(NH3)2)2(mu-OH)(mu-1,2,3-ta)][NO3]2 (2) (1,2,3-ta = 1,2,3-triazolate), [(Pt(R,R-dach))(mu-OH)(mu-pz)(Pt(S,S- dach))][NO3]2 (3) (dach = 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, pz = pyrazolate), and [(Pt(R,R-dach))(mu-1,2,3- ta)2(Pt(S,S-dach))][NO3]2 (4). The compounds were characterized by 1H, 13C, and 195Pt NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis, and their crystal structures were determined. Relevant data for 2: triclinic, space group P1, a = 8.5225(15) A, b = 9.1977(18) A, c = 9.9771(7) A, alpha = 66.988(10) degrees, beta = 75.423(9) degrees, gamma = 67.321(13) degrees, Z = 2. 3: orthorhombic, space group Pca2(1), a = 17.7653(3) A, b = 12.4076(3) A, c = 10.7091(3) A, Z = 4. 4: orthorhombic, space group Pbca, a = 13.8944(1) A, b = 17.8668(1) A, c = 20.7647(2) A, Z = 8. In the crystal structures of 2, and 3, the intramolecular distances between the two Pt atoms are 3.4411(6) and 3.4873(5) A, and the dihedral angles between the platinum coordination planes are 14.1(3) and 9.3(4) degrees, respectively. In 2, an intramolecular hydrogen bond is observed between N9 of the ammine ligand and the noncoordinated nitrogen atom (N3) of the triazole ring (N9...N3: 2.962(10) A). 4 has a boat-form structure, and the two coordination planes cross at 83.64(10) degrees. A cytotoxicity assay of these dinuclear platinum(II) compounds on human tumor cell lines was performed. In most of the cell lines, 1 and 2 showed much higher cytotoxicity than those of cisplatin. On the other hand, 3 was found to be moderately active, and 4 was found only marginally cytotoxic. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of a structure-activity relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Komeda
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
164
|
Pérez JM, Fuertes MA, Alonso C, Navarro-Ranninger C. Current status of the development of trans-platinum antitumor drugs. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2000; 35:109-20. [PMID: 10936468 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(00)00053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery in the 1990s of several trans-Pt complexes with in vitro and in vivo activity against tumor cells sensitive and/or resistant to cisplatin has forced the re-evaluation of the structure-activity relationships for platinum antitumor drugs. Because the determinant factors of cytotoxic activity of trans-platinum complexes do not follow the same patterns as those found for cisplatin and its analogues, the differences in cellular and biochemical pharmacology between trans-platinum antitumor complexes and cisplatin might be systematically exploited to design novel trans-platinum complexes with a clinical profile complementary to that of cisplatin and related analogues. Therefore, there may exist a novel molecular rationale for new platinum antitumor drugs development in the twenty-first century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Pérez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
O'Reill FM, Kelly JM. Photophysical Study of DNA-Bound Complexes Containing Two Covalently linked [Ru(2,2‘-bipyridine)3]2+-Like Centers. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp000640o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M. O'Reill
- Chemistry Department, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John M. Kelly
- Chemistry Department, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Kasparkova J, Farrell N, Brabec V. Sequence specificity, conformation, and recognition by HMG1 protein of major DNA interstrand cross-links of antitumor dinuclear platinum complexes. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:15789-98. [PMID: 10747955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m000777200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions of high mobility group (HMG) domain proteins with DNA modified by cisplatin plays a role in mechanisms underlying its antitumor activity. A structural motif recognized by HMG domain proteins on cisplatin-modified DNA is a stable, directional bend of the helix axis. In the present work, bending induced in DNA by major adducts of a novel class of antitumor compounds, represented by the formula [¿trans-PtCl(NH(3))(2)¿H(2)N(CH(2))(2-6)NH(2)]Cl(2), was investigated. The oligodeoxyribonucleotide duplexes containing various site-specific interstrand cross-links of these bifunctional dinuclear platinum drugs were purified and characterized by Maxam-Gilbert footprinting, chemical probing, and phasing assay. It was demonstrated that the cross-links of the dinuclear compounds bent the helix much less than those of cisplatin. Gel retardation assay revealed very weak recognition of DNA adducts of dinuclear complexes by HMG1 protein. Hence, the mediation of antitumor properties of dinuclear platinum complexes by HMG domain proteins is unlikely so that polynuclear platinum compounds may represent a novel class of platinum anticancer drugs acting by a different mechanism than cisplatin and its analogues. A further understanding of how polynuclear platinum compounds modify DNA and how these modifications are processed in cells should provide a rational basis for the design of new platinum drugs rather than searching for cisplatin analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kasparkova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
167
|
Davies MS, Cox JW, Berners-Price SJ, Barklage W, Qu Y, Farrell N. Equilibrium and kinetic studies of the aquation of the dinuclear platinum complex [[trans-PtCl(NH3)2]2(mu-NH2(CH2)6NH2)]2+: pKa determinations of aqua ligands via [1H,15N] NMR spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2000; 39:1710-5. [PMID: 12526558 DOI: 10.1021/ic991104h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By the use of [1H,15N] heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) 2D NMR spectroscopy and electrochemical methods we have determined the hydrolysis profile of the bifunctional dinuclear platinum complex [[trans-PtCl(15NH3)2]2(mu-15NH2(CH2)(6)15NH2)]2+ (1,1/t,t (n = 6), 15N-1), the prototype of a novel class of potential antitumor complexes. Reported are estimates for the rate and equilibrium constants for the first and second aquation steps, together with the acid dissociation constant (pKa1 approximately pKa2 approximately pKa3). The equilibrium constants determined by NMR at 25 and 37 degrees C (I = 0.1 M) were similar, pK1 approximately pK2 = 3.9 +/- 0.2, and from a chloride release experiment at 37 degrees C the values were found to be pK1 = 4.11 +/- 0.05 and pK2 = 4.2 +/- 0.5. The forward and reverse rate constants for aquation determined from this chloride release experiment were k1 = (8.5 +/- 0.3) x 10(-5) s-1 and k-1 = 0.91 +/- 0.06 M-1 s-1, where the model assumed that all the liberated chloride came from 1. When the second aquation step was also taken into account, the rate constants were k1 = (7.9 +/- 0.2) x 10(-5) s-1, k-1 = 1.18 +/- 0.06 M-1 s-1, k2 = (10.6 +/- 3.0) x 10(-4) s-1, k-2 = 1.5 +/- 0.6 M-1 s-1. The rate constants compare favorably with other complexes with the [PtCl(am(m)ine)3]+ moiety and indicate that the equilibrium of all these species favors the chloro form. A pKa value of 5.62 was determined for the diaquated species [[trans-Pt(15NH3)2(H2O)]2(mu-15NH2(CH2)(6)15NH2)]4+ (3) using [1H,15N] HSQC NMR spectroscopy. The speciation profile of 1 and its hydrolysis products under physiological conditions is explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Davies
- School of Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
168
|
McGregor TD, Balcarová Z, Qu Y, Tran MC, Zaludová R, Brabec V, Farrell N. Sequence-dependent conformational changes in DNA induced by polynuclear platinum complexes. J Inorg Biochem 1999; 77:43-6. [PMID: 10626352 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(99)00136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the B-->Z transition of poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) and the B-->A transition of poly(dG).poly(dC) and of calf thymus (CT) DNA fragments modified by antitumor bifunctional polynuclear platinum complexes were investigated by circular dichroism (CD). The transition from the B- to Z-form of DNA was inducible with all three compounds studied, as indicated by an inversion of the B-form spectra. The B-->A transition in poly(dG).poly(dC) was induced easily by platinum complex binding alone, while the B-->A transition in CT DNA was induced by ethanol but inhibited by coordination of all polynuclear platinum compounds used here. It was shown that the compound [¿cis-PtCl(NH3)2¿2 mu-¿H2N(CH2)6NH2¿] (NO3)2 (1,1/c,c) was most effective at inhibiting the B-->A transition in CT DNA, and [¿trans-PtCl(NH3)2¿2 mu-¿trans-Pt(NH3)2(H2N(CH2)6NH2)2¿] (NO3)4 (1,0,1/t,t,t) was least effective, while the effectiveness of [¿trans-PtCl(NH3)2¿2 mu-¿H2N(CH2)6NH2¿] (NO3)2 (1,1/t,t) fell between the two. This corresponded to the relative amounts of interstrand crosslinks in double-stranded DNA caused by each compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T D McGregor
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23284-2006, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
169
|
Roberts JD, Peroutka J, Beggiolin G, Manzotti C, Piazzoni L, Farrell N. Comparison of cytotoxicity and cellular accumulation of polynuclear platinum complexes in L1210 murine leukemia cell lines. J Inorg Biochem 1999; 77:47-50. [PMID: 10626353 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(99)00137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The antitumor activity of the trinuclear Phase I clinical agent, BBR3464, is matched by that of polyamine-linked dinuclear complexes. The cytotoxicity and cellular accumulation of three polynuclear platinum complexes: [¿trans-PtCl(NH3)2¿2 mu-¿trans-Pt(NH3)2(H2N(CH2)6-NH2)2¿]4+ (BBR3464), [¿trans-PtCl(NH3)2¿2(H2N(CH2)3NH2(CH2)4NH2)]3+ (BBR3571), and [¿trans-PtCl(NH3)2¿2(H2N(CH2)6-NH2)]2+ (BBR3005), were studied in a series of murine L1210 cell lines and compared with cisplatin. Besides murine L1210 cell lines sensitive (/0) and resistant (/DDP) to cisplatin, the efficacy of the compounds in a cell line rendered resistant to BBR3464 (/3464) was examined. Finally, to examine possible uptake pathways of these novel charged complexes, cytotoxicity in a cell line resistant to the polyamine synthesis inhibitor, methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (/MGBG), was studied. Cytotoxicity profiles of BBR3571 most closely matched that of BBR3464. Both agents showed significantly reduced cytotoxicity in L1210/ BBR3464. The cytotoxicity of neither agent was affected by the polyamine uptake-deficient cell line and indeed both complexes showed significantly enhanced cytotoxicity in L1210/MGBG relative to wild-type L1210/0. The cellular uptake of both BBR3464 and BBR3571 was enhanced in L1210/DDP. These studies suggest that the chemical feature of a diamine linker containing an internal charge contributes significantly to the anticancer profiles of both the trinuclear platinum complex, BBR3464, which incorporates a charged platinum into a diamine linker, and the dinuclear platinum complex, BBR3571, which incorporates only a naturally occurring polyamine as diamine linker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Roberts
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23284-2006, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Perego P, Gatti L, Caserini C, Supino R, Colangelo D, Leone R, Spinelli S, Farrell N, Zunino F. The cellular basis of the efficacy of the trinuclear platinum complex BBR 3464 against cisplatin-resistant cells. J Inorg Biochem 1999; 77:59-64. [PMID: 10626355 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(99)00142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multinuclear platinum compounds have been designed to circumvent the cellular resistance to conventional mononuclear platinum-based drugs. In this study we performed a comparative study of cisplatin and of the triplatinum complex BBR 3464 in a human osteosarcoma cell system (U2-OS) including an in vitro selected cisplatin-resistant subline (U2-OS/Pt). BBR 3464 was extremely potent in comparison with cisplatin in U2-OS cells and completely overcame resistance of U2-OS/Pt cells. In both cell lines, BBR 3464 accumulation and DNA-bound platinum were higher than those observed for cisplatin. On the contrary, a low frequency of interstrand cross-links after exposure to BBR 3464 was found. Differently from the increase of DNA lesions induced by cisplatin, kinetics studies indicated a low persistence of interstrand cross-link formation for BBR 3464. Western blot analysis of DNA mismatch repair proteins revealed a marked decrease of expression of PMS2 in U2-OS/Pt cells, which also exhibited microsatellite instability. Studies on DNA mismatch repair deficient and proficient colon carcinoma cells were consistent with a lack of influence of the DNA mismatch repair status on BBR 3464 cytotoxicity. In conclusion, the cytotoxic potency and the ability of the triplatinum complex to overcome cisplatin resistance appear to be related to a different mechanism of DNA interaction (formation of different types of drug-induced DNA lesions) as compared to conventional mononuclear complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Perego
- Division of Experimental Oncology B, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
171
|
Abstract
Study of the cellular pharmacology of the dinuclear platinum complexes, BBR3005 ([¿trans-PtCl(NH3)2¿2H2N(CH2)6NH2]2+), BBR3171 ([¿cis-PtCl(NH3)2¿2H2N(CH2)6NH2]2+) and the trinuclear platinum complex, BBR3464 ([¿trans-PtCl(NH3)2¿2 mu-¿trans-Pt(NH3)2(H2N(CH2)6NH2)2¿]4+) was undertaken in wild type and cisplatin-resistant L1210 murine leukemia cell lines. All complexes are potent cytotoxic agents against the wild type cell line. Only BBR3464 shows enhanced activity against the cisplatin-resistant cell line following a brief exposure. This enhanced activity is attributable, in part, to preserved accumulation, which contrasts with diminished accumulation of cisplatin and both dinuclear platinum complexes. The cisplatin-resistant cell line is relatively tolerant of DNA adducts induced by both cisplatin and BBR3464, but BBR3464 is much less affected. All complexes induce DNA interstrand cross-links. Di/trinuclear complex-induced interstrand cross-linking peaks early, suggesting rapid genomic access and interaction. Subsequent decay suggests susceptibility to DNA repair mechanisms. Peak and area-under-the-curve values for interstrand cross-linking among the complexes correlate poorly with cytotoxic effects, especially in the cisplatin-resistant cell line. This suggests that all interstrand cross-linking adducts are not equal in their cytotoxic effect, or other, non-interstrand cross-linking adducts are significant. BBR3464 has been selected for clinical development largely on the basis of results from in vivo activity and toxicity studies. These results show BBR3464 to have unique properties in the context of acquired cisplatin-resistance that enhance its candidacy as a potential anticancer agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Roberts
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23284-2006, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|